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Biology

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Centre For Foundation Studies Department of Sciences and Engineering

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1.1 What is Statistics? 1.2 Population Versus Sample 1.3 Basic Terms 1.4 Types of Variables

FHMM1214 Mathematics for Social Science

Chapter 1 Introduction of Statistics

1st Meaning of Statistics

1.1 What is Statistics ?

The word ‘statistics’ has 2 meanings.
1. Statistics refers to numerical facts.
    The age of a student. The number of students enrolled in UTAR. The income of a family. The percentage of passes in a statistics class.

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2nd Meaning of Statistics
2. Statistics refers to the field or discipline of study.
Statistics is a group of methods used to collect, analyze, present, and interpret data and to make decisions.

1.2
Population Versus Sample

Population Versus Sample Population and Sample
Population or Target Population Consists of all elements (individuals, items, or objects) whose characteristics are being studied. Sample A portion of the population selected for study.

Illustration

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Definition

1.3 Basic Terms

Element or Member An element or member of a sample or population is a specific subject or object (e.g. a person, firm, item, state, or country) about which the information is collected. Variable A variable is a characteristics under study that assumes different value for different elements.

Definition
Observation or Measurement The value of a variable for an element is called an observation measurement. Data Set A data set is a collection of observations on one or more variables

Example 3

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Example Problem
The following table gives the scores of five students on a statistics test. Student Score Kevin 83 Susan 91 David 78 Jeff 69 Johan 87 i) What is the variable for this data set? ii) How many observations does this data set contain? iii) How many elements does this data set contains?

1.4
Types of Variables

Quantitative Variables
Definition
• A variable that can be measured numerically is called quantitative variable. • The data collected on a quantitative variable is called quantitative data.

Quantitative Variables
a) Discrete Variable A variable whose values are countable is called a discrete variable. In other words, a discrete variable can assume only certain values with no intermediate values.
Example: The number of students in a class etc.

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Quantitative Variables
b) Continuous Variable
A variable that can assume any numerical value over a certain interval is called a continuous variable.
Example: The height of a person etc. The time taken to complete an examination. The yield of potatoes (in pounds) per acre.

Qualitative / Categorical Variables
Definition • A variable that cannot assume numerical value but can be classified into two or more nonnumeric categories. • The data collected on such a variable are called qualitative data. Example: Gender of a person, hair color

Example 4

The End of Chapter 1

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