Briefly explain the characteristic of effective feedback. one of a leader's responsibilities is to create and utilize a forum for open, constructive communication which feedback is one important aspect. effective feedback, both positive and negative, is helpful to others. when you give feedback you are offering valuable information that will be useful to another person making decisions about how to behave. feedback is not criticism. criticism is evaluative, feedback is descriptive. it also allows us to build and maintain communication with others. feedback provides the individual with information that can be used in performing personal evaluation

List the capabilities that people use to initiate, regulate, and sustain their behavior according to the social cognitive theory. self-efficacy makes a difference in how people feel, think and act. in terms of feeling, a low sense of self-efficacy is associated with depression, anxiety, and helplessness. such individuals also have low self-esteem and harbour pessimistic thoughts about their accomplishments and personal development. in terms of thinking, a strong sense of competence facilitates cognitive processes and academic performance. self-efficacy levels can enhance or impede the motivation to act. individuals with high self-efficaccy choose to perform more challenging tasks.

What are three ethical characteristics of charismatic leaders? unethical chanrismatic leader, individual qualities of ethical and unethical charismatic leaders

Explain the concept of coercive power in operant learning terms. authority or power that is dependent on fear, suppression of free will, and/or use of punishment or threat, for its existence

Explain three political strategies that can be used to acquire power. organizational politics consists of intentional acts of influence undertaken by individuals or groups to enhance or protect their self-interest when conflicting courses of action are possible.

Explain the social learning theory. social learning theory is a perspective that states that people learn within a social context.
Describe the authentic leadership development process and product. self-awareness: an ongoing process of reflection and re-examination by the leader of his or her own strength, weaknesses, and valuesrelational transparency:open sharing by the leader of his or her own thoughts and beliefs, balanced by a minimization of inappropriate emotions balanced processing: solicitation by the leader of opposing viewpoints and fair-minded consideration of those viewpoints internalized moral perspective: a positive ethical foundation adhered to by the leader in his or her relationships and decisions that is resistant to outside pressures. there is empirical research that supports a superordinate construct of authentic leadership that includes these four components.
What are the sources of expert power?

knowledge is power. expert power is derived from prossessing knowledge or expertise in a particular area. such people are highly valued by organizations for their problem solving skills. people who have expert power perfom critical tasks and are therefore deemed indispensable. the opinions, ideas and decisions of people with expert power are held in high regard by other employees and hence greatly influence their actions. possession of expert power is normally a stepping stone to other sources of power such as legitimate power. for example, a person who holds expert power can be promoted to senior management, thereby giving him legitimate power.
How is referent power used by advertisers? referent power comes from being trusted and respected. we can referent power when others trust what we do and respect us for how we handle situations. for example, the human resource associate who is known for ensuring employees are treated fairly and coming to the rescue of those who are not
Briefly explain the concept of empowerment. a management practice of sharing information, rewards, and power with employees so that they can take initiative and make decisions to solve problems and improve service and performance. empowerment is based on the idea that giving employees skills, resources, authority. opportunity, motivation, as well holding them responsible and accountable for outcomes of their actions, will contribute to their competence and satisfaction.
What is meant by the term learned optimism? How can optimism be learned? happiness is a scientifically unwieldy notion, but there are three different forms of it if you can pursue. for the pleasant life, you aim to have as much positive emotion as possible and learn the skills to amplify positive emtion. for the engaged life, you identify your highest strengths and talents and recraft your life to use them as much as you can in work, love, friendship, parenting, and leisure. for the "meaningful life," you use your highest strengths and talents to belong to and serve something you believe is larger than the self.
Define psychological capital or as it’s called: PsyCap. positive psvchological capital or PsvCap had brought a newly emerging perspective and approach to the understanding and management of human resources. positive psychology had ignited a paradigm shift away from a negative emphasis on pathology. similarly, PsyCap offers organizational behaviour and human resource management reserchers and practitioners a new positive perspective away from the negative side of focusing on dvsfunctional behaviour employees, aggression in the work place incompetence leaders.stress and conflict unethical behaviour, ineffective strategies and counterproductive organisational structures and cultures.