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a&TOa'gif; pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

a&TOa'gif;

rmwdum 1/ wpfuRef;jyefwpfa,muftrIü armifpH&Sm; pHkaxmufyHk 2/ armifpH&Sm;onf tb,faMumifh vlysdKMuD;vkyfí aeygoenf; 3/ ESpfxyfausmh 4/ tqdyfaomufaoonfqdkaom trI 5/ xl;qef;aom vlowfrIMuD; 6/ ola|;uawmfwpfOD;trI 7/ udk,fhudk,fudkowfjcif;avm olwpfyg;owfjcif;avm 8/ ajrydkif&Sif vifr,m;trI 9/ xl;qef;aom ajrbkwfbDvl;trIIü armifpH&Sm; pHkaxmufyHk 10/ OD;atmif'Gef;udk b,folowfovJ 11/ w&kwfujym;rav; rusifjrdKiftrI 12/ rif;wdkifyiftrwfwpfOD;\trIIü armifpH&Sm;pHkaxmufyHk 13/ ,pfrsdK;pHkaxmufwpfa,muf aoqHk;rI 14/ pdefvk,ufrIü pHkaxmufyHk 15/ xl;qef;aomtarGrIMuD;ü armifpH&Sm;pHkaxmufyHk 16/ touftmrcH ukrÜPDtrI 17/ eef;pOfywÅjrm;trIIü armifpH&Sm;pHkaxmufyHk 18/ rdk;ukwftarGtrIü armifpH&Sm; pHkaxmufyHk 19/ tdEd´,jynf? rdkufpdk;e,f r[m&mZmapmfbGm;\ eef;wGif;ywÅjrm; aysmufqHk;rIü armifpH&Sm;pHkaxmufyHk 20/ udk,fhudk,fudk owfaoonfqdkonfhtrIü pHkaxmufjcif; 21/ aumfydka&;&Sif;Ouú| aysmufrIpHkaxmufyHk 22/ xl;qef;aom tdk;jcrf;yJh txdrf;trSwfrIü pHkaxmufyHk
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pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

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47/ av;yGifhqdkif 48/ &Sdrf;rum;&Gm vlowfrI 49/ OD;pH&Sm;toufudk vkyfMuHrI 50/ ausmufpD "m;ajr§mif aysmufqHk;rI 51/ bHkeef;&dyfom tdrfBuD;ESifh ywfoufaomtrI 52/ aysmufaomol &SmvQif awGU 53/ bk&ifcHuawmf\ pmaysmufrI 54/ yef;qdk;wef; vlowfrI 55/ v,f0ef OD;omvlESifh ZeD; rcifwifh owfrI 56/ xl;qef;aom tqdyfcwfrI 57/ ayGvDtif;acG;MuD;trI

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pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

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5

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7

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

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8

a&TOa'gif;

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9

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

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10

a&TOa'gif;

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11

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

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12

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13

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16

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17

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18

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19

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20

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21

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

]jrifvm; udkodef;armif? wpfa,muf[mu onfvrf;u vmNyD; onfvrf;u jyefwJh olyJAs? udkif; udkif; olUajc&mvuf&mrsm; bmrsm;usef&pfovJ MunfhMu&atmif Asm} [k ajymí armifpH&Sm; vnf; Murf;wGif rD;tdrfESifh Munfh&I&m Murf;jyifrSmrl ESpfv rsm;pGmu pkyHkí aeaom jrLrIHwdkUjzifh zHk;tkyfvsuf &Sd&um; tuav;\ ajc&m yrmPrQ &Sdaom ajc&mrsm;udk jrif&ojzifh uRefawmfrSm rsm;pGm tHhMopGmESifh ]b,fES,fhvJAsm udkpH&Sm;? tuav;ajc&mawGyg uvm;As xl;qef;vSacsuvm; Asm} &Sm;/ /][kwfw,fAsdKU? usKyfawmifrS ½kwfw&ufawmh tHhMooGm;rdw,f? odkUaomfvnf; tckawmh usKyf &dyfrdygNyD? a[m[dk[mu aowåmvm; bmvm; xm;wJh t&myJ? aowåmawmh ,loGm;NyD? t&mavmuf &Sd&pfawmhw,f? udkif; udkif; qif;MupdkUAsm? 'gygyJ? onfhjyif Munfhp&m r&Sdygbl;} tavmif;&Sd&m tcef;wGif;odkU a&mufjyefvQif uRefawmfu ]tuav; ajc&mawG awGUyHku cifAsm; b,fhES,f xifovJAsm? uRefawmfjzifh ajc&mMunfhNyD; rSef;&rSm ajcmufESpfom;t&G,favmufyJ &Sdao;w,f xifw,f} &Sm;/ /]udkodef;armifuvJAsm cifAsm; usKyfenf;awG od&ufESifh onfenf;awGrsm; toHk;ûyNyD; pOf;pm;rSayghAs} uRefawmf/ /]uRefawmfujzifh rpOf;pm;wwfatmif jzpfaeygNyDcifAsm} &Sm;/ /]udkif; udkif; rpOf;pm;wwfao;&if xyfNyD; MunfhMuOD;pdkU? onftcef;xJrSmawmh bmrsm; awGUOD;rvJ? aoaocsmcsm Munfh&OD;r,f} [k ajymNyD;vQif armifpH&Sm;onf rSefbDvl;wpfckudk tdwfrS xkwfí rdrd ûyjrJjzpfonfhtwdkif; Murf;ay:ü 0yfxGm;um t&m0wåKwdkUudk aocsmpGm Munfh½Ivsuf vnf;aumif;? wdkif;xGmvsuf vnf;aumif; twefMumatmif &SdaeNyD;aemuf ]usKyfwdkU w,fNyD; uHaumif;w,fAsdKU? onfrrIrSm 'ku©rsm;rsm; pdkufzdkU r&Sdbl;? yxr wufwJh vl[m a[m'DrSm zdwfaewJh uwå↦xJrSm olUajcaxmuf csoGm;w,fAs} uRefawmf/ /]csoGm;awmh bmjzpfovJAs} &Sm;/ /]csoGm;awmh olUudk usKyfwdkU rdwmayghAs? onfvdk uwå↦ eHUrsdK;rsm;&wJhaemuf r[myx0DajrBuD; tqHk;wdkifatmif ajy;aomfvnf; rvGwfEdkifatmif teHUcHNyD; vdkufEdkifwJh acG;wpfaumif usKyf odw,fAs? a[m 'gxuf ykvdyft&m&SdawG ajcoH rSwfw,f? udkif; udkif; olwdkU rvmcif onftavmif; cifAsm; prf;Munfhprf;} [k ajymojzifh uRefawmfonf prf;oyfí Munfh&m &Sm;/ /]b,fhES,faeovJ} uRefawmf/ /]awmifhaewmayghAs} &Sm;/ /]onfhjyif vlaorsm; cifAsm; udkifzl;vm;} uRefawmf/ /]udkifzl;ygw,f} &Sm;/ /]awmifhyHkcsif; b,fhES,faeovJ}
22

a&TOa'gif;

uRefawmf/ /(aocsmpGm prf;oyfNyD;aemuf) ]onfhvdkyif vlaorsm;uawmh awmihf&HkyJawmihf w,f? onf[muawmh taMumawGudk rmNyD; wif;aew,f} &Sm;/ /]tppfyJAs? udkif; onfu taMumawG wif;wHk;&,f? rsufESmxm;u aocgeD; NzD;jyyHk &,f aygif;NyD; Munfhvdkufawmh b,fyHk awG;csuf&ovJ} uRefawmf/ /]jyif;xefwJh qdyfvl;jrm;rsm;ESifh xdrSefNyD;aowJh vlrsm;vnf; onfvdkyJ aew,fvdkU Mum;zl;w,fAsm? awGUawmh rawGUbl;aybl;} &Sm;/ /]tppfyJAs onfwdkif;yJ? 'gaMumifh tcef;xJ 0ifvmvmjcif; b,fenf;ESifh onftqdyfudk oGif;vdkufygvdrfhrvJvdkU 'Pf&mudk vdkufNyD;&Smw,f r[kwfvm; &Smawmh bmawGU ovJ/ em;aemufrSm ql;av;awGUw,f? ql;rSefwJh ‘'Pf&muvJ onfvl xdkifaeyHkESifh Munfhvdkufawmh rsufESmMuufrS azmufxm;wJh taygufqDuaeNyD; ypfvdkufwJh 'Pf&mESifhyJ wlw,f? udkif; udkif; ql;udk Munfhprf;AsdKU} uRefawmf/ /(ql;udk aocsmpGm MunfhNyD;aemuf) ]awmfawmf qef;wJh ql;yJAsdKU} &Sm;/ /]onfql;rsdK; cifAsm; jrifzl;&JUvm;} uRefawmf/ /]rjrifzl;bl;} &Sm;/ /]b,fjrifbl;rvJAs? usKyfwdkUqDrSm onfql;rsdK; &SdrS r&SdbJ? a[m ykvdyft&m&Sdrsm; a&mufvmMuNyD} xdkcPü tpdk;&ykvdyf tifpydwfawmf wpfa,mufESifh ykvdyfom;wdkUonf tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifvmMu&m ¤if;tifpydwfawmfrSm &efukefodkU ajymif;a&TUvmonfrSm rMumao;onfvnf; wpfaMumif;? ¤if;a&mufvmonftwGif; armifpH&Sm;rSm trIwpfckrQ pHkaxmuf&ao;onf r&Sdonfvnf; wpfaMumif;aMumifh xdkolonf armifpH&Sm;\ tpGrf;udk Mum;zl;&HkrQ &Sdaomfvnf; rsm;pGm ,HkMunftm;xm;onfh vu©Pm r&Sdacs/ tifpydwfawmfvnf; tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifvmí awmifajrmuf av;yg;wdkUudk Munfh½INyD;aemuf [efMuD;yefMuD;&Sdonfh trlt&mESifh uRefawmfwdkUtm; Munfh½Ií ]tif; tif; w,faumif; w,fvS? vufonf ray:bl;[kwfp? 'gxuf onf[mawGu b,folawGvJAs? ajc&mawG bmawGESifh b,fhES,faMumifh 0ifNyD; ½IyfESifhMuwmwkef;} &Sm;/ /]tifpydwfawmfrif;? uRefawmfhukd rjrifbl;ao;rSwfw,f? uRefawmf armifpH&Sm;ygyJAsm} tifpydwfawmf/ /]aMomf [kwfyg&JUvm;? 0rf;omygw,f cifAsm oduRrf;&wm? Mum;awmh Mum;zl;yg&JU? vlcsif;awmh onfwpfcgrS awGU&w,f? uRefawmfemrnf armiftkef;ckdifygwJhAsm? tif; tif; w,faumif;? w,fvSwJh trIuav;ygyJ? vufonf ray:bl;ayghav? [kwfp? 'gxuf bmaMumifh aow,f cifAsm; xifovJAsm? cifAsm;taMumif; Mum;zl;yg&JU? onfwpfcg odMu a&myav} &Sm;/ /]uRefawmf ajymzdkU vdkygzl;Asm? cifAsm;vnf; odEdkifygw,f MunfhygOD;awmh}
23

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

ckdif/ /]aMomf onftrIawmh cifAsm; ÚmPfrrSDEdkifbl; rSwfw,f? cifAsm; pHkaxmufyHkawG uRefawmfvnf; Mum;awmh Mum;zl;yg&JU? odkUaomf cifAsm; pOf;pm;yHkawGu ÚmPfaumif;vdkU onfavmuf r[kwfbl; uHaumif;vdkU ay:wmawG xifw,fAs? usKyfwdkU pum;yHk &Sdw,f r[kwfvm;/ Muufuef;qeftdk;awGUqdkwmrsdK; vdkayghAs} [k ajymvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf; uRefawmftm; Munfhum rodrom ûyH;&,fvsuf rnfodkUrQ rajymbJ &Sdaeav\/ tifpydwfawmf OD;tkef;cdkifvn; wkyfcdkifcefUjim;ojzifh ykvdyfom;yDyD &Sdaom udk,fMuD;jzifh &ifaumhum acwårQ pBuøavQmufNyD;aemuf ]tbdk;aiG ig;odef;avmufwefwJh ausmufoHywåjrm; rsm;vnf; aysmufqHk;w,f? wHcg;vnf; twGif;bufu ydwfxm;w,f? jywif;aygufuaumAsm} &Sm;/ /]jywif;aygufvnf; twGif;u ydwfxm;w,f? odkUayr,fh jywif;aygufabmifay:rSm ajc&mawG awGUw,fAs} ckdif/ /]jywif;aygufudk twGif;u ydwfxm;wmawGU&ifjzifh abmifay:rSm ajc&mawGUayr,fh bmqdkifovJAs? onfvlaowmu avemNyD; aocsif aor,f? wufNyD; aocsif aor,f? odkUaomf ausmufoHywåjrm;awG aysmufaew,fqdk wmu cufaew,f? aMomf usKyf tBuH&NyDAsdKU? udkif; ukdif; bdk;rSDwdkU tcef;jyif xGufMuprf;? udkif; udkpH&Sm; usKyfu onfvdk xifw,fAs? olUnDarmifbdk;uJu olajymcsuft& raeUnu onftcef;xJrSm olUtpfudkESifh ESpfa,mufwnf; &SdMuw,fqdk r[kwfvm;? onfawmh tpfudkarmifbdk;&GJu avema&m*gESifh aow,f? aoawmh armifbdk;uJu ypönf;awG ,lNyD; xGufoGm;w,f? udkif; usKyfawG;yHk b,fES,fvJAsm? w,fr&dkif;bl; r[kwfvm;} &Sm;/ /][kwfyHkay:yg&JU? onfawmh armifbdk;uJvnf; xGufoGm;a&m? vlaouvnf; xkdif&mu xNyD; tcef;wHcg;udk twGif;u aeNyD; uefUvefUcsvdkufua&m onfvdkvm;Asm} cdkif/ /][m [kwfayw,f? onftcsufu &Sdayao;w,f? ukdif; 'gjzifh onfvdk aumAsm/ bdk;uJ[m bdk;&GJ nDtpfudk awmfw,f? olwdkUESpfa,muf[m rMumrDu pum;rsm;Muzl;w,f? onf[m usKyfwdkU od&w,f r[kwfvm;? onfhjyifvJ tpfudk bdk;&GJ[m ao&Smw,f? ypönf;awGvnf; aysmufoGm;w,f? 'gvnf; usKyfwdkU od&w,f? raeUnu bdk;uJjyefoGm;NyD;wJhaemuf bdk;&GJ[m b,folESifhrSvJ rawGU&bl;? olUtdyf&mrSmvnf; tdyfwJh vu©Pm r&Sdbl;? bdk;&GJ aoyHk rsufESmxm; Munfh&wmuvJ tif; w,fNyD; r[efvSbl;? Munfhaemf usKyf bdk;uJtay: owåKusatmif vkyfvdkufr,f em;axmifMuAs} &Sm;/ /]aeygOD; rdwfaqG? 'gxuf cifAsm;u tusdK;taMumif; pHkvifatmif rodao;bl;As? a[m'D ql;uav;[m vlao em;&Gufaemufu awGUw,fAs? tqdyfvl;xm;wJh vu©Pmvnf; &Sdw,f? tavmif;rSm a[m'D pm&Gufvnf; awGUw,f? udkif; onfawmh cifAsm; awG;yHkESifh udkufyghvm;Asm} ckdif/ /]udkufygaomfaum rdwfaqG? bmûyvdkU rudkuf&rSmvJ? onfu tqdyfvl;xm;wJh ql;[m bdk;uJ&JU ql;r[kwf&if b,folUql; jzpfEkdifOD;rSmvJAs? onfpm&Gufu bmvJ? av;OD;om; vufcsufwJh? onf[mu tvum; bdk;uJu xifa,mifxifrSm; jzpfatmif ÚmPfqifwJh tvHk; awGygAsm? ykvdyfvkyfaeNyD; onfavmufrS ryg;&if cufaea&maygh? odkUaomfvnf; bdk;uJ[m olUtpfudkudk olowfNyD; b,fvrf;u xGufoGm;ovJwJh? onf[m wpfckyJ ta&;MuD;w,f? aMomf rsufESmMuufrSm taygufBuD;yguvm;AsdKU}
24

a&TOa'gif;

¤if;aemuf tifpydwfawmf OD;tkef;ckdifvnf; ol\ udk,fum,ESifh rvdkufatmif jzwfvwf ayghyg; jcif; &Sdaom trlt&mESifh pm;yGJay:rS wufí rsufESmMuuftaygufrS wufoGm;NyD;vQif tay:rS aeí ]atmifr,f onfuaeNyD; trdk;ay:wufwJh tayguf &Sdyguvm;AsdKU? cifAsm;wdkU awGUMu&JU vm;? [kwfNyD? [kwfNyD? usKyfxifwJh twdkif;ygyJ} [k ajymí atmufodkU wpfzef qif;vmNyD;aemuf ]a[h bdk;rSDwdkU} ]tcef;jyifrSm bk&m;} ckdif/ /]udkif; armifbdk;uJudk ac:cJhMua[h? udkif; armifbdk;uJ armifrif;udk uREfkyf armifbdk;&GJ owfrIESifh ,ck zrf;qD;&vdrfhr,f} uJ/ /]udkif; uRefawmf rajymbl;vm; cifAsm? 'gaMumifh uRefawmf rajymbl;vm; cifAsm? uRefawmfhudk xifygvdrfhr,fvdkU uRefawmf txifom;uyJ cifAsm} &Sm;/ /]udpö r&Sdygbl; armifbdk;uJ? raMumufygESifh? onftrIudk usKyf wwftm;orQ ulnDNyD; &Sif;vif;atmif vkyfay;ygr,f? pdwfomcsaeyg? rpdk;&drfygESifh} cdkif/ /]w,fNyD;vnf; tmrcH r&JESifhAsaemf? awmfawmfMumawmh udk,hfpum;ESifh ukd,hfywf qdkwmvdk jzpfaer,f? r&JbJESifh uRJrpD;ESifhAs? udkpH&Sm;} &Sm;/ /]pdwfcsyg udktkef;cdkif? ukdif; cifAsm; odcsif&if onftcef;wGif;udk raeUuvmwJh vlESpfa,mufteuf wpfa,muftaMumif;udk trnfemrESifh wuG usKyfajymjyvdkufr,f? olUemrnf uawmh armifrdk;oD;ygwJhAsm? onfvl[m pmaumif;aumif;rwwfbl;? jzwfjzwfvwfvwf? vufsmbuf ajcaxmufu opfom;ajcaxmuf wyfxm;w,fAs? toufuawmhjzifh vlvwfxJuyJ? tom; cyfñdkñdk?axmifrsm;vnf; uszl;w,f? onftcsufawG&,f? olUvufz0g;rSm tom;enf;enf; pkwfNyD;aew,fqdkwJh tcsuf&,f? pkaygif;NyD; xnfhvQif onfvludk cifAsm; &SmzdkU rcufvSbl; rSwfw,f? onfhjyif wpfa,muf[muawmh...} cdkif/ /(ajymifavSmifvdkaom rsufESmxm;ESifh) ]udkif; qdkygOD;wJhAsm? onfhjyif wpfa,mufvnf; ygao;owJhudk;? qdkygOD;Asm} armifpH&Sm;vnf; udktkef;ckdif\ Mum;jzwfí ajymaom pum;udk trIrxm;aom rsufESm xm;ESifh qufvufí ]onfhjyif wpfa,mufvl[muawmh awmf awmf xl;qef;wJh vlwpfa,mufyJ? odkUaomf rMumrDtwGif; olwdkUESpfa,mufvHk;ESifh awGU&atmif usKyf pDrHEdkifp&m &Sdyg&JUav? udkif; 'gxuf udkodef;armif/ cifAsm;ESifh pum;uav;wpfcGef; ajymyg&apAsm} [k uRefawmftm; ajymojzifh uRefawmfvnf; armifpH&Sm;ESihf twltcef;jyifodkU vdkufoGm;avvQif &Sm;/ /]udkif; udkodef;armif? cifAsm;vnf; onfudpörSm wpfae&mu aqmif&Guf &vdrfhr,fAsdKU}

25

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

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26

a&TOa'gif;

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27

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28

a&TOa'gif;

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29

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

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30

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31

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

uRefawmf/ /]'gjzifh b,fhES,fvkyfrvJAsm} &Sm;/ /][dkt&ifu &Srf;jynfe,fu reef;pdefwdkU trIwkef;u usKyfvufaxmufav;awG rSwfrdao;w,f r[kwfvm;} uRefawmf/ /]a*:&if*sDukvm;uav;awG[mvm;} &Sm;/ /]tppfyJAs? olwdkUuawmh usKyfwdkU ra&mufEdkifwJhae&m olwdkU a&mufEdkifw,f? usKyfwdkU r0ifEdkifwJh ae&mrSm olwdkUu tifrwef toHk;usw,fAs? udkif; udkif; nu wpfnvHk;vnf; rtdyf&bl;? onfuaeU we*FaEGaeUaemf? awmfygao;&JU? cifAsm; tvkyfoGm;zdkU r&Sdbl;? uJ vmAsm tdrfjyefNyD; tarmtyef;ajzMuOD;pdkU&JU} tdrfodkUa&mufvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf;tapcHwpfa,mufukdapvTwfvdkufNyD;aemuf uRefawmfwdkU vnf; qmavmifrGwfodyfvSonfhtavsmuf eHeufpm pm;aomufNyD;MuonfwGif avScg;rS qlnHpGm toHMum;NyD;aemuf? ESpfq,fcefUrQaom a*:&if*sDukvm;uav;wdkUonf tdrfay: odkU ajy;wufvm Muav\/ xdktcg armifpH&Sm;u acgifvlMuD; a*:&if*sDukvm;uav;tm; ]a[h tmyem; vmcJhOD;? aemufudk ig ac:&if rif;wpfa,mufom tdrfay:wufcJh? Onfhjyif vlawG wdkufatmufu apmifhaeyap? Mum;vm;? udkif; udkif; onfwpfcgawmh tm;vHk;wufvmwm cyfaumif;aumif;ygyJav? udkif; rif;wdkU tm;vHk; em;axmifMu} [k ajymojzifh ukvm;uav; wdkUvnf; pDwef;um &yfwefUvsuf &SdMuavvQif &Sm;/ /]armfwifvrf; odovm;} ukvm;uav;rsm;/ /(wûydifeuf oGufvufpGm) ]odw,f tpfudk} &Sm;/ /]at; armfwifvrf;u pNyD; jrpfaMumif;rSm txufbufukd vl q,fa,muf? atmufbufudk vlq,fa,muf cGJNyD; armfawmfbkwf wpfpif;udk awGUatmif vdkuf&Sm&r,f? armfawmfbkwfu aq;t0ga&mif okwfxm;w,f? armif;wJhukvm;emrnfu tyÜ'lvmwJh? Mum;&JU vm;} ukvm;uav;rsm;/ /(wûydifeuf) ]Mum;w,f tpfudk} &Sm;/ /]rif;wdkU awGUatmif &Sma&mh? awGU&if [dkrSm wpfa,muf tapmifh xm;NyD; ighqDvm csufjcif; vmajym? Mum;vm;} ]Mum;w,f tpfudk} &Sm;/ /]udkif; oGm;Muawmh} [k ajymvdkufvQif ukvm;uav;wdkUvnf; aysmf&TifpGm qif;ajy; Buav\/ ¤if;aemuf uRefawmfrSm wpfnOfhvHk; rtdyf&onfjzpfí yufvufukvm;xdkifay:ü tdyfaysmfrd&m armifpH&Sm;rSmrl tenf;i,frQ tdyfcsifpdwf r&SdbJ owif;pmjzwfydkif; ta[mif;rsm;udk vnf;aumif;? A[kokw pmtkyfBuD;rsm;udk vnf;aumif; vSefavSmum &SmazGvsuf &Sdav\/
32

a&TOa'gif;

nae oHk;em&DcefU &Sdojzifh uRefawmfvnf; tdyf&mrS Edk;avvQif armifpH&Sm;rSm yufvuf ukvm; xdkifay:ü aq;wHaomufumpOf;pm;pdwful;vsuf &Sdonfudk awGU&Sd&onf jzpf&m uRefawmf Ekd;onfudk jrifonfESifh &Sm;/ /]udkodef;armif tdyfa&;0NyDvm;} uRefawmf/ /]0ygNyDAsm} &Sm;/ /]cifAsm; tdyfwkef;u usKyf tcsnf;ESD; rjzpfbl;AsdKU} uRefawmf/ /]bmrsm; awGUovJAsm} &Sm;/ /(t*Fvdyfowif;pmzdkifa[mif;wpfckudk uRefawmftm; vSrf;í ay;NyD;aemuf) ]a[m'D rsufESmrSm zwfMunfhprf;} [k ajymojzifh uRefawmfvnf; zwfMunfh&m jrefrm t"dyÜm,frSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygaMumif;/ ppfajrjyifü vlowfrI jzpfyGm;jcif;taMumif; vGefcJhonfh {NyDv 11 &ufaeUwGif rufqdkydkawrD,m; ppfajrjyifü jrefrmppfom;wpfa,muf ESifhtdEd´,wdkif;om; ukvm;ppfom; oHk;a,mufwdkUonf &efolvlrsdK; jzpfaom wl&uDolaX; wpfOD;udk wdwfwqdwf vuf&zrf;qD;NyD;vQiftxuft&m&SdwdkUxH ydkUojcif; rûybJ ¤if;olaX; BuD; udk wdwfwqdwf owfjzwfí ¤if;\ypönf;Opömrsm;udk vk,uf,liifMuaMumif;? tqdkyg w&m;cHav;a,mufudk qdkif&mu ppfaq;ar;jref;&m jypfrIxif&Sm;onf jzpfí ¤if;av;OD;udk wpfuRef;odkU10ESpfpDrQuscHap&efpD&ifcsufcsrSwfvdkufaMumif;/ ypönf;rsm;rSmtzdk;rsm;pGmxdkuf wefaMumif;od&Sd&aomfvnf;w&m;cHwdkUuodk0Sufíxm;NyD;NyDjzpfaomaMumifhppfaq;aomfvnf; ray:aygufaMumif;/ uRefawmf/ /]onfowif;pm 1917 ckESpfu owif;pmyguvm;As} &Sm;/ /][kwfw,f/ trIqdk&ifjzifh vufonfay: ray: usKyfu owif;pm jzwfydkif; xkwfNyD; zdkifwGJxm;wm cifAsm; odw,f r[kwfvm;As? onfzdkifwGJxJrSm ,ckwdkif vufonfray:wJh trI 50 ausmfavmuf &Sdw,fAs? tckvdk wpfcgwpfcgawmh usKyf zdkifwGJ[m tifrwef toHk;usw,f} uRefawmf/ /]aumif;ygayAsm? 'gxuf onftrIrSm trIonf ESpfa,mufteuf [dkwpf a,muf taMumif; ajymprf;ygOD;Asm? ajryHkrSmygwJh ukvm; oHk;a,mufteuf wpfa,muf[mvm;Asm} &Sm;/ /]bmvJAs? [dE´Lukvm;xJu rSwfvdkUvm;? [dE´Lukvm;jzifh onfavmuf ajcaxmuf ao;yghrvm;As? udkif; udkif; usKyf zGifhajymr,f/ cifAsm; awG;Munfhprf;? onfvl[m ajcaxmuf tifrwef ao;w,f? zdeyfvnf; b,fawmhrS pD;zl;wJh vu©Pm r&Sdbl;? tifrwefvnf; oefpGrf;w,f? tqdyfvl;jrm;vnf; toHk;ûyw,f? udkif; b,fvdkvlxJuvJAsm} uRefawmf/ /]aumif;aumif; rawG;wwfygbl;Asm}

33

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/ /]udkif; udkif; cifAsm; awG;ae&if Mumaea&mhr,f? MuGufavQmufay:u [dkpmtkyfBuD; vSrf;prf;ygOD;Asm} [k ajymojzifh uRefawmfvnf; ]*ZufwD,m}ac: A[kokwtrsdK;pHk yg&Sdaom pmtkyfMuD; vSrf;,lay;urf;vdkuf&m armifpH&Sm;vnf; pmtkyfudk vSefavSm&SmazG&if; ]usKyfwdkU armifrdk;oD;u wpfuRef;jyefAsaemf? [kwfp? ukdif; wpfuRef;u vl&dkif;rsdK;rsm; jzpfrvm; Munfhprf;&atmif? a[m awGUNyDAsdKU? udkif; em;axmif} [k ajymí armifpH&Sm;vnf; pmtkyfrS zwfí jy&m jrefrmt"dyÜm,frSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygaMumif;/ ]tef'refac: wpfuRef;om;vl½dkif;rsm;taMumif;} tif'refuRef;om; vl½kdif;rsm;wdkUonf t&yf 3 ayrS 4 ayrQtwGif;omvQif &Sdonfjzpfí urÇmay:ü tao;i,fqHk;aom vlrsdK;[lí ac:qdkxdkufayonf/ ¤if; vl½dkif;rsm;rSmrl tvGefw&m cufxefMurf;êuwfvSonfjzpf&m t*Fvdyf tpdk;&wdkUonf ¤if;wdkUtm; ,Ofaus;aom trlt&mrsm;udk oifMum;jyoygaomfvnf; rwwfEdkifonf jzpfí aemufqHk;ü vufavQmhMu&av\/ odkU&mwGif xdkvl½dkif;wdkUrSm aus;Zl;wifwwfaom vlrsdK;jzpfojzifh rdrdwdkUtm;aus;Zl;ûyzl;aom olwdkUtm;rl tvGefpGJNrJpGmcspfcif wwfMuavonf/ xdkolwdkUonf tqdyfvl;aom jrm;ql;rsm;udk ajymif;wHjzifhrIwfí &efolrsm;udkvnf;aumif;?awmowÅ0grsm;udkvnf;aumif;owfjzwfzsufqD;wwf Muavonf/ xdkvlrsdK;wdkUrSm ao;i,fojzifh tcsdK;tpm;rusaom OD;acgif;rsm; vnf;aumif;? &ufpuf Murf;êuwf[ef&Sdaomrsufpdrsm;vnf;aumif;? ao;i,faom vufajcrsm; vnf;aumif; &SdMuavonf/ &Sm;/ /]udkif; b,fhES,fvJ udkodef;armif} uRefawmf/ /][kwfNyDAsdKU? onf armifrdk;oD;uvnf; wpfuRef;jyefqdkawmh [dkuRef;u vl½dkif;wpfa,mufrsm; olESifh twl ygcsifygvmr,f} &Sm;/ /]tif; wnfhwnfhajym&if cifAsm; &dyfrdw,fayghav} uRefawmf/ /]&dyfrdwm r&dyfrdwm tyxm;ygOD;Asm/ 'gxuf tyem;wdkUqDu bmowif;rsm; Mum;ao;ovJ} &Sm;/ /]rMum;ao;bl;As? odkUaomfvnf; Mum;ygvdrfhr,f raeygbl;} uRefawmf/ /]'gxuf usKyfwdkU udk,fwdkifvdkuf&&if raumif;bl;vm;} &Sm;/ /]rvdkygbl;Asm? aeygap}
34

a&TOa'gif;

uRefawmf/ /]udkif; 'gjzifh cifAsm; ae&pfOD;Asm? usKyfawmh vrf;avQmufacsOD;r,f} &Sm;/ /]b,fvJAs? rESif;nGefUwdkUqDudkvm;} uRefawmf/ /(tBuHudk odoGm;ojzifh rsufESmylylESifh) ]a&mufaumif; a&mufygvdrfhOD;r,f rSwfw,f? bmrsm; rSmvdkufOD;rvJ} &Sm;/ /]rSmp&m r&Sdygbl;Asm? 'gxuf rdef;rawGudk pum;ukefrajymESifhAsaemf? abmfbDvnf; ac: oGm;ygAsm? jyefydkUvdkufyg/ rvdkygbl;} ¤if;aemuf uRefawmfvnf; acG;udk ac:cJhí MunfhjrifwdkifodkU jyefydkUNyD;vQif rESif;nGefUtay:ü ,cifu xkwfazmfa&;om;cJhNyD;onftwdkif; arwåmpdwfpl;pdkufvsuf &Sdonf jzpfaomaMumifh ,dk;r,fzGJUum taMumif;&Smí tdrfodkU 0ifNyD;aemuf trItaMumif;rsm;udk jzef;oef;um &,farm ajymqdk aerdcJhygaMumif;/ tdrfodkU jyefa&mufonfhtcg 7 em&DausmfcefUrQ &SdNyDjzpf&m armifpH&Sm;\ aq;wHwdkESifh pmtkyfrSmrl ukvm;xdkifay:wGif &Sdaeaomfvnf; armifpH&Sm;udk rjrifonfjzpfí &SmazG&m armifpH&Sm;rSm eufeJaom trIwdkUü qifjcif pOf;pm;NrJ jzpfonfhtwdkif; acgif;tHk;rsm;udk ukvm;xdkifay:wGif pkyHkum aeomatmif cif;usif;NyD;rS ¤if;wdkUtay:rS aq;wH t½dk;&SnfBuD;udk aomuf½Ivsuf wpfnywfvHk; rtdyfrae pOf;pm;pdwful;vsuf &Sdav\/ eHeufvif;ojzifh vufzuf&nf aomuf&if; uRefawmfu ]b,fES,fvJ udkpH&Sm;? cifAsm; wpfnvHk; rtdyfygyJuvm;} &Sm;/ /]cifAsm; odwJhtwdkif;yAsm? usKyfu tNyD;rowfrjcif; tNidrf aewwfwJhvl r[kwfbl;? ½dkif;vdkufavw,fAsm/ bmr[kwfwmuav;ESifh vmNyD; xpfaew,f? vludkvnf; odNyD? olwdkUpD;oGm;wJh armfawmfbkwfudkvnf; odNyD/ 'gESifhawmif udpöacsmNyD; rjzpfwm? usKyf cHjyif;vSw,fAs? odkUaomfvnf; onfenf;ESifh r&vQif onfhjyifenf;ESifh vkduf&rSmayghav? wwfEdkifygbl;} ¤if;aeU nae uRefawmfvnf; tvkyfwdkufrS jyefvmvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf; tdrfü r&SdESifhonfjzpfí pm;yGJü &SmazG Munfh½I&m uRefawmftwGuf atmufyg twdkif; pmwpfapmif a&;om;xm;onfudk awGU&ygaMumif;/

rdwfaqGMuD; udkodef;armif þtrIü pdwfrcsonfjzpfí usKyfudk,fwdkif vdkufacsNyD/ usKyf rjyefvmrD taMumif;xl; onfjzpfap? tyem;jyefvmí taMumif;Mum;onf jzpfap cifAsm; ÚmPf&Sdoavmuf pDrHESifhygav/ armifpH&Sm; ¤if;nOfhü uRefawmfonf þtrI\ taMumif;udkaomf vnf;aumif;? vufOD; trI&Sifjzpfol q&mr rESif;nGefU\ taMumif;rsm;udk vnf;aumif;? rdwfaqG armifpH&Sm;\ taMumif;rsm;udk
35

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

vnf;aumif; pOf;pm;pdwful;vsuf tdyfaysmfNyD;aemuf tdyfrufxJü uRefawmfvnf; rESif;nGefU\ vufudk udkifqGJum olckd;rsm;\ aemufodkU twif; ajy;vTm;vdkufygoGm;ojzifh armyef;onftcgrS vefUí Edk;vmygaMumif;/ eHeufvif;vQif uRefawmfonf wpfnOfhywfvHk; armifpH&Sm; rjyefvmonfjzpfí ylyifaom pdwfjzifh wdkufa&SUü &xm;armif;oGm;onfhtcgwdkif; armifpH&Sm;trSwfESihf arQmfvifhvsuf&Sd&m 8 em&DtcsdefcefUwGif jrif;&xm;wpfpD;onf wdkufa&SUü &yfNyD;aemuf tifpydwfawmf OD;tkef;cdkifonf ,refaeUuuJhodkU rdrdudk,fukd txiftjrifBuD;vsuf [efBuD;yefBuD; r&SdbJ twefi,f ñdI;i,faom rsufESmxm;ESifh uRefawmftm; ]armifpH&Sm;wpfa,muf rvmao;bl; rSwfw,f} uRefawmf/ /]r&Sdbl;Asm? apmifhygOD;av? vmvkygNyD rSwfw,f? xdkifygOD;Asm} ckdif/ /]xkdifao;wmayghav? 'gxuf usKyfraeUu onftrIrSm xifjrifcsufudk cifAsm; Mum;rdw,f r[kwfvm;? tckawmh r[kwfjyefbl;AsdKU? bdk;uJwdkUvnf; vTwfvdkuf&NyD? usKyfawG;yHk rudkufao;bl;? 'gxuf cifAsm; rdwfaqG udkpH&Sm; wpfa,mufu awmfawmh awmfwJh oli,f wpfa,mufygyJ? wpfcgwpfavawmh enf;enf;uav; t,ltq t&ifvdkw,f rSwfw,f? odkUaomf olU[mu rSefwmu rsm;aew,fAs? ck reufyJ olUqDu w,fvDzkef; &w,f? tdrfu apmifhaeygwJh? ol vmcJhr,fwJh? wpfckckawmh ajc&mcHrdNyD rSwfw,fAs} [k ajymqdkvsuf &SdpOf avScg;rS ajcvSrf; av;av;jzifh wpfvSrf;jcif; wufívmonfh vlwpfa,muf\ ajcoHukd Mum;NyD;aemuf wHcg;udk acgufoHMum;ojzifh ]0ifcJhav} [k uRefawmfu ac:vdkuf&m touf ig;q,fausmft&G,fcefUrQ&Sd t0wfrsm;ü pufqDrsm; pGef;ayvsuf &Sdonfjzpfí pufarmif;orm;ESifh wlaom ukvm;tbdk;BuD; wpfa,mufonf armBuD;yef;BuD;&Sdonfh trlt&mESifh tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifvmí ]armifpH&Sm; qif[dkif;} (armifpH&Sm; &Sdyg&JUvm; ) [k [dE´KpwefeDbmomjzifh ar;jref;avvQif uRefawmfvnf; r&SdaMumif;ESihf ajymqdkí udpöukd ar;jref;&m ukvm;BuD;vnf; rdrdrSm tjcm;r[kwf? pufq&m tyÜ'lvmjzpfaMumif; armifpH&Sm;u awGUvdkonf qdkí vma&muf&aMumif;ESifh rajymvdk ajymvdkESifh ajymqdkav\/ xdktcg uRefawmfu trIESifh oufqdkifaMumif;ESifh ajymqdkojzifh tifpydwfawmf OD;tkef;ckdifvnf; ukvm;BuD; tm; odvdktm;BuD;ESihf ar;jref;&m ukvm;BuD;u ]qAÁvkyf tjcm;edrf;? armifpH&Sm; qAÁudk [rf'pfpae; ref;uwm;? armifpH&Sm;qyfudk uREkfyf ajymr,f? cifAsm;wdkUudk uREkfyf rajymbl;} ckdif/ /] 'gjzifh apmifhOD; bdkif} ukvm;BuD;/ /]uREfkyf rapmifhEdkifbl;? uREkfyf ,ck jyefr,f? olodcsif&if olUbmom ol vmayap? uREkfyf jyefr,f} [k ajymí wHcg;&Sd&modkU oGm;rnfûyavvQif tifpydwfawmf OD;tkef;ckdif vnf; trIESifh ywfoufaMumif; odonfjzpfí tusdK;taMumif; odvdkvSonfESifh pdwftm;BuD;pGm xdkif&mrS xí ukvm;BuD;\vufarmif;udk qGJudkifum ]aeOD; bmblBuD;? trItaMumif; uREkfyfukd ajym&r,f/ rajymbJ roGm;&bl;? ajymNyD;rS oGm;&r,f? jyefcsif&if jrefjrefajym} [k ajymavvQif ukvm;BuD;vnf; tenf;i,f z,f½kef;NyD;aemuf r&aMumif; odonfESihf
36

a&TOa'gif;

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37

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

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38

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39

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

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40

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41

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

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43

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53

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55

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