...How Does the Supplementation of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) affect Human Fat Mass? Abstract Research Question: How does the supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) affect human body composition? Literature Review: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) refers to a family of geometrical and positional isomers of linoleic acid. The predominant sources of CLA are from ruminant animal fats (cow, dairy, sheep, goat, and deer). Over the past 20 years, CLA supplementation has produced positive effects in animal studies, such as significant body fat reduction, anticarcinogenisis, antiatherogenesis, immune modulation and improved bone health. Conversely, human studies have not produced all of the aforementioned results. Nonetheless, there have been many human studies supporting a minimal but significant body fat reduction. These results have been mainly attained with a 50:50 mixture of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 of purified CLA isomers at various doses. There is evidence indicating that a dose of 3.0g CLA/day may lead to fat loss, whereas the average Canadian consumes between 0.1-1.5 g CLA/day. Therefore, a supplement may be warranted in the future, once further research has been completed on the efficacy and safety of CLA supplementation. Implications to dietetic practice: Clinical dietitians involved in research should experiment with various doses and isomers, but they should particularly investigate the long-term implications...
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...is diabetic wounds. The cost of care in the U.S. alone for this population is approximately $245 Billion annually. (American Diabetes Association, 2012) Proper wound care is an essential step in the wound healing process, however,wound care alone is not sufficient. Nutritional status is extremely important in wound healing. Diabetic patients need to be educated and assessed for protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) as the body’s nutritional needs significantly increase during the wound healing process (Demling, 2009). Supplementation (especially protein) and the importance of it for wound healing need to be discussed with the patient. Without all the necessary interventions applied the process of wound healing can be lengthy and may lead to infection, excessive hospitalization and potential amputations. Understanding the body’s nutritional needs and how the body uses protein in the repair process is imperative. The recommendation for the amount of protein supplementation is between 0.8grams/kilogram to 1.2 grams/kilogram and is based on patient nutritional status and severity of the wound (Collins 2014) (Goodridge 2006) (Lansdown 2004). Maintaining recommended amounts of protein intake has shown dramatic decrease in days-to-heal and better patient outcomes overall (Demling, 2009). Purpose The primary purpose of this integrated review is to summarize the findings from studies that evaluated the use of protein...
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...Thesis statement: Research shows that breastfeeding is the best choice over formula because breastfeeding provides the infant with essential nutrients, helps with recovery from childbirth, and protects the infant against a number of chronic conditions. Annotated bibliography Baumgartel, K. L., & Spatz, D. L. (2013). WIC (The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children): Policy versus practice regarding breastfeeding. Nursing Outlook, 61(6). 10.1016/j.outlook.2013.05.010 This article addresses the discrepancy of policy versus practice in the government subsidized program WIC. This article shows how even though the program is meant to support at risk mothers in breastfeeding, the numbers prove that a majority of their budget is spent on formula expenses. Very little of the budget is actually allocated to breastfeeding initiatives. The American Academy of Nursing members create and execute policy related initiatives to reform the American Health system. The academy has more than 2,400 members and is the established leaders in practice and research. They are advocates in healthcare policy making in Washington DC. This source will be relevant to the research paper because it will provide examples of the lack of funding for education and for initiatives for breastfeeding awareness and support, especially for the at risk population. Gianni, M. L., Roggero, P., Morlacchi, L., Garavaglia, E., & Piemontese, P. (2012)...
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...issues, (ii) social issues, (iii) economic issues, (iv) human health issues, and (v) animal welfare issues. The review was based on peer-reviewed research papers identified by experts at MSU, as well as (where specifically suggested) non peer-reviewed university and government reports. Additional studies were identified from the reference section of recommended papers, as well as via their citation index (primarily Google Scholar). A synopsis of each section is available below, as well as at the end of each section. There is a great deal of research –much of it based in the United States- on the environmental effects of all types of dairy farming, including intensive/confinement, mixed, pasture-based, and management-intensive rotational grazing (MIRG) operations. The vast majority of studies identified for this review focused on the fate and management of excess nitrogen and phosphorous, their effects on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and contributions to air quality and climate change. Many environmental mitigation efforts were suggested, including balancing nutrient inputs/outputs at the level of the farm, the watershed, and regionally; taking greater care in the timing of fertilizer and manure applications; increased testing for phosphorus and nitrogen in soil; and the use of riparian buffer strips and fencing to protect water bodies. In addition, many studies suggested that cattle stocking rates be calibrated to ensure that nitrogen...
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...University Insufficient Sleep: The Silent Enemy of Fitness 2 It can be seen on television, read in the paper, and heard on the radio that it's time for America to get into shape. Obesity is up and engaging in healthy exercise is down. The obvious thing to blame is poor food choices and if that's coupled with working long hours then it's no wonder. Nevertheless, despite those issues people are finally deciding to make fitness a priority in their lives by watching what they eat and exercising more. However, they may find that the weight's not coming off, physical performance is going down, or they can't seem to put on any muscle. The culprit behind these issues may be surprising: sleep. A lack of sleep, which is becoming the norm in our society, is being proven to negatively effect several key areas of one's physical fitness. First, studies show a connection between sleep deprivation and weight control including less fat loss, changes in metabolism, and increased hunger. Next, research conducted on sleep restricted athletes resulted in less stamina, slower reaction times, and changes in mood. Finally, tests on sleep deprived subjects showed lowered testosterone, growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels which all play major roles in building muscle. Getting enough sleep every night is more important to your fitness than you may think. Research suggests that an inadequate amount of sleep is detrimental to weight control, physical performance...
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...the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force FREE Stephen P. Fortmann, MD; Brittany U. Burda, MPH; Caitlyn A. Senger, MPH; Jennifer S. Lin, MD, MCR; and Evelyn P. Whitlock, MD, MPH [+] Article and Author Information See Also: Published Letter: Padayatty et al Published Letter: Dror et al Published Letter: Hemilä Published Letter: Bolland et al Published Letter: Fortmann et al Oral High-Dose Multivitamins and Minerals After Myocardial Infarction: A Randomized Trial Long-Term Multivitamin Supplementation and Cognitive Function in Men: A Randomized Trial Enough Is Enough: Stop Wasting Money on Vitamin and Mineral Supplements Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(12):824-834. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-12-20131217000729 Text Size: A Related Articles Filter By Topic > Vitamin, Mineral, and Multivitamin Supplements for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(8):558-564. Routine Vitamin Supplementation To Prevent Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease: Recommendations and Rationale Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(1):51-55. CME [+] View More A A This article was published online first at www.annals.org on 12 November 2013. Article Figures Tables References...
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...HIGH INTAKE OF DIETARY PROTEIN HAS NO ADVERSE EFFECTS ON BONES HEALTH Pearl Pullman NDFS 200 – Fall 2013 October 08, 2013 ABSTRACT Recently, the effects of high protein diets on bone structure have been controversial, with evidence suggesting negative and positive affects on bone. The objective of this paper is to discover how a high intake of dietary protein affects bones. In one study, subjects consumed a high protein and high dairy (HPHD) diet, an adequate protein and medium dairy (APMD), or an adequate protein and low dairy diet (APLD). The researchers collected blood and urine samples from the subjects. Subjects consuming HPHD diets showed adequate bone health after 16-weeks of monitored exercise evidence. In another study, researchers measured the plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 plays an important role in proper skeletal growth and development. Subjects consuming 42 g protein compared to the group consuming 70 g carbohydrate had an increase in plasma IGF-1 (P = 0.01). In another study, researchers measured calcium absorption by collecting blood and urine samples to assess the effects of the diet on biomarkers of bone metabolism. In this 15-week study, researchers discovered that a diet with high protein increased the absorption of dietary calcium and IGF-I by >20% compared to the low protein diet. In another study, participants were given either a 30g whey protein drink or a placebo of 2.1g protein drink over a 2-year...
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...Bodybuilding Anaerobic Exercise & Respiration, Muscular Growth and Supplement Intake Ajay Sabhaney, Carlen Ng, Di Wu, Kelei Xu Bodybuilding Page 1 of 59 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Body & Muscle Groups a. Muscle Growth b. Physical & Psychological Benefits of Exercising 3. Weight Training: Anaerobic Exercise Mechanics & Impact on Muscle Growth a. Energy Transformations During an Exercise b. Investigating Torque in Weight Training c. Muscles Acting as Levers d. Impulse in Weight Training e. Intensity versus Speed 4. Protein Supplementation a. Protein supplementation b. Combining Protein Supplementation 5. Cellular Respiration & Effect on Weight Training a. Glycolysis b. Aerobic Respiration c. Anaerobic Respiration (inc. lactic acid) d. Carbohydrate Loading 6. Creatine Supplementation a. An Introduction b. Lab: Effect of Phosphocreatine on Lactic Acid 7. Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids a. Reactions within the Body involving steroids b. Side Effects of Steroid Intake c. Detecting Steroids in the Human Body 8. Conclusion 9. Works Cited 10. Miscellaneous Bodybuilding Page 2 of 59 I. Introduction Exercise (essentially any form of physical exertion which results in the contraction of a muscle) has become a widespread interest over the past several years, especially in areas of weight training. While exercise is generally intended to promote good physical health, bodybuilding more specifically concentrates on building muscle mass and many individuals in society...
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...This study was designed to examine the effects of DHA on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and other biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in the absence of weight loss. In this randomized, controlled, double-blind trial, 36 overweight or obese adults were treated with 2 g/d of algal DHA or placebo for 4.5 mo. Markers of cardiovascular risk were assessed before and after treatment. In the DHA-supplemented group, the decrease in mean VLDL particle size (P # 0.001) and increases in mean LDL (P # 0.001) and HDL (P # 0.001) particle sizes were significantly greater than changes in the placebo group. DHA supplementation also increased the concentrations of large LDL (P # 0.001) and large HDL particles (P = 0.001) and decreased the concentrations of small LDL (P = 0.009) and medium HDL particles (P = 0.001). As calculated using NMR-derived data, DHA supplementation reduced VLDL TG (P =...
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...Cyclists 1 Running head: CHO LOADING AND FEMALE CYCLISTS The Effectiveness of CHO Loading in Female Cyclists PRF 810 Thesis Paper Christopher S. Burt CHO Loading and Female Cyclists 2 The Effectiveness of CHO Loading in Female Cyclists Carbohydrate [CHO] loading is the intentional ingestion of above normal amounts of carbohydrate to increase muscle glycogen stores prior to physical activity. This method is often used by elite athletes to improve their performance. With respect to cyclists, the increase in performance is measured experimentally as a decrease in time to complete a race or time trial, an increase time to fatigue, and by decreased power output. There is no singular method for CHO loading. The “first” standard protocol for CHO loading was developed by Bergstrom and Hultman (1), in which the athlete exercised to deplete glycogen from the muscle, then consumed excess CHO over 3 days, without exercising. More recently an exercise tapering protocol has been developed, in which the athlete reduces the amount of exercise being done over 3 days, and does no exercise on day 3 (2). This reduction in exercise is followed by 3, or up to 6, days of loading. However in both versions, and the many modifications thereof, the athlete’s regular training protocol is interrupted. Two recent articles reported the success of consuming 12g/kg of lean body mass high CHO, high glycemic index foods, for 24 hours (3, 4). Both studies showed an increase in muscle glycogen levels at levels...
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...[pic] ICAK-USA Research The Following is a Compilation of Applied Kinesiology Research Papers Published in the Collected Papers of the International College of Applied Kinesiology for the year 2005-2006 -- Edited by Scott Cuthbert, D.C. Functional Systems Approach to Central Nervous System Evaluation Richard Belli, D.C., D.A.C.N.B. ABSTRACT Objective: This study investigates the clinical utility of testing functional systems within the central nervous system, compared to testing individual motor nerves with manual muscle testing. Design: Private practice. Study Subjects: Patients were examined by the treating chiropractor from his existing patient pool. Methods: Chiropractic management was decided on by the treating chiropractor. A series of twelve tests were designed to discover disorders of functional systems within the CNS. The tests described were to evaluate the function of 12 systems: 1) spinal cord, 2) myelencephalon/reticular formation, 3) vagal system, 4) trigeminal motor system-muscles of mastication, 5) vestibulospinal system, and bulbo reticular area, 6) reticular formation, 7) diencephalons and gait locomotion system, 8) mesencephalon, 9) cardiac sympathetic autonomic system, 10) pyramidal system, 11) limbic system, 12) sensory system. Results: This chiropractic approach tests the nervous system after provocation of functional systems...
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...reactive oxygen species, which result in damage to biomolecules (e.g., lipid, protein, amino acids, and DNA). Understanding free radical biology is necessary for designing an optimal nutritional countermeasure against space radiation–induced cytotoxicity. Free radicals (e.g., superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals) and other reactive species (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, and hypochlorous acid) are produced in the body, primarily as a result of aerobic metabolism. Antioxidants (e.g., glutathione, arginine, citrulline, taurine, creatine, selenium, zinc, vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin A, and tea polyphenols) and antioxidant enzymes (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidases) exert synergistic actions in scavenging free radicals. There has been growing evidence over the past three decades showing that malnutrition (e.g., dietary deficiencies of protein, selenium, and zinc) or excess of certain nutrients (e.g., iron and vitamin C) gives rise to the oxidation of biomolecules and cell injury. A large body of the literature supports the notion that dietary antioxidants are useful radioprotectors and play an important role in preventing many human diseases (e.g., cancer,...
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...Prescription behavior of doctors when prescribing drugs for Iron Deficiency anemia Research paper presented to SPPSPTM, NMIMS In partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree B.Pharm + MBA (MBA PharmaTech) By Dishali Shah A073 Academic Year 2015 - 2016 Statement by candidate This is to submit that this submission report is my report entitled “Prescription behavior of doctors when prescribing drugs for Iron Deficiency anemia” represents my ideas in my own words and where others’ ideas have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. I also declare that I have followed all the principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/ data/ fact / source in my submission. I understand that any violation of the above will be a cause of strict disciplinary action by the School and can also evoke penal action from the sources, which have thus not been properly cited, or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed. P. Score________% Signature of Student Name of Student SVKM’s NMIMS Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai-400056. SHOBHABEN PRATAPBHAI PATEL SCHOOL OF PHARMACY AND TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT, SVKM’s NMIMS 2 Certificate The work described in this report entitled “Prescription behavior of doctors when prescribing drugs for Iron Deficiency anemia” has been carried...
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...NORTHCENTRAL UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Learner: Teka L. Williams Academic Integrity: All work submitted in each course must be the Learner’s own. This includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by the faculty mentor. The known submission of another person’s work represented as that of the Learner’s without properly citing the source of the work will be considered plagiarism and will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course, and may result in academic dismissal. Psych 6302-8 Dr. Nickerson Impact of Psychological Illness on Nutrition Assignment # 6 <Add Learner comments here> ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Faculty Use Only ------------------------------------------------- <Faculty comments here> Impact of Psychological Illness on Nutrition Healthy nutrition is often a reflection of healthy living in general. Psychosocial behaviors, psychological illness, cognitive deficiencies, and body image are among the many behavioral and psychosocial factors that can have an impact on nutrition. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is amongst the most common neurobehavioral disorders in children, with a prevalence...
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...It is education such as this that will guide me to make ethical choices in my future career, and I am thankful to have had this learning experience. Finally, research is a crucial element of nursing, as evidence is constantly emerging and leading to changes in guidelines. I have learned that nurses must actively seek evidence-based practice by analyzing nursing research which is highest on the evidence pyramid. In N2, I believe that I gained the most experience in research through my concept paper on imbalanced nutrition. I spent hours reviewing the literature, searching CINAHL, Medline, Joanna Briggs, and many other nursing databases in order to find the best research available on obesity and overnutrition. By the time I turned in my paper, I had gained knowledge of related factors, patient perspectives, nursing interventions, and much more related to this nursing diagnosis. Research such as this is vital in providing optimal care to each patient based on unique experiences, values, and needs while also taking into account evidence-based practice and clinical guidelines. Overall, I have learned a great deal about the scope and standards of nursing practice through my short period of time as a nursing student. Greatest Accomplishment in N2 I believe that my greatest accomplishment in N2 was learning how to research properly in order to determine the best evidence-based practice. I struggled quite a bit with determining levels of evidence, creating PICO questions, and analyzing...
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