...determined to be decubitus ulcers, due to constant contact with the mattress on his bed. The skin of the scrotum and penis when examined showed that papular lesions covered 2/3 of the organs. The caregivers at the convalescence home had attempted to treat Mr. Butler with antifungal medication, with little results. Patches of Keratosis were found on the soles of the feet and palms of the hands. A physician at another hospital had made an attempt at keratolytics, and had achieved good results, at removing the keratosis that was in the second stage of healing. There were dime sized wheals on Mr. Butler’s upper back and shoulders, where they appeared for a time then disappeared. A large abscess was found para the left ear. Mr. Butler was taken to OR where the abscess was drained a by an incision and a bx...
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...Perirectal/Anorectal Abscess Introduction A perirectal abscess is the acute appearance of a collection of purulent fluid that forms from glandular pockets in the anus or rectum. The prevalence of anorectal accesses is higher than what is actually seen in formal care facilities because a large portion of people with anorectal symptoms do not seek treatment. There are approximately 100,000 cases per year in the United States, and the average age for appearance of anal abscess and fistula disease is age 40. Males are twice as likely to develop an abscess compared with women (Breen, 2014). The following paper will explore the causes of anorectal abscess, diagnostic tools, common signs and symptoms, and treatment options. Causes of Perirectal Abscess Anorectal abscesses are somewhat common and can cause substantial pain. The majority of abscesses are related to an acute infection in the inner glands of the anus. The actual abscess can become clogged by bacteria, fecal matter, or foreign material. If the abscess becomes clogged it can potentially tunnel to tissue surrounding the anal or rectal area. This material accumulates in a pocket and is called an abscess (Buckmire, 2012). The abscess begins as perirectal cellulitis caused by infection of an anal gland, which causes inflammation. The inflammatory process takes over and eventually extends to tissue surrounding the rectum. The specific bacteria that are responsible for the clogged abscess include: E. coli, staphylococci...
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...some of the disorders that effect the tissues of the body that can also cause epilepsy, the main tissues that are affected by these disorders is brain tissue. One example of a disorder that effects brain tissue is Alzheimer's, this disease actually physically changes the brain in its entirety. The tissues of the brain start to break down due to nerve cell damage causing the size of the brain to shrink dramatically affecting almost all of its function. The deeper into the brain with this condition the more there are signs of tissue damage, the cortex shrivels up, the hippocampus shrinks which is the area of the brain that plays a key role in the formation of memories, and ventricles grow larger....
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...that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The Central NS is made up of the brain and spinal cord BRAIN The brain lies within the skull and is shaped like a mushroom. The brain consists of four principal parts: * the brain stem * the cerebrum * the cerebellum * the diencephalon The brain weighs approximately 1.3 to 1.4 kg. It has nerve cells called the neurons and supporting cells called the glia. There are two types of matter in the brain: grey matter and white matter. Grey matter receives and stores impulses. Cell bodies of neurons and neuroglia are in the grey matter. White matter in the brain carries impulses to and from grey matter. It consists of the nerve fibers or the axons. * The brain stem The brain stem is also known as the Medulla oblongata. It is located between the pons and the spinal cord and is only about one inch long. * The cerebrum The cerebrum forms the bulk of the brain and is supported on the brain stem. The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres. Each hemisphere controls the activities of the side of the body opposite that hemisphere. The hemispheres are further divided into four lobes: * Frontal lobe * Temporal lobes * Parietal lobe * Occipital lobe * The cerebellum This is located behind and below the cerebrum. * The diencephalon The diencephalon is also known as the fore brain stem. It includes the thalamus and...
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...able to pass from your body into your brain. Once inside your brain, drugs can change the messages your brain cells are sending to each other, and to the rest of your body. They do this by interfering with your brain's own chemical signals: neurotransmitters that transfer signals across synapses. Drugs lead primarily to a intoxication or emergence of a dependency syndrome. They change the awareness and the perception of the consumer during their impact and beyond. They affect three primal parts of the brain: • The brain stem which is in charge of all of the functions our body needs to stay alive • The limbic system links together a bunch of brain structures that control our emotional responses. • The cerebral cortex is the mushroom-like outer part of the brain. In humans, it is so big that it makes up about three-fourths of the entire brain. It’s divided into four areas, called lobes, which control specific functions. Some areas process information from our senses, enabling us to see, feel, hear, and taste. The front part of the cortex, known as the frontal cortex or forebrain, is the thinking center. It powers our ability to think, plan, solve problems, and make decisions. How do they proceed in our brain ? Drugs are chemicals. They work in the brain by tapping into its communication system and interfering with the way nerve cells normally send, receive, and process information. Some drugs can change the brain in ways that last long after the person...
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...It's a hot day and you're at the lake, the first thing you think of is jumping in the water! However,It doesn't happen often, most summers, several Americans ,usually healthy young people, suffer sudden tragic deaths from a brain-eating amoeba (Brain-Eating Amoeba (Naegleria Fowleri): Causes and Symptoms." WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.). An amoeba is a freshwater ,marine ,parasitic, one-celled protozoa of the order amoebida. ("Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 12 Apr. 2014. Web. 09 Dec. 2014.) Ameoba's are categorized by a granular nucleus surrounded by a jellylike mass of cytoplasm that forms temporary extensions called pseudopodia by which the organism moves,engulfs food particles, and forms food vacuole s. Pseudopodia is the greek word for"false feet".("Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 12 Apr. 2014. Web. 09 Dec. 2014.) Pseudopodia are temporary projections of Eukaryotic cell membranes or unicellular protists. They extend and...
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...22 Through what area does the cerebrospinal fluid circulate around the brain and spinal cord? in the subarachnoid space Which is the usual location of language centers? left hemisphere What would be the effect of damage to the auditory association area in the left hemisphere? inability to understand what is heard Which applies to corticospinal tract? it is a pyramidal tract for efferent impulses What is a major function of the limbic system? determines emotional responses Where are beta-1 adrenergic receptors located? cardiac muscle What does a vegetative state refer to? depression of the RAS and inability to initiate action Which is NOT part of the criteria for a declaration of "brain death"? presence of any head injury What is the best definition of aphasia? inability to comprehend or express language appropriately What is an early indicator of increased intracranial pressure? decreasing responsiveness What is the rationale for vomiting with increased intracranial pressure? pressure on the emetic center in the medulla What is the typical change in blood pressure with increased intracranial pressure? increasing pulse pressure A brain tumor causes a headache because the tumor stretches the meninges and blood vessels wall Which of the following causes papilledema? increased pressure of CSF at the optic disc What is the effect of an enlarging brain abscess on cardiovascular activity? systemic vasoconstriction and slower heart...
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...Psych 100, Notes Sept. 6, 2012 History and Perspectives * Definitions of Psychology * The science of mental life (William James, 1890) * “The study of human or animal behaviour” (Webster’s Dictionary 1988) * “The scientific study of behavior and mind” “The scientific study of behaviour and its causes” (Passer & Smith) * Roots of the Word * Psyche – Greek for soul * Logos – Greek for the study of a subject * Related Fields * Philosophy * Rene Decartes (1595-1650) Dualism (interactionism) * Body is physical entity * Mind is nonphysical entity * Mind and body are separate, distinct entities involved in the production of behaviour * Pineal gland (Used for mind and body to communicate) * Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) * Materialism – position that since nothing exists other than matter and energy the concept of soul is meaningless * Form of monism * Empiricism (Position that all human knowledge and thought are derived from sensory experience * Branch of Biology concerned with the scientific study of how living organisms function (Muller, Helmholtz, Fechner) * Birth of Psychology * Wilhelm Wundt * Established first independent psychology lab at university of Leipzig 1879 (birth of psychology) * Established first psychology journal 1881 * Studied consciousness (one’s awareness...
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...Biopsychology The brain is the control centre for the body and it sits in the skull at the top of the spinal chord. The brain is so complex that doctors and scientists still don’t know what some parts do. The brain is made up of different sections consisting of the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. Memory Part of the brain that is responsible for memory is also known as the hippocampus, it is located within the temporal lobes, adjacent to the amygdale. The hippocampus is involved in memory forming, organizing and storing information. It is particularly important in storing new memories and connecting emotions and senses, such as smell and sound to, memories. A case study of H.M. (1953) highlights how important the function of the hippocampus is. H.M. was a man who suffered from epilepsy who had surgery to remove the hippocampus to prevent his severe symptoms. After his operation he suffered from major memory loss, which then went on to cause an inability to transfer new information into his long term memory. This resulted in the realisation that the removal of the hippocampus can have detrimental effects on the brains memory. Language and speech The Boca’s area is one of the main areas of the brain which is responsible for producing language. It is located in the lower portion of the left frontal lobe and was discovered by French neurosurgeon Paul Broca .He realised that people who had language difficulties often had damage to this area of the brain. This part of...
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...numerous ways in studying methods of the brain. It ranges from electrical and chemical stimulation, recordings of the electrical activity from the brain, scanning and imaging techniques, and so on. The effects of electrical and chemical stimulation take place within different places in the brain that selectively affect specific psychological processes as well as psychologically active medications; anesthetics and recreational drugs). These selectively affect different mental processes because they act on the brain in different brain systems. Small amounts of psychologically active chemicals can be injected into small parts of the brain. These experimental ways have helped identify the location and function of brain systems that carry out the effects of these chemicals. Through electrical stimulation, we can only stimulate the desired part of the brain. The advances in technology have made it possible to study the internal work of the brain without having to cut into an individual’s skull. The brain scanning is the mechanical and electrical measurements of the specific activates of the brain. One example I am familiar with of a scanning technique is the MRI, or magnetic resonance imaging. It uses a magnetic field in which the individual’s head is put in place. The radio waves aimed in the brain cause certain atoms within the brain to emit signals which the computer picks up. These studying techniques can distinguish between closely related brain structures. There are a variety of...
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...of the mind and body, have attempted to explain the apparent interaction between the mind and body, whilst setting up objects to the theories. I will conclude that Cartesian dualism is the most plausible theory of mind, as it is the most conceivable and argues the mind-body interaction that seems to exist, actually does. I will define a mind by defining those things that have minds as contain a mind are capable of self-directed motion and which have mental states - cognitive, conative and affective states- such as beliefs and desires and sensations. Therefore something that has these qualities has a mind in which mental states are contained. Dualists argue that the mind is not physical and does not have physical mental states, such as brain states, but rather that it is a non-physical entity, entirely separate from the body, and sharing no properties of physical matter such as mass or location. They also maintain "there is something about consciousness that eludes the explanatory apparatus of physical science " and therefore needs further...
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...that supports the statement that chimpanzees are Human’s closest living non-human Primate Relatives are DNA and the chimpanzee’s cultural behavior. DNA studies have shown that Homo sapiens and chimpanzees share 99 percent of identical DNA. In the article, “What Makes Us Human?” Katherine S. Pollard focuses on the 1 percent of DNA that makes humans and chimpanzees different. However, the findings revealed a closer relationship between humans and chimpanzees, and explanations of how genes have mutated throughout time. Pollard reports that the human accelerated region 1 (HAR1) “might be part of a gene new to science that is active in the brain” (Pollard, 2009). The human brain is larger, more complex, and organized differently than the chimpanzees’ brain. Pollard, however, suggests that HAR1 might have the explanation to the evolution of the brain because “until human came along, HAR1 evolved extremely slowly” (Pollard, 2009). HAR1 is a gene that is expressed in a set of neurons during the embryo’s development, and it is important because it forms the human’s cerebral...
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...Maladaptive behavior such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common among children. The diagnosis of ADHD in adults can be more difficult than in children. There are many controversial issues surrounding adult/child (ADHD) which include history, symptoms, treatment, and causes. Historically speaking, ADHD is generally thought to be a childhood disorder. However, data suggest that many adults, both male and female are affected. Most patients diagnosed during childhood carry the disorder into adulthood. Studies show that out of the number of adult cases, over 50 percent were ADHD as children. Nevertheless, women tend not to be diagnosed as children because they never made trouble. Instead, they are often called daydreamers or disorganized. However, the cognitive problems such as being attentive exist. In addition, of the children diagnosed with the disorder, over 80 percent were boys. This disorder presents different symptoms in adults than in children. Adults are first evaluated according to their personal account of symptoms. Some of these symptoms may include problems with organizational skills, being easily frustrated, unable to prioritize, quick tempered, impulsive, trouble coping with stress, finding it hard to finish tasks, trouble keeping a job, and defiance of authority figures. The individual may also forget important engagements or speak out of turn, giving no thought to what he or she says. Personality traits of the individual may range from being...
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... T S W E B O L L A T E I R A P V N R H F A B A O B Q M Z N Z I L J T N Y E C J T M H G E P A X O G E U L L N E B H E W D O U M O T O R C O R T E X U R X L T L H S W A I T F N I T V P J S U M A L A H T J B Z G R M T B F C G S M C F X A S D B Clues: 1. The part of the brain located in the temporal lobe that is responsible for our emotional response. ________________ 2. The portion of the brain involved in intricate cognitive functioning. ___________________ 3. A part of the brain that belongs to the limbic system and is responsible for processing new memories. ________________ 4. A structure that is known to be a key relay station for sensory information. ________________ 5. An area of the cerebral cortex involved in organizing, controlling, directing, and performing motor functions. ________________ 6. A part of the brain located in the back of the cerebral cortex that is responsible for processing visual information. ________________ 7. The part of the brain that is highly involved in the control of the autonomic nervous system and pituitary hormone production and is also responsible for the “fight-or-flight” response. ________________ 8. The part of the brain that is located at...
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...much about kids,” I sighed. My husband was very excited to have kids, but I wasn't because I was thinking I should know more about kids before I have one. I was afraid. What if I become a bad mother? What if I did something wrong to my baby? I know that children can be affected by parents, but I want to know what the other things that effect on children. Last session, in reading class, I found an article “Mom’s love good for child’s brain”, which made me more interest in that topic. I knew from the article that mother’s love one of the effects on children. Children rising in good mothering environment have larger hippo-campus than those rising in bad mothering environment. However, I am sure there are more things that effect on children brains. Since my husband and I start to think about having baby, I want to know more about baby’s development, and how could I provides better life curriculum and socially to my baby? How can I let my baby become smart and not cause any issues to him/her? What are the things that could hurt my baby’s brain? So I began in my research trip. I took two weeks to complete my research. In the first week, I start interviewing people. I interviewed four people including psychiatrist and ophthalmologist. They all told me that parent effect on children. Also, Doctor Stevens who is psychiatrist said that the ways that parents treat their children effect on them, either in a good way or in a bad way. For example, children hit by their parents are more...
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