...Public Breastfeeding 3 In 2009, a publicized survey revealed that 37 percent of Australians felt the breastfeeding should be done in private. However, on some websites, people compared public breast feeding to urinating in public. While it is certainly understandable why someone would be offended by public breastfeeding, needless to say it is nowhere close to urinating in public. Breastfeeding is a source of food for an infant; meanwhile, urinating in public is bad-mannered, vulgar, and public display of filth. History of Breastfeeding The history of breastfeeding has been around for centuries; nonetheless, breastmilk was a baby’s only foundation of nutrition. “Throughout early human history, breastmilk was a baby’s only source of nourishment. If a woman could not breastfeed, she would sometimes turn to a wet nurse for help.” (breastfeeding, 2015). By the time the 1950s, rolled around, women were given the option to choose...
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...Labrador in Canada. Breastfeeding has numerous health benefits However, in practice, many women choose not to breastfeed instead replace their breast milk with infant formula milk. In 2010, in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada breastfeeding had dropped to 64.0%( Canada Statistics). While health risks raises in babies with formula feeding, a significant percentage of mothers are reluctant to change their infant feeding behaviors and decided to continue with formula-feed. In some regions of the province, the rate of breastfeeding is very low due to mother resistance and commitment to infant feeding method. Despite increased breastfeeding promotion and support initiatives, mothers still prefer formula feeding over breastfeeding. There is not sufficient proof that mothers’ decisions to formula-feed due to personal factors. What was not known about the clinical problem that, if understood, could be used to improve health care delivery or patient outcomes? The study indicates that women decision to formula-feed their infants due to a lack of support from their mothers, and partners. In addition, decision to formula-feed also influenced by convenience and the awkwardness of breastfeeding in public. Healthcare providers are challenged to ensure best practice through breastfeeding Promotion and support in order to contribute to increased initiation and duration rates. Health professionals are in a unique position to promote and facilitate successful breastfeeding and educate...
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...leave when compared to other countries (Berger, Hill & Waldfogel, 2005). When making policies for maternity leave, companies fail to realize how short maternity leave can take away from the care the mother is able to give to her child. Also, short maternity leave can affect the mother’s mental health. This present paper will show how short maternity leave impacts breastfeeding, the health of child, and behaviors of the child and the mental...
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...Research Summary and Ethical Considerations Jessica Dennis Grand Canyon University Introduction to Nursing Research NRS-433V Linda Permoda February 01, 2013 The Effect of Delivery Method on Breastfeeding Initiation from the Ontario Mother and Infant Study (TOMIS) III In 2006, the World Health Assembly endorsed the WHO Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding, aiming to promote protect and support breastfeeding (WHO, 2003, p. 733). The Ontario Mother and Infant Study (TOMIS) III was conducted in Ontario Canada from the years 2006-2008 to study the relationships between the method of the delivery, and maternal and infant health, cost of care at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year, on breastfeeding initiation. The study consisted of 2,560 participant’s of which were ages 16years and older. The methods of delivery that were studied were: unassisted vaginal delivery, assisted vaginal delivery; which included forceps and vacuum, planned cesarean and unplanned cesarean. The participants were recruited from 11 hospitals in Ontario, Canada. The study will show that there is an effect of the delivery method when unplanned on breast feeding initiation. The researchers concluded that breast feeding is used more often when there is an unplanned birth experience and serves a function to reduce stress caused by that experience. Exclusive breast feeding is recommended by pediatric and public health experts as the food of life for the first six months of infant’s life...
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...As simply as absolutely anyone can put it, not enough can be said about that very first beverage a new-born mammal, human or otherwise consumes immediately following its exit from the womb: milk. And from that moment on, milk is an absolutely vital part of all balanced mammalian diets. Milk provides our body with calcium, protein, and fat, elements essential to our nutrtion. In Philippines, there are only three available resources of milk from animal: The Cow's milk, Carabao's milk and Goat's milk. Drinking Cow's Milk dates back in recorded history to as early as 8000 BC in ancient Egypt, when, believe it or not, only the very wealth could afford it. The consumption of Cow's milk began to proliferate during 5th century AD. The America followed in the 1600s. In 1863, Louis Pasteur invented pasteurization, a method of killing harmful bacteria in beverage and food products. In 1891, the first U.S. milk processing plant to install pasteurization equipment was the Sheffield Farms Dairy in Bloomfield, New Jersey. They used a German-made pasteurizer. In 1908, Chicago became the first major American city to pass a law requiring commercial milk to be pasteurized milk. A cup of today's cow's milk on average already contains 29.7 percent of the daily value for calcium and 23.2 percent of the daily value for phosphorus recommended requirements. The former is important for building bones, as well as physiological activities such as blood clotting, muscle contraction and even...
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...Canada’s Food Guide Eating Well with Recommended Number of Food Guide Servings per Day Children Age in Years Sex 2-3 4-8 Girls and Boys 9-13 Teens 14-18 Females Males 19-50 Females Adults 51+ Females Males Males Vegetables and Fruit 4 5 6 7 8 7-8 8-10 7 7 Grain Products 3 4 6 6 7 6-7 8 6 7 Milk and Alternatives 2 2 3-4 3-4 3-4 2 2 3 3 Meat and Alternatives 1 1 1-2 2 3 2 3 2 3 The chart above shows how many Food Guide Servings you need from each of the four food groups every day. Having the amount and type of food recommended and following the tips in Canada’s Food Guide will help: • Meet your needs for vitamins, minerals and other nutrients. • Reduce your risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, certain types of cancer and osteoporosis. • Contribute to your overall health and vitality. What is One Food Guide Serving? Look at the examples below. Fresh, frozen or canned vegetables 125 mL (1⁄ cup) 2 Leafy vegetables Cooked: 125 mL (1⁄2 cup) Raw: 250 mL (1 cup) Fresh, frozen or canned fruits 1 fruit or 125 mL (1⁄2 cup) 100% Juice 125 mL (1⁄2 cup) Bread 1 slice (35g) 1 Bagel ⁄2 bagel (45 g) 1 Cooked rice, Flat breads ⁄2 pita or 1⁄ tortilla (35 g) bulgur or quinoa 2 125 mL (1⁄2 cup) Cereal Cold: 30 g Hot: 175 mL (3⁄ cup) 4 Cooked pasta or couscous 125 mL (1⁄2 cup) Milk or powdered milk (reconstituted) 250 mL (1 cup) Canned...
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...Nestle Case Study Nestle Case Study 1. Identify Problems and Opportunities * The problem that Nestle is facing in this case is high mortality rate of infant deaths. * They are being accused of giving formula to third world countries resulting in high death rates. * They were using faulty machinery which contaminated the formula * They did not market the formula to the consumers correctly. 2. Situation Analysis * In this case, Nestle under the General No Go’s they fell under Political. * Babies were fallen ill by the formula and it was traced back to Nestle. * Political they were facing Boycotts of the infant formula in third world countries that would reduce their revenue. * Cultural they did not advertise to the consumer properly in the third world countries resulting in improper use of their product. 3. Strategic Marketing Issue * Product: Gerber, Pet Foods, Frozen Meals, Water, Coffee, Candy etc… * Price: The price of the can $17-30 Dollars * Distribution: Nestle use a joint venture * Selecting a Target Market: They target markets of family that are middle class, but they also target consumers who can’t afford formula. * Phase of life cycle: They are in the declining stage in third world countries, but they are in the mature stage. 4. SWOT Analysis Strengths * High market share * Size and financial power * Strong brand portfolio * wide range of products * Ability to customize global products...
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...Introduction Prior to the early twentieth century, women had only two choices for how to feed their infants: they could breastfeed their infants themselves, or they could seek out a “wet nurse.” In the 1920s, a third option was introduced in developed nations—infant formula, a manufactured alternative to breast milk. Depending on its audience, this alternative was seen as a lifesaving option, a modern way to feed a child or a shameful health risk. Many people who have heard about the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes have expressed interest in knowing more about it. Baby food for the infants is the most sensitive one. Doctors suggest exclusive breast feeding for the infants. But for some cases like sickness, temporary disablement or for any other reasons mothers cannot breast feed to their babies. And for that they have to choose infant formula for their infants. Like any other products, parents of infant go through a selection process to choose a baby food. The purpose of this document is to provide concepts and terms of business ethics regarding marketing infant formula or baby food in the developed and low developing countries. Some of the scenarios of Bangladeshi baby food industries have also been analyzed. What is the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitute The Code is a set of recommendations to regulate the marketing of breast-milk substitutes, feeding bottles and teats. The Code was formulated in response to the realization...
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...Malnutrition in Bangladesh 1. Introduction: Malnutrition is globally the most important risk factor for illness and death, contributing to more than half of deaths in children worldwide. It is one of the most important underlying causes of child mortality in developing countries, particularly during the first 5 years of life; the major causes for this are poverty, world conflicts, lack of education, natural disasters and poor access to health care. Nearly one-third of children in the developing world are malnourished. The effects of changing environmental conditions in increasing malnutrition are multifactorial. Poor environmental conditions may increase insect and protozoal infections and also contribute to environmental deficiencies in micronutrients. Overpopulation, more commonly seen in developing countries, can reduce food production, leading to inadequate food intake or intake of foods of poor nutritional quality. Conversely, the effects of malnutrition on individuals can create and maintain poverty, which can further hamper economic and social development. Bangladesh being the eighth most populous country in the world, and one of the poorest a significant progress has been made in recent years in reducing the incidence of poverty and malnutrition, the fact remains that roughly half of its 15.5 million citizens live in deprivation, while roughly half of all children under 6 years show some evidence of chronic malnutrition. Poverty and malnutrition in Bangladesh...
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...“The media is vital in conveying health information to the public, changing people’s perceptions of what’s healthy and what’s not,” William L. Roper, head of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), said. The healthcare delivery system, however, has not kept up with phenomenal advancements in science and technology and with the proliferation of knowledge, treatments, drugs, and devices.With current advances in genomics (offering promise in diagnosis as well as, possibly, treatment), sensor technologies (offering promise in automated detection, measurement, and monitoring), nanotechnologies (offering promise in diagnosis, treatment, and control), and information and communication technologies (enabling remote delivery, telemedicine, e-health, and patient empowerment), the complexity of science and technology in healthcare is only going to increase. Sainforte, Francois and George,William W..Healthcare Delivery Systems in the United States, 2004. www.isye.gatech.edu Brandeau M., Sainfort F., and Pierskalla W. (Eds.).Handbook of Operations Research in Healthcare.Kluwer Academics, in press, 2004. Hoffman C., Rice D. P., and Sung H.Y. (1996) “Persons with Chronic Conditions. Their Prevalence and Costs”. Journal of the American Medical Association, 276(18):1473-1479. Institute ofMedicine. (2001) Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century.Washington,D.C.: National Academy Press. Kumar S. and C. Chandra. (2001) “A Healthy Change”, IIE...
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...Running head: CULTURALLY SENSITIVE NURSING CARE Culturally Sensitive Nursing care In Maternity For Japanese Patients March 28, 2012 Abstract Nurses need to be culturally congruent in order to offer culturally, competent care to their clients. To be able to care for Japanese women, during the prepartum, intrapartum, postpartum phases and for her newborn infant, it is necessary to have knowledge and continued education of the patient and her family’s culture and customs. The US Census Bureau accounts that approximately 1.3 million individuals of Japanese descent reside in the United State (US census bureau 2009). In the Japanese culture, the main focus for men is to support their family financially; therefore it is the woman’s job to care for their household. During the pregnancy and postpartum period, Japanese women will benefit from the care, support and education given by their nurse. Culturally Sensitive Nursing care in Maternity for Japanese Patients The nurse’s cultural knowledge and understanding of the patient’s religion, customs, beliefs, and nutritional preference, are crucial tools for successful communication. Teaching and implication of nursing intervention are also very important during: prenatal, postnatal and motherhood stages during her hospital stay and in the community setting. Japanese are taught the English language from the age of six; therefore...
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...Original Article Maternal awareness of health promotion, parental and preschool childhood obesity (6, n=200)=17.32, p=0.008). Maternal awareness of health promotion on healthy eating appeared to have a protective effect against overweight/obesity in three year old children (odds ratio=0.38, 95% CI=0.20 to 0.70). Furthermore, a higher proportion of overweight/obesity mothers had no awareness of health promotion as compared to 2 (4, n=200)=13.29, p=0.01). Maternal awareness of health promotion appeared to also have a protective effect against overweight/obesity in mothers (odds ratio=0.51, 95% CI=0.28 to 0.95). Conclusions: maternal awareness of health promotion on maternal and preschool childhood obesity. Additionally, this study showed that overweight and obese preschool children had parents who were also overweight and obese. 2 Aim: preschool childhood obesity, as well as maternal awareness of public health promotion on healthy eating with parental and preschool childhood obesity. Methods: Data were collected by measuring the height and weight of two hundred randomly selected three-year old children and their parents. Details of the early feeding and dietary styles and level of health promotion awareness were assessed in faceto-face structured health interviews with the parents. Results: between childhood obesity and parents’ obesity (r=0.2; p<0.001). A higher proportion of overweight and obese preschool children showed that their mothers lacked awareness of health promotion...
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...Homework #2 Nurse family partnership is a program that’s offered in 43 US States, UK, Canada, Australia, and the Virgin Island that offers low income first time mothers through pregnancy. Guidance is used to help reduce pregnancy,birth complications,promote competent early caregiving,and reduce adjustment difficulties. A nurse comes 2 times a month until the child is two years of age to help with adjustment. These partnerships are considered effective because research suggests that children who were involved in this partnership had higher academic scores and less behavioral problems. Mother’s had fewer subsequent births, more contact with the father of their child, more stable intimate partners, and less welfare dependency. Some of the paternal...
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... The terms health promotion and disease prevention allude to skilled actions. Health promotion implies a profession, and is viewed to as overly medically oriented, overly dependent upon prevention, displacement of risk and healthcare (Tengland, 2010). Nursing roles and responsibilities are evolving in health care. The International Council of Nurses (ICN) (2009) showed that health-improving methods carried out by nurses practicing within various contexts offer perfect circumstances for health promotion, creating healthy environments. Nurses are instrumental in creating an avenue for good health through health promotion. Nurses practice health promotion education in communities, positively affecting health. Some of these acts involve breastfeeding education, hypertension prevention and control, coronary heart disease, obesity and...
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...immunodeficiency virus infection / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a disease of the human immune system caused by infection with human immunodeficiency virus . During the initial infection, a person may experience a brief period of influenza-like illness. This is typically followed by a prolonged period without symptoms. As the illness progresses, it interferes more and more with the immune system, making the person much more likely to get infections, including opportunistic infections and tumors that do not usually affect people who have working immune systems. HIV is transmitted primarily via unprotected sexual intercourse, contaminated blood transfusions, hypodermic needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. Prevention of HIV infection, primarily through safe sex and needle-exchange programs, is a key strategy to control the spread of the disease. There is no cure or vaccine; however, antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of the disease and may lead to a near-normal life expectancy. While antiretroviral treatment reduces the risk of death and complications from the disease, these medications are expensive and may be associated with side effects. Genetic research indicates that HIV originated in west-central Africa during the early twentieth century. AIDS was first recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause—HIV infection—was identified in the early part of the decade. Since its discovery,...
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