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Breeding Notes

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Submitted By lindseybug
Words 1839
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Systems of 2 basic Breeding - Straight breeding * Mating animals of the same breed * Variations-purebred, inbreeding, outcrossing, grading up -Cross breeding * Mating animals of different breeds * Variations-two-breed cross, three-breed cross, rotation

* An animal of a particular breed * Both parents are purebred * Characteristics of the breed * Eligible for registry in breed association * Tend to be genetically homozygous * Specialized business

* An animal of a particular breed * Both parents are purebred * Characteristics of the breed * Eligible for registry in breed association * Tend to be genetically homozygous * Specialized business

Purebred
Breeding

* Mating related animals * Linebreeding and Closebreeding refer to how closely related the animals are * Requires a careful program of selection and culling * Expensive * Used most often by Universities for experimental work and Seedstock producers that provide animals for crossbreeding herds * Mating related animals * Linebreeding and Closebreeding refer to how closely related the animals are * Requires a careful program of selection and culling * Expensive * Used most often by Universities for experimental work and Seedstock producers that provide animals for crossbreeding herds

Inbreeding

* Most intensive * Animals are very closely related and can be traced back to more than 1 common ancestor * Examples: * Sire to daughter * Son to dam * Brother to sister

* Most intensive * Animals are very closely related and can be traced back to more than 1 common ancestor * Examples: * Sire to daughter * Son to dam * Brother to sister

Closebreeding

Example:
1st Mating

1st Mating

A (Male) B (Female)
A (Male) B (Female)

¾ A ¼ B
¾ A ¼ B
2nd Generation
2nd Generation
A 1/2A 1/2B (Sire to daughter)

A 1/2A 1/2B (Sire to daughter)

2nd Mating
2nd Mating
1/2A 1/2B
1/2A 1/2B
1st Generation
1st Generation

* Mating animals that are more distantly related * Can be traced back to 1 common ancestor * Examples * Cousins * Grandparents to grand offspring * Half-brother to half-sister * Increases genetic purity * Several generations results in desirable and undesirable genes to become grouped together with greater frequency—making culling easier

* Mating animals that are more distantly related * Can be traced back to 1 common ancestor * Examples * Cousins * Grandparents to grand offspring * Half-brother to half-sister * Increases genetic purity * Several generations results in desirable and undesirable genes to become grouped together with greater frequency—making culling easier

Linebreeding

example

* Mating of animals of different families within the same breed * Animals are not closely related * Purpose is to bring into the breeding program traits that are desirable but not present in the original animals * Used most by purebred breeders * Popular because it reduces the chances of undeniable traits are still present * Sometimes used in inbreeding programs to bring in needed traits

* Mating of animals of different families within the same breed * Animals are not closely related * Purpose is to bring into the breeding program traits that are desirable but not present in the original animals * Used most by purebred breeders * Popular because it reduces the chances of undeniable traits are still present * Sometimes used in inbreeding programs to bring in needed traits

Outcrossing

* Mating animals from two different lines of breeding within a breed * Purpose is to bring together desirable traits from different lines * Experience is the best guide to use when line crossing

* Mating animals from two different lines of breeding within a breed * Purpose is to bring together desirable traits from different lines * Experience is the best guide to use when line crossing

Linecrossing

* Mating purebred males to grade females * Good way to improve quality * Less expensive * Use of purebred sires long enough will eventually lead to the amount of grade breeding left in the offspring being less than 1%

* Mating purebred males to grade females * Good way to improve quality * Less expensive * Use of purebred sires long enough will eventually lead to the amount of grade breeding left in the offspring being less than 1%

Grading up

Mating

* Mating two animals of different breeds * Offspring is a Hybrid * Usually results in improved traits because dominant genes mask undesirable recessive genes * Superior traits that result from crossbreeding are called hybrid vigor or heterosis

* Mating two animals of different breeds * Offspring is a Hybrid * Usually results in improved traits because dominant genes mask undesirable recessive genes * Superior traits that result from crossbreeding are called hybrid vigor or heterosis

Crossbreeding(X)

* Good record keeping is essential * Calving difficulties may increase when crossing large breed sires with small breed dams * Fewer calving problems if large breed dams are used * Large breed dams have higher maintenance costs * Artificial insemination allows access to better bulls * To avoid inbreeding more than 1 breeding pasture may be required * Good record keeping is essential * Calving difficulties may increase when crossing large breed sires with small breed dams * Fewer calving problems if large breed dams are used * Large breed dams have higher maintenance costs * Artificial insemination allows access to better bulls * To avoid inbreeding more than 1 breeding pasture may be required

* Good record keeping is essential * Calving difficulties may increase when crossing large breed sires with small breed dams * Fewer calving problems if large breed dams are used * Large breed dams have higher maintenance costs * Artificial insemination allows access to better bulls * To avoid inbreeding more than 1 breeding pasture may be required * Good record keeping is essential * Calving difficulties may increase when crossing large breed sires with small breed dams * Fewer calving problems if large breed dams are used * Large breed dams have higher maintenance costs * Artificial insemination allows access to better bulls * To avoid inbreeding more than 1 breeding pasture may be required

General Considerations
Regarding Beef
Crossbreeding Systems

* Terminal Sire Crossed with F1 Females * Rotate Herd Bull every 3-4 years * Two Breed Rotation * Three Breed Rotation * Four and Five Breed Rotation * Static Terminal Sire * Rotational Terminal Sire * Composite Systems

* Terminal Sire Crossed with F1 Females * Rotate Herd Bull every 3-4 years * Two Breed Rotation * Three Breed Rotation * Four and Five Breed Rotation * Static Terminal Sire * Rotational Terminal Sire * Composite Systems

Beef crossbreeding
Systems

* Replacement crossbred (F1) females in the herd are purchased and crossed with a terminal bull. * All offspring are sold * Replacement crossbred (F1) females in the herd are purchased and crossed with a terminal bull. * All offspring are sold
Terminal Sire
Crossed with F1 Females

* Bulls from Breed A are crossed with cows from Breed B. * Resulting heifers are bred to bulls from breed B for the duration of their productive life. * Replacement heifers from that cross are bred to bulls from breed A. * Each succeeding generation of replacement heifers is bred to a bull from the opposite breed used to sire the replacement heifer.

* Bulls from Breed A are crossed with cows from Breed B. * Resulting heifers are bred to bulls from breed B for the duration of their productive life. * Replacement heifers from that cross are bred to bulls from breed A. * Each succeeding generation of replacement heifers is bred to a bull from the opposite breed used to sire the replacement heifer.

Two-breed
Rotation

* Same breed of bull is used for several years and then replaced with a bull of a different breed. * Replacement females are selected from the herd.

* Same breed of bull is used for several years and then replaced with a bull of a different breed. * Replacement females are selected from the herd.

Rotate Herd
Bull Every
3-4 Years

* Same pattern of breeding as the 2 breed rotation except that a bull from a 3rd breed is used in the sire rotation.

* Same pattern of breeding as the 2 breed rotation except that a bull from a 3rd breed is used in the sire rotation.

3 breed
Rotation

* Larger herds * Bulls from a 4th or 5th breed may be used in the rotation of sires * This system requires a higher level of management and record keeping than 2 and 3 breed systems.

* Larger herds * Bulls from a 4th or 5th breed may be used in the rotation of sires * This system requires a higher level of management and record keeping than 2 and 3 breed systems.

4 and 5
Breed
Rotations

* 4 breeding groups * Group 1 (25% of the herd) mates breed A bulls to breed A cows to produce replacement heifers for group 1 and group 2. * Group 2 (25% of the herd) breeds the AA heifers to a bull (breed B) to a different breed, producing crossbred heifers (breed AB) * Group 3 (50% of the herd) breeds the AB heifers to a terminal (T) bull selected for its ability to transmit a high rate of gain. * A subgroup (Group 4, 10% of the herd) of the 3rd group is composed of AB heifers being bred for the first time. These AB heifers are bred to a smaller breed (breed C) bull to reduce 1st time calving problems. * All the male offspring of groups 1 and 2 and all offspring of groups 3 and 4 are sold. * Any heifers from groups 1 and 2 that are not kept for breeding are also sold.

* 4 breeding groups * Group 1 (25% of the herd) mates breed A bulls to breed A cows to produce replacement heifers for group 1 and group 2. * Group 2 (25% of the herd) breeds the AA heifers to a bull (breed B) to a different breed, producing crossbred heifers (breed AB) * Group 3 (50% of the herd) breeds the AB heifers to a terminal (T) bull selected for its ability to transmit a high rate of gain. * A subgroup (Group 4, 10% of the herd) of the 3rd group is composed of AB heifers being bred for the first time. These AB heifers are bred to a smaller breed (breed C) bull to reduce 1st time calving problems. * All the male offspring of groups 1 and 2 and all offspring of groups 3 and 4 are sold. * Any heifers from groups 1 and 2 that are not kept for breeding are also sold.

Static
Terminal
Sire

* Two breeding groups needed * Bulls from breeds A and B are used on a rotating basis on 50% of the herd providing crossbred females for the entire herd * Mature cows in the herd are mated with a terminal bull to produce offspring, all of which are sold. * Replacement females come from mating of bulls A and B with younger cows in the herd.

* Two breeding groups needed * Bulls from breeds A and B are used on a rotating basis on 50% of the herd providing crossbred females for the entire herd * Mature cows in the herd are mated with a terminal bull to produce offspring, all of which are sold. * Replacement females come from mating of bulls A and B with younger cows in the herd.

Rotational
Terminal
Sire

* Developing a new breed based on crossbreeding 4 or more existing breeds of cattle to avoid inbreeding problems * After development the composite breed is not crossbreed with other breeds

* Developing a new breed based on crossbreeding 4 or more existing breeds of cattle to avoid inbreeding problems * After development the composite breed is not crossbreed with other breeds

Composite
Breeds

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...remember when the email was sent or who sent it. Since reading this chapter, I have started to save specific email information as word documents grouped under different folders. This has proven to be effective for linking related topics in the respective folders which makes locating the information quicker. In my academic life, I will first note the topic to be studied and pay greater attention to the learning objectives. This would then make it easier to skim through the chapter and specifically note the more important material and review that first as well as to research any related topics by using other resources. The chapter also noted the importance of paying attention to any information in bold type and any illustrations. This strategy would greatly increase my knowledge of the topic and improve note-taking. It would also assist in remembering the useful information. Therefore, this would be effective for review and preparation for exams as well as being in an overall position to utilize and apply the new information whenever possible. 2. The ‘Write it down’ strategy The chapter noted that writing a note helps you to...

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Tvm with Bonds

...Michael Sherman Ph1 IP TVM with Bonds FINC390-1240B-07 Colorado Technical University Online Professor Angela Garrett 26 November 2012 Calculator Results for Redemption Date 11/2012 Total Price | Total Value | Total Interest | YTD Interest | $16,665.00 | $117,957.76 | $101,292.76 | $998.92 | Bonds: 1-16 of 16 Serial # | Series | Denom | Issue Date | Next Accrual | Final Maturity | Issue Price | Interest | Interest Rate | Value | Note | NA | EE | $50 | 11/1990 | 05/2013 | 11/2020 | $25.00 | $50.52 | 4.00% | $75.52 | | NA | EE | $100 | 11/1990 | 05/2013 | 11/2020 | $50.00 | $101.04 | 4.00% | $151.04 | | NA | EE | $500 | 11/1990 | 05/2013 | 11/2020 | $250.00 | $505.20 | 4.00% | $755.20 | | NA | EE | $5,000 | 11/1990 | 05/2013 | 11/2020 | $2,500.00 | $5,052.00 | 4.00% | $7,552.00 | | NA | SN | $25 | 11/1967 | | 11/1997 | $20.25 | $135.27 | | $155.52 | MA | NA | SN | $50 | 11/1967 | | 11/1997 | $40.50 | $270.54 | | $311.04 | MA | NA | SN | $75 | 11/1967 | | 11/1997 | $60.75 | $405.81 | | $466.56 | MA | NA | SN | $100 | 11/1967 | | 11/1997 | $81.00 | $541.08 | | $622.08 | MA | NA | E | $50 | 11/1963 | | 11/2003 | $37.50 | $408.84 | | $446.34 | MA | NA | E | $100 | 11/1963 | | 11/2003 | $75.00 | $817.68 | | $892.68 | MA | NA | E | $500 | 11/1963 | | 11/2003 | $375.00 | $4,088.40 | | $4,463.40 | MA | NA | E | $10,000 | 11/1963 | | 11/2003 | $7,500.00 | $81,768.00 | | $89,268.00 | MA | NA | I | $50 | 11/1998 | 12/2012 | 11/2028...

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