...BIOMECHANICS The term biomechanics means the study of the structure and function of biological systems using the methods of mechanics. Biomechanics studies the process of kinematics and used in the study of sports actions, such as the motion of throwing a baseball. Why do some golfers slice the ball? How can workers avoid developing low back pain? What cues can a physical education teacher provide to help students learn the underhand volleyball serve? Why do some elderly individuals tend to fall? We have all admired the fluid, graceful movements of highly skilled performers in various sports. We have also observed the awkward first steps of a young child, the slow progress of an injured person with a walking cast, and the hesitant, uneven gait of an elderly person using a cane. Virtually every activity class includes a student who seems to acquire new skills with utmost ease and a student who trips when executing a jump or misses the ball when attempting to catch, strike, or serve. What enables some individuals to execute complex movements so easily, while others appear to have difficulty with relatively simple movement skills? Although the answers to these questions may be rooted in physiological, psychological, or sociological issues, the problems identified are all biomechanical in nature. This book will provide a foundation for identifying, analyzing, and solving problems related to the biomechanics of human movement. Definition of Biomechanics The term biomechanics combines...
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...Biomechanics * Biomechanics is the area of study in which the knowledge and methods of mechanics are applied to the biological actions and structures of the body * Concerned with internal and external forces that act on the body * Mechanical physics * Basic human movements * Work environments * Daily living tasks * Goal orientated movements sports environments * Adapted human movements * Biological material properties * A better understanding of biological and mechanical aspects of human movement result in better coaching etc. * Motion- the movement of a human body , a limb, or objects propelled by a human body * Linear motion- the movement of a human body , a limb, or objects propelled by a human body in the same direction at the same speed over the same distance * Known as rectilinear motion * When it takes place on a curved path,curvilinear motion Kinematics * Is the branch of biomechanics that describes how far, how fast, and how consistently a body moves * Distance – the length of the path through which a body travels * Displacement – measured by the length of a drawn line between start and end (distance and direction) * Speed – distance cover by time taken * Velocity – displacement of the body dicided by the time taken * Acceleration – the rate at which an objects velocity changes over time (change in velocity/time elapsed = final velocity – initial velocity/time elapsed) * Momentum...
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...BIOMECHANICS MEASUREMENT REPORT 3 CALUM NICHOLL (201033796) GROUND REACTION FORCE (GRF) CONTERMOVEMENT AND SQUAT JUMP KINETICS BIOMECHANICS LAB 3- CALUM NICHOLL Introduction Using a motion analysis system (Vicon Nexus System) the class were able to analyse the forces generated whilst the subject carried out counter movement and squat jumps. The T-Series cameras (6xT160, 6xT40) and the force plate that is dived into 4 sections were used to record the forces. The subject uses the stretch shortening cycle to gain height when jumping. There are threes phases that make up the stretch shortening cycle (SSC), the concentric, amortization and eccentric contractions. These three phases refer to muscular contractions, which form the stretch shortening cycle. This lengthening and shortening cycle of muscle actions is fundamental to athletic movement. The initial eccentric phase of contraction involves the muscle lengthening or stretching under tension. This type of contraction is used to decelerate the body. A basic example of this is the running motion, when the athlete makes contact with the ground their centre of gravity drops quickly. The muscles contract and control this sinking motion. The concentric contraction quickly follows the eccentric contraction and involves a rapid shortening of the muscles. The period of time between the beginning of the eccentric contraction and the start of the concentric...
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...Bioengineering Abstract This report is based on a school assessment researching Bioengineering as it has progressed through the recent 100 years and what impacts Bioengineering has on the individual and community. The purpose of this report is also to show a recent development in the Bioengineering field. The finding of this report is great as it shows that Bioengineering is massive to the people that are in need of a body part. Table on contents Introduction PG 4 Main Sections PG 5,6,7 Conclusion PG 8 References PG 9 Introduction The main aim of this engineering report to investigate the development of Bioengineering including the effects on society and the individual, analyse ethical issues associated with Bioengineering and to outline one recant development in the field of Bioengineering. As a class we have been researching Bioengineering for a four-week period. Main Sections 1. The development of bioengineering and the effects on society and the individual. Whether known as bioengineering, biological engineering, biomedical engineering, biotechnology or other names, the science has had an impact on food production, medicine and the environment. The pace of development in biotechnology is increasing at a rapid rate in modern times. The Biotechnology Institute lists four...
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...| Biomechanics of Cricket | | | | | | Cricket is a worldwide sport which incorporates many features of biomechanics at both a competitive and social level. Biomechanics is the area of study which concerns the internal and external forces and the effects produced by these forces. Biomechanics plays a significant role in all aspects of the sport cricket such as of the game such as batting, fielding and bowling. The sport of cricket dates back to the sixteenth century and has developed significantly throughout all aspects of the game. The central theme of biomechanics is based on balance and stability; these factors play an extremely important role in the skills and ability of the wicket keeper. Biomechanics can positively or negatively affect technique development and help reduce injury which must personally be considered by the cricket bowler. Understanding the biomechanics of cricket can aid in equipment design which can improve or weaken how the batsmen strikes the cricket ball. Biomechanics in cricket plays a very important role in the overall quality and complexity of the game. Cricket originated in the sixteenth century and was often enjoyed by people of royalty. It was initially introduced as a game of pleasure, however was soon also played for competition. The first recorded cricket match took place in Kent, United Kingdom in 1646 and, by the late sixteen century fines were often handed out for those missed church to play. In 1706 William Goldwyn...
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...Biomechanics of Gymnastics Biomechanics is the application of mechanical analysis to study body movements, this allows for research and developments into everyday activities. Often time biomechanics is used to study different sports and the movements that an athlete would complete in relation to that sport. One sport that there was a desire to do biomechanical research was Gymnastics. Gymnastics is a sport that incorporates full body movements, to better understand the body movements’ biomechanical studies are used. These studies allow for research to be done into how the body moves for a specific movement, then the movement can be optimized being able to improve a gymnasts skills. Also these biomechanical analyses can help understand the forces and loads that the gymnast’s body is enduring; this can lead to finding ways to reduce these loads and forces in hopes to prevent and injury. Gymnastics is complex a sport that incorporates physical agility, coordination, strength, flexibility, and artistic abilities. All of these attributes are judge through the gymnast’s routines for each event that they complete. The different events are specific to gender, males do one set of events while female complete another. Women complete 4 different events, these include: The Uneven Bars (UB) The Uneven Bars are an event that includes two wooden bars, each supported on either side of the bar. The two bars are set a distance apart, with one bar being at a higher height than the other...
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...Kellis, E., & Katis, A. (2007). Biomechanical Characteristics and Determinants of Instep Soccer Kick. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 6, 154-165. The purpose of this review in the Journal of Sports Science and Medicine was to examine the latest research findings on biomechanics of soccer kick performance and identify weaknesses of present research which justify further research in the future. A soccer kick is regarded as motions of the lower limb sections of the player’s dominant kicking leg. Angular velocity is maximized first by the thigh, then through the leg limb, and finally by the foot. This is accomplished by both segmental and joint movements on multiple surfaces. During the backswing, the thigh reduces speed mainly due...
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...Introduction The quadriceps muscle group is made up of four muscles: the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis and the rectus femoris. These muscles allow extension of the leg to occur during concentric contraction. The stronger the contraction produced by the muscles, the greater the force produced by them. You can measure the force produced by the muscle by measuring the velocity with which they contract. This is due to the force-velocity relationship. Kent (2006) explains this relationship by saying that if the velocity of the contraction is high, the force generated by the muscle is low, and vice versa. This is because if the velocity of the contraction is high, the muscle has less time to recruit muscle fibres to engage with the contraction.(Narici., Roi., Landoni., Minetti & Cerretelli. 1989). To measure this relationship in vivo, the method used is to measure the torque-angular velocity by using a isokinetic dynamometer. This enables measurement of the torque produced at the knee joint while the identified muscle group contracts at various velocities. In order to produce a greater force with the muscles, you need to increase the size of the muscle by training the muscle are, causing hypertrophy, increasing the size of the muscle fibres allowing more force to be produced (Widmaier., Raff & Strang. 2006). This has been shown by (Zakas., Mandroukas., Vamvakoudis., Christoulas & Aggelopoulou. 1995), as higher division professional basketball...
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...2. Biomechanics of Playing the Piano: Katie Tobik 2.1 Introduction to the Piano The piano is technically an acoustic stringed instrument. It has 88 keys and has a pitch range from A0 to C8. When a key is depressed, it allows a padded tiny hammer to strike a string creating a pitch. 2.1a Basic Mechanism of Playing The piano requires great dexterity and muscle control in the fingers when played at a high level. There are 27 bones and 36 muscles involved in the movement of each hand. This creates a complex biomechanics problem to solve because of a large number of degrees of freedom. (Furuya) When striking a key, a force is generated from the fingertip to the piano key in order to depress it. (Minetti) There is an initial force when...
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...Usage of Applicable Mathematics in Biomedical Engineering (Macro and Micro Biomechanics) Biomedical engineering is an emerging discipline which links medicine, biology, and technology in order to tackle medical problems using an engineering approach. As such, it is heavily influenced by engineering principles and uses applicable mathematics in nearly all of its aspects. It is important to note that applied mathematics (vector algebra, calculus, numerical approaches to solving functions, etc.) is a language, which evolved to serve the needs of science and particularly those of classical (Newtonian) mechanics. Thus, it describes and explores natural phenomena using mathematical functions and relations. As biomedical engineering incorporates many engineering spheres, it employs applicable mathematics in numerous situations. The following is an overview of the applications of mathematics in solving macro-biomechanical, and micro and nano-scale challenges in biomedical engineering. Biomechanics is a field of biomedical engineering which analyses the behaviour of structures and materials in biological or medical applications [1]. It is closely related to the field of prosthetics and uses mathematical analysis to design and test better devices. Dynamic analysis of systems involves constructing free-body diagrams and resolving forces acting on the components. Using partial derivatives and integration can vastly simplify biomechanical problems by switching between the domains...
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...to form society.”All citizens who are living in the country should follow the rules of their government. By resource, biomechanics developed during the early 1970s(Molyneux 2010). Combined this technology, immortality maybe achieved and brings benefits for the whole society. However, the evidence from research has been proved that there is no obvious relevant law of immortality in Australia. Social contract is implicit, geographical and unilateral, which means that it should exist as a law rather than a formal agreement.If there is no law on immortality, there is no rule for people to obey. People could do whatever they want to make immortality come true. It might benefit the society, meanwhile, some immoral issues would also be engendered. From this point of view, social contract theory is not suitable for evaluating immortality. To evaluate whether an activity has moral worth is judged by motivation(Sandel 2010). First of all, it should be a good will. Basically, immortality makes human live longer in this world which is a good original intention, and it does not break any existing laws or principles in society. On the other side, biomechanics is a high technology which describes the application of engineering mechanics to biological and medical. This technic brings benefits on human medical treatment. Both of them are good. But when human treat biomechanics as a mean to the end of immortality, this activity would cause some potential issues, and has no moral worth. According...
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...For this week's forum I selected the Ball velocity tracking radar. The first brand or manufacturer that came to my attention was TrackMan. The biomechanics labs at Chester University are used by students conducting research projects and providing scientific support, in addition with staff who provide scientific support to athletes. They can use biomechanical equipment like simple 2D video capture and 3D motion capture. Then I looked up the most recent equipment and along came TrackMan. (University of Chester, 2016) Here is what TrackMan does for the biomechanics labs “TrackMan connect offers amateur baseball players access to the same technology, stats, and analytics as the Big Leaguers” (TrackMan, 2016). “TrackMan will track the full trajectory of any shot, from 6 foot pitches to 400 yard drives, pinpointing the landing position with an accuracy of less than 1 foot at 100 yards” (TrackMan, 2016). “They also display the shot’s 3D trajectory together with 26 impact and ball flight parameters in real time (data is delivered within 1 second)” (TrackMan, 2016). As far as history goes the only facts I have found about TrackMan is that it is owned by a Danish technology company. They develop, make and sell 3D ball flight measurement equipment that is used in different sports....
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...The iliotibial band runs along the lateral thigh crossing the hip and knee. It provides stability and limits hip abduction and knee internal rotation. The band runs right over the lateral epicondyle of the femur and when it is tight or inflamed, can sometimes press into and rub against the epicondyle causing lateral knee pain. This is most seen in runners, and is known as an overuse injury, that happens over a period of time, becoming iliotibial band syndrome, or ITBS. Two articles were found that talk about how running biomechanics effect ITBS, one in males and the other in females. The first article claims that more women are effected with ITBS than men and compares the differences in lower extremity and trunk biomechanics during running between women with ITBS and without. The second article assesses hip and knee biomechanics between male runners with iliotibial band syndrome...
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...(2005). Parametric Design Analysis and Shpe Optimization of Coronary Artery Stent Structure. World Congresses of Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization. Rio de Janeiro,Brazil. Lim, I. A. (2004). Biocompatibility of Stent Materials. 11. Maher, E., Creane, A., Sultan, S., Hynes, N., & Lally, C. (2009). Tensile and Compressive Properties of Fresh Human Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques. Journal of Biomechanics , 7 (32). Marrey, R. V., Burgermeister, R., Grishaber, R. B., & Ritchie, R. O. (2006). Fatigue and Life Prediction for Cobalt-Chromium Stents: A Fracture Mechanics Analysis. Biomaterial , 27, 1988-200. Mase, G. E. (1970). Schaum's Outlines: Continuum Mechanics. New York: McGraw-Hill. Masia, C. (2008). Constitiutive...
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...arms at the same time. Biomechanics, which is our main focal point, is mostly concerned with the basic laws that govern the effects that different forces have on the state of rest or motion of any living system, whereas the applied area of biomechanics deals with solving practical problems (Hamilton, Weimar & Luttgens, 2012). Biomechanics also helps us breakdown skills and exercises down to their points of origin, as well as solve problems regarding specific exercises. Motor learning is the final section that will be discussed on performing the dips exercise. Within this portion there will be several areas covered to fully expand on full exercising a dip and developing the muscles use to complete a successful dip. Areas covered will include three phases of motor learning, learning cues, common errors, general feedback to use, the stages of learning, types of motor skills, information for use within a curriculum, and useful information for lesson plans to include one example lesson plan. When the average person looks at the body they would probably only consider the basics to the body such as; the arms, legs, head and the basic parts that help it operate such as the heart, lungs, blood, etc. This could all be called the anatomy of the body. Anatomy can be defined as the study of the structure and the relationship between body parts (Rodgers, 2009). But, does the average person ever think about the biomechanical aspects of the body parts? Biomechanics is the science of movement...
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