...Bramante and Aesthetics of High Renaissance William Kidwell ART101: Art Appreciation Instructor Venecia-Tobin September 17, 2012 Bramante and Aesthetics of High Renaissance Italian architect and painter, born. about 1444 at Monte Asdrualdo (hence, sometimes ASDRUALDINO); died. in Rome, March 11th, 1514. Nothing is known of his early youth. His early artistic development also, about which Vasari has made so many erroneous statements, is mostly a matter of conjecture. Today, however, it seems fairly certain that Laurana, the architect of the ducal palace at Urbino, showed him the way to the impressive style of the High Renaissance. Bramante's artistic activity is divided into two periods of which the first was spent in Milan and the other in Rome. His work in Milan is characterized by a pronounced picturesque, decorative style. In Rome, on the other hand, we find a style which is more proper to the High Renaissance, exemplified in works that are, as far as possible, free from all external decoration, impressive by reason of their proportions, and recalling the antique by their grandeur and power. In 1476 Bramante became the court architect of Lodovico Sforza (Il Moro), having been in Milan, as has been abundantly shown, from 1474. At first he seems to have been engaged principally as a painter, following the vigorous manner of Mantegna and Melozzo da Forlí. It is true that only scanty remains of his work at this time have been found. Such are the recently discovered...
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...space, following the rockets” (Bradbury 180). At the beginning Bodoni looks up into space, full of hope that he will one day be able to travel through space aboard his own rocket. However, this is impossible because of his financial status. He literally reaches for the stars, setting an unachievable goal to be among them. He realizes the difficulty of his goal when he talks with Bramante. Bramante is able to convince Bodoni of the difficulty of his goals when he says “Don’t set that goal, I warn you. Let [your] children be content with being poor. Turn their eyes down to their hands and to your junkyard, not up to the stars” (Bradbury 181). The physical act of bringing one’s eyes “not up to the stars, but down “to their hands” represents the complete absence of hope and aspiration. Bramante is telling Bodoni to take away his children’s ambition and ability to hope. He advises Bodoni to be complacent with his life, to cease reaching for the stars as it will only disappoint him and his family. Bodoni ultimately decides not to send any of his family members to space, but not for the reason Bramante advises him. Instead, Bodoni realizes the importance of “reaching for the stars” and striving for high goals. Thus, he creates a fake rocket, telling his children “Listen, keep your ears clean. Smell the smells of a rocket. Feel. Remember. So when you return you will talk of it all the rest of your lives” (Bradbury 188). Bodoni is attempting to inspire his children, wanting...
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...Since the pope first came to worldwide prominence in the late Middle Ages, he has been recognized as both a political and spiritual leader. His religious clout alone demands that the Vatican, the papal state fully under his control, would be filled with breathtaking structures and artwork. As visitors to the Vatican progress through St Peter's Square, into the famed basilica, and perhaps to the Sistine Chapel, they are surrounded with art and architecture created to play very specific roles, ranging from the practical to the symbolic. The Vatican is located on the left bank of the Tiber River in Rome, where, according to tradition, Saint Peter, the first pope and the apostle to whom Christ had left in charge of his ministry, was martyred in 67 A.D. In 320–27 A.D. the emperor Constantine built a five-aisled basilica atop the early Christian necropolis that was Peter's resting place, with a shrine in the apse of the church to mark the location of Peter's tomb. During the medieval decline of Rome and frequent barbarian invasions, popes had to protect the basilica and in the 800s Pope Leo IV began surrounding the future Vatican City with thick walls. The transfer of the papacy to Avignon in 1309 left the Vatican Hill unattended for 70 years, and St. Peter’s was abandoned and left subject to elements. When the popes returned, their top priority was to repair the church. The second was to build a permanent home for the Pope. Due to the lack of resources these changes were not...
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...Saint Peter’s BasilicaWhy is Saint Peter’s Basilica such a significant symbol within Catholicism?Designed principally by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno and Gian Lorenzo Bernini, St. Peter's is the most renowned work of Renaissance architecture and remains one of the largest churches in the world. The extensive history of this pilgrimage dates back to the times of Jesus, and one of his most praised apostles, Saint Peter. After the crucifixion of Jesus in the second quarter of the 1st century AD, it is recorded in the Biblical book of the Acts of the Apostles that one of his twelve disciples, Simon, known as Saint Peter, took a leadership position among Jesus' followers and was of great importance in the founding of the Christian Church. | | | Saint Peter’sAbout UsWe are Saint Peter’sContact UsPhone: Email: Saint@Peters.com Web: Saintpeters/peters | | | Saint peter’s basilica | | | | | | | Saint peter’s basilica | A Pilgrimage of faith and discovery | | Why is mass so special?Attending Mass at Saint Peter's is something that certain Catholics take as a duty, whilst some Catholics take it as a privilege, and for others, the visit simply connects their spirituality with Jesus and enhances their faith as a whole. The mass is a main sector of the pilgrimage, and it is conducted every Sunday, but is only spoken in Italian, however this is not a cause for issue for most Catholics, as it is the experience itself that truly builds their religious...
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...Name: Course: Professor: Date: A Historical Survey of Art and its Influence on Contemporary Art Linear perspective involves representation of real objects in two-dimensional form through converging surface edges on multiple points that resonate well with the viewer. Contrapposto is an image of skewed human figure displacing the actual weight dispersion for an artistic effect. Foreshortening allows an artist to make an object seem closer than it is. Illusionism comprises of the ability to interpret artistic depictions as a real object. Classicism includes artwork based on ancient Greek or Roman artistic and cultural principles. Cennino Cennini, through Il Libro del l’Arte, argues a novice artist requires the best works of their precursors to enrich their artistic skill. Imitation fortifies skills through repeated reproduction of the chosen work. However, a trainee artist should focus on one piece of art to thoroughly gain the desired skill sets. Imitation eventually begets emulation through a natural inculcation of the expert's skills. Emulating the work of an accomplished artist provides a young artist with a base to develop individual skills. Masaccio (Tommaso Guidi) introduced linear perspective through The Holy Trinity on Tempera as a primary medium. Donatello sculpted Mary Magdalene on stone providing a reference that exemplified intricate detailing in art. Andrea Mantegna inspired the importance of detail to paintings through the altarpiece...
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...LAN, MAN and WAN Student Name University Network Telecommunication Professor Name October 21, 2013 LAN, MAN and WAN Computer networking is simply the communication between two or more computers that allow them to share information and hardware resources. This is really one of the most important contributions to the information age since personal computers were invented. The connection and communication of just two computers exchanging data and devices is the most fundamental of networking. The computer systems may communicate over a computer network and share their resources (Computer Network, 2009). A computer network can be wire and or wireless. When a network is wired, it uses cables to connect group of computers together to enable data communication. Wireless networks allow computers to communicate by using radio signals, so the computers aren't restricted by physical cables (Lowe, 2011). For example, it uses bluetooth, infrared rays and radio waves to send and receive signals over the network. Peer-to-peer (p2p) and client-server are the two computer networks in use today. In a p2p network, every computer has the same or equal capabilities and responsibilities. And with a client server it is nothing like peer-to-peer, some computers are the clients that request for resources and the servers make available the requested resources. There are many categories of computer networking, but the most common are local area network (LAN), metropolitan area network...
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...CHAPTER 19 – Italy and Spain, 1600 to 1700 In the Catholic countries of Europe, the style which started to emerge around 1580 and prevailed to the mid 18th century is known as Baroque. The baroque style is characterized by a return to naturalism accompanied by a theatrical presentation involving intense emotion and an expansion of scale and complexity. Art works often capture a moment in time. Paintings and sculptures break into the space of the viewer. This occurs partly in response to the demands of the Counter-Reformation, the Catholic Church's attempt to stem the impact of the Protestant Reformation. Catholic religious images aimed to ignite the fervor of the people for the Church and its beliefs. Some artists during this period, however, retain a more classical style. Works to identify and know in depth: Artist Title Date Bernini David 1600s (19-7) [pic] Bernini Ecstasy of Saint Theresa 1600s (19-1, 19-8) [pic] Bernini Saint Peter's, Vatican City, Rome 1600s (19-4, 19-5) Caravaggio Conversion of Saint Paul 1600s (19-17) [pic] Artemisia Gentileschi Judith Slaying Holofernes 1600s (19-20) [pic] Velázquez Surrender of Breda 1600s (19-29) [pic] Velázquez Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor) 1600s (19-30) [pic] Questions to prepare for Exam 2 (as well as the 5 numbered questions on study sheet for Ch 14): Which city was the major center for artistic development in the 1600s? Why? Why was the...
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...: “the Lord desireth not the death of a sinner but that he live and pay” (37). While the common people believed that their money was buying their souls an entry into heaven, the Church used this money to fund the clergy’s extravagant lifestyle. The Pope during this time were often independently wealthy as they were almost exclusively from Italian noble families, the Borgias, Sforzas, Medicis, Aragons and della Roveres, to name a few. Nevertheless, even they couldn’t have afforded the papal lifestyle common in the 14th century without the sale of indulgences and the taxation of the papal states. The money was partly spent on extravagances that we greatly appreciate today, the commissioning of Renaissance masterpieces from artists such as Bramante, Michelangelo, Raphael, Botticelli and countless others. “Immortal artistic achievements, they believed, would dignify the papacy and tighten its grip on Christendom” (87). The rest of the money was spent in ways that did not in any way benefit Christianity then or now. “Peter and Saul (later Paul) had lived in penury. The popes in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries lived like Roman emperors” (132). The enormous income of the Church was used to fund huge parties held nightly as well as daily feasts, expensive clothes and useless amenities. The misuse of money given to the Church in good faith was the catalyst for the Reformation because it prompted Martin Luther to take a stand against the Church and the rest is history. The Catholic...
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...¬ The Pantheon is one of the most celebrated buildings in architecture history. It has left its stamp upon architecture more than any other building (MacDonald, 1976). It served as the source of inspiration for countless other centralized schemes all over the globe. Constructed between 118 and 125 CE under the government of the emperor Hadrian. It is located in the Campus Martius district of ancient Rome. The writing of Ammianius Marcellinus a Roman soldier and historian from the mid-4th century describes the Pantheon as a building perceived to be “a self-contained district” (PI, 2010). Dio Cassius a Roman consul and noted historian from the early-3rd century reports that the Pantheon was a temple devoted to numerous gods and its name is attributed to the manner in which its elevated dome is similar to description of the heavens. Though he seems to have mixed up the Hadrianic Pantheon with an older temple which was previously located on the same site and constructed by Marcus Agrippa a Roman statesman, general and architect. Dio's description remains appropriate (PI, 2010). The Pantheon is made up of two major components, a columnar door which supports a pediment, and a domed rotunda —linked together by a rectangular transitional block (PI, 2010). The of the Pantheon’s threshold, a pedimented, trabeated temple front is a good example of how the Romans extend customary ideas by mitigating radical innovation with archaic features that express prestige and power (C, 2010)...
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...divided into three major phases: Early, High, and Late Renaissance. The Early Renaissance was lead by sculptor Donatello, architect Filippo Brunelleschi, and painter Masaccio. They began the movement on the foundations that development and progress was integral to the evolution and survival of the arts. They found their inspiration form antiquity, creating realistic figures that portrayed personality and behavior. They focused on the laws of proportion for architecture, the human body, and space. The term Early Renaissance encompasses most 15th century art. The High Renaissance sought to create a generalized style of art that focused on drama, physical presence, and balance. The major artists of this period were Leonardo Da Vinci, Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian. The period lasted only a short time from 1495 to 1520. The Late Renaissance was put into motion by the sack of Rome in 1527, forcing artists to relocate to other artistic centers in Italy, France, and Spain. During this time, anti-classical sentiments began to emerge, eventually developing into the Mannerist movement Introduction Renaissance originally began in Italy, but eventually made way into Europe. According to "Renaissance" (n.d.), "The word renaissance means "rebirth” (para. 1). The movements in the renaissance period began developing as focus was...
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...Gothic: The Evangelical Cathedral In Sibiu [pic] The artwork is very much 3dimensional and the materials used to complete this project are not really known but it is constructed with a gothic style characterized with arched bolts on the walls and tombstones. The colors used are pretty simple, built with a 13th century theme. Its measures include 73.34 meters in height and is well known as the largest building built in Romania and also verified as the highest cathedral in the country. The uses of value, line, shape and value are very much similar to the same styles due to the fact of the way that the cathedral is built. The towers are all symmetrical to each other and each stone is the same size all around so that gives its shape also a well round symmetrical look throughout the whole outside of the cathedral. The arts subject matter of the cathedral was intended on a creation of a historic landmark. Built in the place of Romanesque building from the 12th century, but the entire structure depicts influences from central Europe. The artwork can be known as representational because it represents a landmark towards central Europe. Its structure is surrounded and built upon statues and monuments which exist of great value, also due to the fact the cathedral was renovated and constructed over due time shows its importance towards past and future references. This work of art represents a gothic architect in Transylvania which it was built in 1520, this cathedral...
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...LEONARDO DA VINCI I LA PINTURA MURAL DEL RENAIXEMENT ÍNDEX 1. CRONOLOGIA DE LEONARDO DA VINCI 2. LA RECEPCIÓ DE LA FIGURA DE LEONARDO DA VINCI 3. ELS MESTRES 4. ELS ANYS DE FORMACIÓ 5. LEONARDO DA VINCI: OBRA DE TALLER 6. L’ANUNCIACIÓ 7. EL SANT JERONI 8. L’EPIFANIA 9. LEONARDO DA VINCI I LA MILÀ DELS SFORZA 10. LA VERGE DE LES ROQUES 11. EL CAVALL DELS SFORZA 12. CASTELLS I CIUTATS 13. LEONARDO DA VINCI I LA PINTURA DELS SFORZA 14. L’ESGLÉSIA DE SANTA MARIE DELLE GRAZIE 15. EL REFECTORI. ANTECEDENTS DEL CENACOLO 16. IL CENACOLO 17. LA REPERCUSSIÓ DEL CENACOLO 18. LEONARDO DA VINCI DESPRÉS DE MILÀ 19. LA GIOCONDA 20. ELS CÒDEX DE LEONARDO 2 7 11 14 16 19 22 24 27 30 33 36 38 41 43 46 48 50 57 62 1 1. CRONOLOGIA DE LEONARDO 1452 - Neix a Anchiano, comuna de Vinci, prop de Florència. Document que acredita la data de naixement, escrit del seu avi- quadern on l’avi escriu els fets més importants de la seva família. És fill natural del notari Ser Piero de Vinci i d’una camperola, Caterina. El mateix any del seu naixement, el pare es casa amb una jove de noble família, Albiera di Giovanni Amadori. La mare, després, es casa amb Acattabriga Piero di Vacca. Piero té moltes dones (que van morint) i molts fills. Neixen el mateix any que Leonardo: Girolamo Savonarola i Ludovico Sforza “il moro” neixen al mateix any que Leonardo. Miquel Àngel neix al 1475, 23 anys després. Rafael Sanzio neix al 1483, 31 anys després. També al 1452 Piero della Francesca pinta a Arezzo el cicle de...
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...1. Summary of the Renaissance person’s life Raffaello Sanzio also well known as Raphael is Italian painter during the Renaissance period and he was born in Urbino, Italy on April 6, 1483 (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia). He was the one of the major three leading artists who is Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci during that period. Raphael's father, Giovanni Santi, painter at the court of Federigo Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino, first taught him the elements of art and introduced the boy to humanistic philosophy at the court (Raphael). Raphael also helped his father with the court art (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia). A brilliant self-portrait drawing from his teenage years shows his precocious talent. Raphael lost his mother at age of eight and his father remarried, but Raphael lost his father when he was eleven. Raphael, who now has become the orphan, lived with his uncle Bartolomeo, a priest and later he joined the workshop of Perugino (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia). Around 1500’s influence of Perugino on Raphael's early work is very clear: "probably no other pupil of genius has ever absorbed so much of his master's teaching as Raphael did", according to Wölfflin (Livingstone). At this period it was almost impossible to distinguish whether it’s work by Perugino or Raphael. In 1504 Raphael arrived in Florence, it was full of recent innovations of Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci Raphael’s Peruginesque style was out dated. Raphael was attracted to Leonardo’s work and...
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...by occurrences at the time. Michelangelo’s Moses is an immense representative of the High Renaissance styles, as well as, Gian Lorenzo Bernini’s Apollo and Daphne for The Italian Baroque Style. We are going to explore both artworks, comparing and contrasting the meaning behind their existence, their respective cultural and historical events as an influence on their individual time period. Initially, in 1505 Pope Julius II commissioned Michelangelo Buonarroti to build his tomb. Michelangelo consenting, dedicated 6 months choosing marble at Carrara, for his initial massive design which in theory was to have 40 statues. The project was postponed due to a lack of funds, and a new commission by the Pope, rumored to be the result of Donato Bramante and Raphael jealousness of Michelangelo’s commission. The Pope instructed Michelangelo the Sistine Chapel ceiling in the Vatican Palace. In 1512, after the completion of the Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo continues to work on Pope Julius II tomb. Throughout 1512 and 1513, Michelangelo completed three sculptures for the project: Dying, Rebellious Slaves and Moses. “The Moses is posture as a prophet posing on a marble chair. His long beard descends to his lamp and set aside by his right hand, which also leans on the plates.” (rome.info) Moses is depicted with horns due to a misconception, a mistranslation of the Hebrew Scriptures into Latin by St Jerome. St Jerome confused the word “keren” which in the Hebrew language can mean either “radiated...
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...Raphael, and The Stanza Della Segnatura Raphael Sanzio was one of the most important artists of the Italian Renaissance. Raphael painted and designed many brilliant pieces of work and the stanzas inside the Vatican. He was a master at such necessities of modern art such as depth and perspective and the use of light and shadow, and was the turning point styles of paintings like the use of Madonnas in paintings. Through his short life, Raphael would make some of the most awe-inspiring, beautiful, and influential works of art during the Italian Renaissance. Raphael whose full name was Raphael Sanzio, (also known as Raphael Sanzi), was born on April 6th, 1483. He was born in the town of Urbino, Italy, where he would spend his childhood life until he was 11 years old. His father, Giovanni Sanzio, was a painter for the court of Federigo da Montefeltro, and as well as being a painter, he was a bit of a poet. As a young boy, Raphael learned the basics of painting and art from his father. However, he would not live with his father very long; as his mother did several years before, Raphael's father died when Raphael was 11. After his father died, Raphael went to the town of Perugia to be an apprentice of the painter Pietro Perugino. Perugino was a well-respected artist during the Italian Renaissance. He had painted works in the Vatican, and he also created masterpieces like Christ Delivering the Keys of the Kingdom to St. Peter and The Deposition. For the ten to eleven years that...
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