...An Article Critique - Mammography Screening for Breast Cancer Yao Luo University of San Francisco BACKGROUND Despite the high incidence rates, in Western countries, 89% of women diagnosed with breast cancer are still alive 5 years after their diagnosis, which is due to detection and treatment (Parkin, D., & Pisani, 1999). Mammography is such a widespread screening in most developed countries, with the aim of reducing breast cancer mortality through early detection of the disease. However, the organization and delivery vary across geographic regions in ways that may influence its effectiveness (Domingo et al., 2015). In this article critique paper, I choose two relevant peer-reviewed articles using case-control study design to explore the effect of mammography screening on breast cancer survival. The first one is Mammography Screening and Risk of Breast Cancer Death: A Population-Based Case–Control Study (Suzie et al., 2011). STUDY AIMS The authors conducted a case–control study to assess the effectiveness of the Dutch population–based program of mammography screening. The hypothesis of this study was that mammography screening was associated with a decreased risk of dying from breast cancer. METHODS A. What was the main outcome of interest? The main outcome was the breast cancer. Data on breast cancer were obtained from the Comprehensive Cancer Center Rotterdam. Causes of death were obtained through linkage with Statistics Netherlands. B. What was the main...
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...The disparities between African American women and other races in regard to the incidences of and mortality from breast cancer are alarming. Studies have shown that minority communities are less likely to take advantage of preventative and detection care like breast cancer screening. Other studies find that a number of factors, outside of race and ethnicity play a role in this. Ultimately, approaching the topic from a holistic understanding and acknowledgement of the ways in which a person’s full background influence their values, beliefs, and decisions and present barriers to action – cultural sensitivity, namely – is essential to reversing these disparities. In “African-American Women, Self-Breast Examination and the Health Belief Model: Implications for Practice,” author Josephine McCaskill, PhD., APN, FNP, BC examines the fact that African American women, despite having lower incidence rates of breast cancer have a higher mortality rate, and the fact that findings show that “the adherence to recommended breast cancer screening guidelines is frequently reported to be lower in the African American population” (McCaskill p. 33). McCaskill begins by discussing the epidemiology of breast cancer, noting that it is “the most common form of cancer, resulting in significant deaths among African American women.” She discusses its origins, cell growth, and disparities among populations. Particularly, among women who are ages fifty and older, the mortality rate for African...
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...CANCER INFORMATION PAPER HCA/240 CANCER INFORMATION PAPER The paper will reflect on breast cancer, A breast is made up of three main parts: glands, ducts, and connective tissue. The glands produce milk. The ducts are passages that carry milk to the nipple. The connective tissue (which consists of fibrous and fatty tissue) connects and holds everything together I will talk about the cause and risk factors of breast cancer, ways to try to prevent and how to get early detection. I will be speaking about the effects of your health related to breast cancer as well as treatment options for breast cancer. Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death in women all over the world. Breast cancer does not discriminate of race or ethnics. In reading this paper, you will see that more than 502,000 women are killed in a year from breast cancer. In 2007, more than 47,000 women died from breast cancer. Unfortunately, there are some risk factors for breast cancer that are not under your control, but learning as much as you can about them is something that should be taken into consideration. Cause and Risk Factors for Breast Cancer While we do not yet know exactly what causes breast cancer, we do know that certain risk factors are linked to the disease. A risk factor is something that affects your chance of getting a disease such as cancer. Different cancers have different risk factors. Some risk factors, such as smoking, drinking, and diet are linked...
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...Guidelines Screening Mammography for Women 40 to 49 Years of Age: A Clinical Practice Guideline from the American College of Physicians Amir Qaseem, MD, PhD, MHA; Vincenza Snow, MD; Katherine Sherif, MD; Mark Aronson, MD; Kevin B. Weiss, MD, MPH; and Douglas K. Owens, MD, MS, for the Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians* Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of death for women in their 40s in the United States. Individualized risk assessment plays an important role when making decisions about screening mammography, especially for women 49 years of age or younger. The purpose of this guideline is to present the available evidence for screening mammography in women 40 to 49 years of age and to increase clinicians’ understanding of the benefits and risks of screening mammography. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:511-515. For author affiliations, see end of text. www.annals.org RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendation 1: In women 40 to 49 years of age, clinicians should periodically perform individualized assessment of risk for breast cancer to help guide decisions about screening mammography. A careful assessment of a woman’s risk for breast cancer is important. The 5-year breast cancer risk can vary from 0.4% for a woman age 40 years with no risk factors to 6.0% for a woman age 49 years with several risk factors (1). Factors that increase the risk for breast cancer include older age, family history of breast cancer, older age at the...
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...Medicine Clinical Guidelines Screening Mammography in Women 40 to 49 Years of Age: A Systematic Review for the American College of Physicians Katrina Armstrong, MD, MSCE; Elizabeth Moye, BA; Sankey Williams, MD; Jesse A. Berlin, ScD; and Eileen E. Reynolds, MD Background: The risks and benefits of mammography screening among women 40 to 49 years of age remain an important issue for clinical practice. Purpose: To evaluate the evidence about the risks and benefits of mammography screening for women 40 to 49 years of age. Data Sources: English-language publications in MEDLINE (1966 – 2005), Pre-MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and references of selected studies through May 2005. Study Selection: Previous systematic reviews; randomized, controlled trials; and observational studies. Data Extraction: Two independent reviewers. Data Synthesis: In addition to publications from the original mammography trials, 117 studies were included in the review. Metaanalyses of randomized, controlled trials demonstrate a 7% to 23% reduction in breast cancer mortality rates with screening mammography in women 40 to 49 years of age. Screening mammography is associated with an increased risk for mastectomy but a decreased risk for adjuvant chemotherapy and hormone therapy. The risk for death due to breast cancer from the radiation exposure involved in mammography screening is small and is outweighed by a reduction in breast cancer mortality rates from early detection...
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...EVERY WOMAN MATTERS WALDEN UNIVERSITY NURS 6050N Breast and cervical cancer are leading cancers among both low-income and minority women. This group of women are less likely to be screened for these malignancies. Early detection, early testing and education are the first line to prevention, decreases the concern for women’s health and improves quality of life. Soci-economics play a strong role in breast and cervical cancers in low-income minority women verses their counter parts. Every Woman Matters program was designed to assist low income women with the proper screening and prevention assistance for high risk disease such as breast cancer and cervical cancer. In this assignment I will discuss the program’s ineffectiveness, programs that work and suggestions on future programs that may be effective as it relates to women’s health. Every Woman Matters Every Woman Matters is a state run government supported program, intended to remove obstructions to preventive breast and cervical malignancy by raising awareness of its danger and making screening accessible to low-income women. Under this program many low income women ages 40-67 and who met the qualifications were able to receive multiple health screenings such as mammograms, breast exams and papanicolaou smear test at reduced or no cost (Backer et al., 2004). However, not only did it cover screenings for breast and cervical cancer it also provided screenings for other illness that affected women such as cardiovascular...
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...BREAST CANCER SCREENING DR. DANA MORTEZ ARLECIA PURVIS JULY 17, 2011 Current research shows mammograms are stronger than in the past. In a recent study it has confirmed that mammograms benefit for women in their forties and fifties. Women feel confident about the benefits that are associated with a regular mammograms for finding cancer early. However, mammograms can have their limitations. A mammogram will miss some cancers, and it sometimes can lead to follow up of findings that are not cancer that could include biopsies. Women should be told about the benefits, limitations, and potential harms that are linked with regular breast cancer screening. Mammograms can miss some cancers. But considering the limitations associated with it, they remain a very effective and a valuable tool reduce the mortality or survival rate from breast cancer. Mammograms for women in their forties and fifties should be based on the individual, r health, and other serious illnesses. Age should definitely not be the reason to stop having regular mammograms. As long as a woman that is in good health and would be a candidate for the treatment, she should continue to be screened with a mammogram that is recommended by her doctor. 1. What differences are there between the Case Study results and the current healthcare industry research, trends, treatment protocols, and published data results you identified? A study that was performed on two age...
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...Acknowledging Breast Cancer In the United States alone breast cancer is the second most common diagnosed cancer amongst women and men that remains a major concern in the health industry because it targets women for the most part and comes in different forms. Breast cancer is commonly formed in the breast milk ducts, lobular cancer, and inflammatory cancer. There are multiple factors that can contribute to the rise of breast cancer in women include: obesity, age, breast radiation, alcohol abuse, and genetic factors. Genetic traits such as family members already having breast cancer prior to a patient’s diagnosis can play a significant role, which many physicians agree that cancer is hereditary. Another risk related factor to breast cancer...
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...IMPROVE BREAST CANCER DETECTION. Amy was just seven months shy of her 45th birthday when the doctor delivered the deadly news. She had just been diagnosed with breast cancer and unfortunately for her the cancer had spread and the doctor could not offer any consoling news. She was given two years max to live. Amy was devastated, and as predicted she passed on just two months shy of her 47th birthday. Surprisingly, Amy had always done her breast exams and mammograms at the recommended intervals. Unfortunately cases similar to Amy’s are on the rise and have brewed lots of controversies on breast cancer screening using mammography-the gold standard. Clinicians are querying the effectiveness of Mammograms as a gold standard. There is increasing awareness of subpopulations of women for whom mammography has reduced sensitivity. Mammography screening is not very effective in women between the ages of 20 and 40, and only moderately effective in women aged 40 to 49.It is estimated through mathematical modeling that regular screening of a woman between ages 40 and 49 will decrease her risk of breast cancer death by about 15%. In comparison, clinical trials show that screening reduces risk of death by 20% to 35% in women aged 50 to 70. Mammography also has undergone increased scrutiny for false positives and excessive biopsies, which increase radiation dose, cost, and patient anxiety. In response to these challenges, promising new technologies that may improve detection of breast cancer both...
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...accreditations and is currently the only hospital in Wisconsin with National Cancer Institute (NCI) status, it does not compete globally. SITUATION ANALYSIS The UWHC has the opportunity to demonstrate the expertise of their radiologic breast specialists on a global level by using their digital mammography equipment in countries where mortality rates are not decreasing by the standard 15% with the introduction of screening mammography (Jorgensen, et al, 2010). Denmark is a textbook example, with high breast cancer mortality rates which haven’t been significantly reduced with the introduction of screening mammography. There are several key reasons the mortality rate in Denmark is not declining at the same rate as the United States and most other developed countries: • The screening guidelines are much more lax. • They have a poor quality of film. • Their radiologists are not exceptionally adept at recognizing tumors and calcifications (cancerous when grouped or amorphous). • Staff is not trained to the same criterion. • Equipment used is not standardized across the board. • Eligible women have low mammogram screening participation rates. Issues: • Permission from the government-run healthcare system in Denmark, funding • Skepticism, group-think mentality • Staffing (getting UW personnel to Denmark as well as finding and training qualified Danish technicians) External environment: • High breast cancer mortality rate in Denmark with the highest rates among the educated...
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...The Significance of Cancer Screening Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States next to heart disease. There were about more than 575, 000 people died of cancer in 2011. More than 1.5 million diagnosed with cancer as per United States Cancer Statistics 1999-2011, Incidence and Mortality Web-based Report (CDC, 2015, p.1). With the increasing rate of cancer, the government created several programs to save the lives of the people. Cancer screening like Papanicolaou smear and breast exam to all Americans can reduce the incidence of cancer and deaths (CDC, 2015, p.2). Every Woman Matters Program Every Woman Matters (EWM) is a federally funded program designed to remove barriers to preventive breast and cervical cancer screening by providing public awareness of the risk women population. EWM also make screening more financially accessible to women who have low-income or no health insurance. EWM program also pays the following check-ups with associated tests like clinical breast examination, Papanicolaou smear, and mammography. They pay at reduced price or no cost to eligible women who are 40 to 74 years of age (Backer et al., 2005, p. 401). These tests will detect early stages of cancer, prevent progression, save lives, reduce health care cost and suffering. A case study was made to see the effectiveness of screening for breast and cervical cancer in Nebraska. However, even with these EWM program, it remained suboptimal despite their awareness...
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...individual project, you are to submit a Proposal for Individual Project by the end of Session 4. The Proposal should address the following seven questions. Rename the template including your name (e.g. Proposal for Individual Project_yourName.doc or .docx) and submit your proposal in the assignment folder “RsrchPaperProp”. I. What is the thesis of your paper? A strong Research Paper has a good thesis. Your thesis statement is a point of view in response to a research question. Read more about how to write a thesis statement here: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/545/1/ |Breast Cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women, exceeded only by lung cancer. Digital Breast Tomosynthesis | |(DBT) or 3D Mammography in conjunction with conventional computed tomography (CT Scan) mammography is proving to be more successful| |in detection and possible prevention of Breast Cancer than conventional methods alone. | II. Who is the audience of your paper? It is important to have a well-defined audience in mind when you write your paper. Hopefully you will be able to define an authentic audience that may be relevant in some way to your current job and/or career goals. |ITEC610 class members, IT management, UCSP615 professor & class members | | ...
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...Thesis: Self-examinations, clinical breast exams and mammograms are three of the best ways to detect breast cancer early and thus save lives. Introduction: The reality of breast cancer hit home with me in June 2008, when a co-worker of mine was diagnosed with stage one breast caner. Through a routine self- examination she felt an abnormal spot on her breast. The next day she had a clinical breast exam and mammogram to help determine what she had found. Being knowledgeable about early detection of breast cancer can save your life, as it did hers. There are several different types of screening techniques. The chances of dying from breast cancer have decreased over the recent years which are probably the result of finding the cancer early (American Cancer Society, 2010a). In 2010, there were still over 39,000 deaths caused by breast cancer (American Cancer Society, 2010b). Self-examinations, clinical breast exams and mammograms are three of the best ways to detect breast cancer early and thus save lives. I am going to briefly talk about self-examinations, clinical breast exams and mammograms and what can do to become more aware of your body. Visual Aid: (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010). Main Points: 1. Self- examinations a. Research show that performing a self- examination plays a small role in finding breast cancer but being aware of what is normal in your breast can help determine any differences (American Cancer Society, 2010c). b. Performing this exam...
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...National Cancer Institute, “12.4 percent of women born in the United States today will develop breast cancer at some time during their lives” (NIH,2012). Early detection and treatment of breast cancer is possible with the use of digital imaging through a mammogram and a clinical breast exam. The Center for Disease Control reported, “ In 2010, an estimated 75.4% women aged ≥40 years and 79.7% of women aged 50–74 years reported having a mammogram within the past 2 years” (Miller, 2012). My intent in writing this report is for our organization to capture this very crucial part of the market. My goal is to explain to you how our facility could benefit from the acquisition of a GE SenoClaire 3D Tomosynthesis system. Our facility like others in Arizona are working towards decreasing rising healthcare costs through the promotion of preventative health care and early interventions for high risk populations. I feel like our health care network could be a leader in breast health and breast cancer awareness with the right tools. Currently, “ The cost of screening mammograms is covered without copayments or deductibles. Medicare pays for annual screening mammograms for all female Medicare beneficiaries who are age 40 or older. Medicare will also pay for one baseline mammogram for female beneficiaries between the ages of 35 and 39. There is no deductible requirement for this benefit” (NIH, 2012). Secondary to insurance reimbursement; the the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection...
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...Maria Pianka Meredith LeDoux Breast Cancer Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death among women in the United States. Breast cancer is a kind of cancer where cells grow out of control in the breast. The breast is the first site of cancer but overtime, the cells can spread to other parts of the body. Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that can grow into surrounding tissues or spread to other areas of the body. Breast cancer can occur in both women and men, even though there is only a 1% chance for men to be diagnosed with breast cancer. (The American Cancer Society) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention states that there is a few different types of breast cancers and the most common types are Ductal Carcinoma and Lobular...
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