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Bomba Calorimera

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Bomba Calorimétrica
La Bomba Calorimétrica se usa para determinar el Poder Calorífico de un Combustible cuando se quema a volumen constante. A continuación se explica de manera resumida su funcionamiento. El combustible cuyo Poder Calorífico se desea determinar se coloca en un crisol para combustible (si el combustible es sólido, deberá colocarse en forma de pastilla) dentro de la bomba calorimétrica. Adicionalmente se agrega el oxígeno necesario para la combustión. La bomba calorimétrica se rodea de una camisa de agua que absorberá el calor liberado por el combustible. Todo esto se realiza dentro de una camisa adiabática para evitar fuga de calor que afecte el proceso. Sin embargo, el calor que absorbe el agua no es el poder calorífico del combustible, debido a diversos factores, entre los cuales pueden nombrarse: absorción de calor por la propia bomba, liberación de calor del alambre que provoca el encendido del combustible, liberación de calor por la formación de ácido nítrico y sulfúrico, entre otros.

Al aplicar la ecuación de Primera Ley al proceso de combustión a volumen constante, tomando en cuenta todos los factores nombrados con anterioridad, se obtiene la siguiente ecuación:

[pic]

e2 = m∙h

donde MS es la masa de la bomba calorimétrica, sus accesorios y el agua utilizada (masa del sistema); CvS es el calor específico promedio de la bomba calorimétrica, sus accesorios y el agua utilizada (calor específico del sistema); ΔT es el cambio de temperatura registrado durante la experiencia; H es el poder calorífico del combustible; e1 es la corrección por el calor que libera la formación de ácidos de nitrógeno y azufre (puede despreciarse en esta experiencia); e2 es la corrección por el calor generado por la combustión del filamento de ignición; m es la masa o longitud del filamento de ignición; h es el poder calorífico del filamento por unidad de masa o longitud; MC es la masa de combustible.

Debido a que los gases producidos durante la combustión al final se encuentran a temperaturas bastante bajas y a que el ensayo se lleva a cabo a alta presión, la mayor parte del agua presente en los productos condensa, por lo cual el poder calorífico que se estará determinando en esta experiencia es el superior. Como no se puede medir en el laboratorio la cantidad de agua presente después de la combustión, es imposible el cálculo del poder calorífico inferior del combustible.

Advertencia: La cantidad de energia necesaria para incrementar un grado centigrado la temperatura de un gramo de agua varia ligeramente con la temperatura inicial y en todo caso es dificil de medir precisamente. En esta pagina utilizamos la caloria termoquimica = 4,184 joules. Este valor es usado para calcular el Btu termoquimico.
Tabla de referencia rapida
|Calories |Joules |
|Joules |Calories |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|4,184 |0,239005736137667 |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|8,368 |0,478011472275335 |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|12,552 |0,717017208413002 |
| | |
|4 |4 |
|16,736 |0,956022944550669 |
| | |
|5 |5 |
|20,92 |1,19502868068834 |
| | |
|6 |6 |
|25,104 |1,434034416826 |
| | |
|7 |7 |
|29,288 |1,67304015296367 |
| | |
|8 |8 |
|33,472 |1,91204588910134 |
| | |
|9 |9 |
|37,656 |2,15105162523901 |
| | |
|10 |10 |
|41,84 |2,39005736137667 |
| | |
|15 |15 |
|62,76 |3,58508604206501 |
| | |
|20 |20 |
|83,68 |4,78011472275335 |
| | |
|25 |25 |
|104,6 |5,97514340344168 |
| | |
|30 |30 |
|125,52 |7,17017208413002 |
| | |
|35 |35 |
|146,44 |8,36520076481836 |
| | |
|40 |40 |
|167,36 |9,56022944550669 |
| | |
|45 |45 |
|188,28 |10,755258126195 |
| | |
|50 |50 |
|209,2 |11,9502868068834 |
| | |
|60 |60 |
|251,04 |14,34034416826 |
| | |
|70 |70 |
|292,88 |16,7304015296367 |
| | |
|80 |80 |
|334,72 |19,1204588910134 |
| | |
|90 |90 |
|376,56 |21,5105162523901 |
| | |
|100 |100 |
|418,4 |23,9005736137667 |
| | |
|150 |150 |
|627,6 |35,8508604206501 |
| | |
|200 |200 |
|836,8 |47,8011472275335 |
| | |
|250 |250 |
|1046 |59,7514340344168 |
| | |
|500 |500 |
|2092 |119,502868068834 |
| | |
|1000 |1000 |
|4184 |239,005736137667 |
| | |

1 cal = 4,187 J 1 kcal = 1000 cal = 4,187 kJ

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_(unidad) http://www.unitsconversion.com.ar/esp/conversionunidadesenergia/caloria-joule.htm -----------------------
Bombona de Oxígeno

Bomba Calorimétrica

Recipiente para el Agua

Camisa
Adiabática

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