...Running Head: ECONOMIC PATTER OF BOOM & BUST OF SLAVE TRADE IN THE PORTUGUESE EMPIRE Topic: Economic Pattern of Boom & Bust in Slave Trade of Portuguese Empire The slave trade of the Portuguese Empire involved “bringing European ships for the first time into regular contact with sub-Saharan Africa”. Otherwise, the Arab slave trade according to Peterson, involved “Arabs exporting slaves from East Africa to many countries around the Indian Ocean” (Peterson, Brian 2008). There are certain commonalities in these trades, but they still differ significantly. That is, though both were superlative industries that flourished in their empires and are somewhat interrelated, they varied in terms of their economic pattern of performance; the Portuguese during the 15th-18th century and the Arabs during the 17th and 18th century. They also differed in trading goods involved, and mechanisms of demise. According to Bamba Gascogine, the Portuguese invaded the Cape Verde Islands in 1460. They specialized in plantation work, growing, in particular, indigo and cotton. The Portuguese slaves also worked in factories that produced cloth. Gascogine states that “The cloth is exchanged in Guinea for slaves. And the slaves are sold for cash to the slaving ships which pay regular visits to the Cape Verde Islands” (Gascogine, 2008). On the other hand, the embryonic era of Arab slavery occurred well...
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...The author will also touch on, language distribution and how it crosses over to one or more geographic regions. The author will also explain how the colonial period affected the cultural patterns of the selected country or area and how religion affected the culture, including the language and religious changes that occurred within Mozambique’s culture. * Before the visit by Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama in 1498, coastal East Africa was occupied by the Zenj and the city-states was ruled by Arabs. The Zenj established agricultural communities and societies that primarily herded cattle. The Zenj brought with them technology for iron making, and used this skill to make weapons for the conquest of their neighboring civilizations. The Zenj built cities in Mozambique during the Middle Ages (5th to the 16th century) but were not built to stand the test of time, so there are very few remains left of these medieval cities, for example the trading port Sofala. Nevertheless, several Swahili trade ports were along the coast of Mozambique before the migration of Arabs and the colonization of the Portuguese, which had been trading with...
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...Ultimatum Ingles 1990 https://www.google.pt/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CC0QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fanalisesocial.ics.ul.pt%2Fdocumentos%2F1223027734K4zTZ2wh1Lu94TC4.pdf&ei=ZLLOUuqhBaKQ0AXK0IH4Bg&usg=AFQjCNFdoWO3uAXFCr9xLDWlpwMx-oH2XQ&bvm=bv.59026428,d.d2k. Before / if coming here it would be useful if a Brit had an understanding of basic Portuguese history particularly the Scramble for Africa. If reading up on the subject we recommend the following recent 1990 text as a means of getting a grasp of an important period for Portugal. So, why not download this and take it to your Portuguese tutor ? It will mean a great deal to the Portuguese tutor to realise that a British citizen wants to know more about this part of their history – before arriving. If wanting to know more yourself your software should allow you to separate it into 3 parts and then google translate it in 3 sessions. Suggest to the Portuguese tutor this text becomes the 'course background reading' for all his / her other British students learning the language and about the country. Here's a short bit for the Portuguese tutor to discuss …. Não é porém ao nível individual das personalidades públicas, mas, pelo contrário, ao nível colectivo das massas anónimas, que o movimento patriótico assume a sua maior dimensão. Nas ruas, nos edifícios públicos, nos cafés, nas salas de espectáculo, as manifestações patrióticas rebentam amiúde e, com elas, os «Morra a Inglaterra» e os...
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...modern culture be different? If cultural syncretism had taken root during early encounters in China or India, how might they be different today? The quest for wealth and power brought Europeans to Indian shores in 1498 when Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese voyager, arrived in Calicut (modern Kozhikode, Kerala) on the west coast. In their search for spices and Christian converts, the Portuguese challenged Arab supremacy in the Indian Ocean, and, with their galleons fitted with powerful cannons, set up a network of strategic trading posts along the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. In 1510 the Portuguese took over the enclave of Goa, which became the center of their commercial and political power in India and which they controlled for nearly four and a half centuries. Economic competition among the European nations led to the founding of commercial companies in England (the East India Company, founded in 1600) and in the Netherlands (Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie--the United East India Company, founded in 1602), whose primary aim was to capture the spice trade by breaking the Portuguese monopoly in Asia. Although the Dutch, with a large supply of capital and support from their government, preempted and ultimately excluded the British from the heartland of spices in the East Indies (modern-day Indonesia), both companies managed to establish trading "factories" (actually warehouses) along the Indian coast. The Dutch, for example, used various ports on the Coromandel Coast in...
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...thin with many rulers and were not united to handle the onslaught of European influence. The fall of the Mughal Empire in concert with the rise of European power can be described by two main events, with the fall of the structured trade with the ruin of the great Mughal port of Surat, and the possession of the Diwani of Bengal by Britian that gave them economic control in India. All these factors combined to India’s exploitation and soon to administrative authority by European forces. The revolution of international martime trade and the rise of European sea power, the fall of the Mughal trade, and the British grasp of the Diwani of Bengal were the major forces and that eventually led to established European authority in India, lasting until 1947. The first European power that controlled the Indian Ocean during the height of the Mughal Empire was the Portuguese. The Portuguese seizure of power in the Indian Ocean at the beginning of the sixteenth century was due to their great skills in navigation and...
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...dominated by Arabs and Persians, who had established settlements as far south as Mozambique Island.[6] Swahili, Arab[7] and Persian[8] commercial settlements existed along the coast and outlying islands for several centuries. Several Swahili trade ports dotted the coast of the country before the arrival of Arabs[7] which had been trading with Madagascar and the Far East. Portuguese rule[edit] From about 1500, Portuguese trading posts and forts displaced the Arabic commercial and military hegemony, becoming regular ports of call on the new European sea route to the east. The voyage of Vasco da Gama around the Cape of Good Hope in 1498 marked the Portuguese entry into trade, politics, and society of the region. The Portuguese gained control of the Island of Mozambique and the port city of Sofala in the early 16th century, and by the 1530s, small groups of Portuguese traders and prospectors seeking gold penetrated the interior regions, where they set up garrisons and trading posts at Sena and Tete on the River Zambezi and tried to gain exclusive control over the gold trade. The Portuguese attempted to legitimise and consolidate their trade and settlement positions through the...
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...of various Hindu rulers until 1343. In that year, the "Mohammedans" of Gujarat took possession and the Kings, of that province of India ruled for the next two centuries. The only vestige of their dominion over these islands that remains today is the mosque at Mahim. Who tore everything down? The Portuguese/British perhaps? Post partition anti-muslim mobs perhaps? In 1534 the Portuguese, who already possessed many important trading centers on the western coast, such as Panjim (Goa), Daman, and Diu, took Bombay by force of arms from the "Mohammedans". This led to the establishment of numerous churches which were constructed in areas where the majority of people were Roman Catholics. There used to be two areas in Bombay called "Portuguese Church". However, only one church with Portuguese-style facade still remains; it is the St. Andrew's church at Bandra. The Portuguese also fortified their possession by building forts at Sion, Mahim, Bandra, and Bassien which, although in disrepair, can still be seen. They named their new possession as "Bom Baia" which in Portuguese means "Good Bay". This name was later changed to "Bombay" by the British and much later challenged by the Shiv Sainiks, a renegade political party in the state, saying that the name of the city was "Mumbai" from the Mumbadevi temple. Nobody really put up a fight. The fact of the matter is the Kohlis who are the fishermen of...
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... “If a man gives you freedom, it is not freedom. Freedom is something you, you alone, must take.” José Dolores a black slave, says this quietly, but shakes the ideals of so called civilized Europe. In this movie Burn (or Queimada), the director Gillo Pontecorvo presents a vivid picture of colonization, slavery, resistance and martyrdom for sovereignty; set in a fictional Portuguese colony. Movie, throughout its narration spreads out a strong anti-colonial message rooted on true meaning of the word “Freedom”. Marlon Brando did a brilliant work in the role of Sir William Walker, which he later mentioned in his biography as “I did some of my best acting in “Burn!”. Sir William Walker arrives at Queimada as a traveler but is a British Government agent with a task in hand to organize a slave uprising. British wanted this uprising to end Portuguese dominance and to have a say in the precious sugar cane trade. Walker chooses José Dolores, a black Bolivar, trains him to organize a revolt and succeeds to overthrow the Portuguese establishment from Queimada. British establish a corrupt puppet government, while Dolores is marginalized. While slavery had been formally ended and the former slaves in theory had rights; a legal and property system was established that forced them to continue to work in the sugar cane plantations in even worse conditions than before. Walker returns to the island after ten years, this time as an agent of...
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...sense of nationalism incited many countries to move towards independence. With the arrival of the Portuguese monarchy in Brazil, came these new ideas and more foreign influences. The fascination of the Brazilian elite with the French independence also incited ideas of autonomy in Brazil. After the Portuguese monarchy departed, As one of these countries, Brazil managed to gain independence from its mother country , Portugal, in 1822 with the help of its new emperor Dom Pedro I. With Napoleonic wars raging throughout Europe the emperor of Portugal, Dom Joao, attempted to stay neutral. However, the neutrality of Portugal proved hard to maintain when Napoleon established the "continental blockade" in 1806 (Martin 183). In 1807, Napoleon declared the Braganza dynasty's surrender of the throne and the division of Portugal between France and Spain (183). The news forced Dom Joao to make a decision, he and his entire court fled to Brazil with the help of British fleets in order to escape Napoleon's army. The royal family arrived in 1808 and established their rule in Rio de Janeiro at the heart of Brazil. Upon arrival, Dom Joao found a colony that was commercially and economically backwards compared to Portugal. One of the only manufacturing opportunities encouraged by the Portuguese monarch prior to arrival was ship building as well as the processing of sugar (Macaulay 87). The Portuguese had not even allowed them to partake in metallurgy and the use of textiles (Macaulay 87). Dom Joao...
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...THE SLAVE TRADE Portugal and Spain were the first to take advantage of the Age of Exploration. The two countries began their colonial activities in the fifteenth century and became great colonial powers. Later, in the seventeenth century, the Dutch, followed by the French and then the British joined in the colonization activities. The Portuguese sailed around Africa as part of their exploration activities, and their main objective was to find a route to the Spice Islands. The Spice Islands are a group of islands in eastern Indonesia. Although the initial objective of the Portuguese sailing around Africa was to find a route to the Spice Islands, they later realized that they could make some gains or profits from Africa itself. Due to this new idea, the Portuguese constructed forts on both the western and eastern coasts of Africa. One of the economic interests of the Portuguese after they had settled on the coasts of Africa was to dominate and control the trade in gold, which was an important natural resource in Africa. Later in the seventeenth century, the Dutch took control of a number of the Portuguese forts as well as much of the Portuguese trade across the Indian Ocean. The Origins of the Slave Trade Slavery was being practised in the world long before the colonisation of Africa by Europe. You would recall that in our study of the First Civilisations, we came across slaves. Before the Europeans came to Africa in the fifteenth century, most of the slaves that existed were prisoners...
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...Berber and Arabic , their religious preference which is islam , and their clothing Over the years, Berber peoples have been influenced by other cultures with which they came in contact: Nubians, Greeks, Phoenicians, Romans, and the Vandals. They are known for their wildlife and savanah culture. West Africa West Africa has been defined in Africa as including the seventeen countries Benin, Burkina Faso, island of Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, island of Saint Helena, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sao Tome and Principe and Togo. The british west african countries are The Gambia, Sierra Leone,Western Nigeria Ghana, and Nigeria. The french west african countries Mauritania, Senegal, French Sudan (now Mali), French Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast),Burkina Faso Benin and Niger. Portuguese influence in the west african 2nd language “Pidgin” or “Brokin” (not broken) -“ You sabi am?” meaning “can you do it?” "Sabi" is derived from the portugese word “saber” which means “to do”. Foreign religions Christianity and islam though certain areas of West Africa have tend not to adopt Christianity and Islam, maintaining many of the religious beliefs and...
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...Madeleine McCann, the British toddler who vanished from her family’s vacation apartment in Portugal in 2007, may be alive, according to detectives conducting a review of the investigation. Scotland Yard made the announcement on Wednesday, noting that officers reviewing the case discovered up to 200 new items for investigation using existing evidence. “We genuinely believe there is a possibility that she is alive,” Detective Chief Inspector Andy Redwood from Scotland Yard’s Homicide and Serious Crime Command told reporters. (MORE: Case Closed for the McCanns?) The review team is now combing through evidence and reports from Portuguese authorities, inquiries held by U.K. law enforcement agencies, and the work of private investigators hired by the McCann family. In a statement released this morning, Scotland Yard said the existing evidence includes around 40,000 pieces of information. “We are working on the basis of two possibilities here,” Redwood said. “One is that Madeleine is still alive; and the second that she is sadly dead.” Hoping that she is alive and well, police have issued an age progression image of Madeleine, who would be nine years old. Madeleine was three when she disappeared in the resort town of Praia da Luz, and her cause became one of Britain’s most famous missing persons cases. Celebrities like David Beckham appealed to the public for information regarding Madeleine’s whereabouts. Her parents, Kate and Gerry McCann, secured an audience with the Pope and...
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...This article is about the 17th-19th century English and British trading company. For other uses, see East India Company (disambiguation). British East India Company Company flag after 1801 Former type Public Industry International trade Fate Dissolved Founded 1600 Defunct June 1, 1874 Headquarters London, England Colonial India Imperial Entities of India Dutch India 1605–1825 Danish India 1620–1869 French India 1759–1954 Portuguese India 1510–1961 Casa da Índia 1434–1833 Portuguese East India Company 1628–1633 British India 1613–1947 East India Company 1612–1757 Company rule in India 1757–1857 British Raj 1858–1947 British rule in Burma 1824–1942 1765–1947/48 Partition of India 1947 v t e The British East India Company was an English and later (from 1707) British joint-stock company[1] and megacorporation formed for pursuing trade with the East Indies but which ended up trading mainly with the Indian subcontinent. The East India Company traded mainly in cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, saltpetre, tea and opium. The Company was granted a Royal Charter in 1600,[2] making it the oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies. Shares of the company were owned by wealthy merchants and aristocrats. It was an example of an English joint stock company.[3]. The government owned no shares and had only indirect control. The Company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its own private armies, exercising military power and assuming...
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...and Australia even though they were both colonised by the same imperial empire, the British. When the United States were colonised, it was known as the Thirteen Colonies and they were mostly dominated by the Spanish and Portuguese whereas Australia was nearly colonised by the French which encouraged the British to colonise the country. They are more different because the two countries were colonised at different times and so the uses would have been different. Nonetheless, the two countries were both improved one way or the either. When the British were in charge of the land, they did use it for their own good but still they helped improve it. They taught the people in the colonised country skills which might have helped the country gained its wealth. For the thirteen colonies, the British helped established the tobacco business which has helped USA gain wealth whereas for Australia, they brought in science and technology. However, there are still other effects from being colonised....
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...on labour supply. Planters felt that Europeans would make industrious workers and be an example to the ex-slaves. There were two objectives of European immigration in Jamaica. * 1. Many whites would occupy the cooler hills and mountain areas as settlers and agricultural workers. * 2. Ex-slaves would be denied access to the interior so they would be forced to labour on the lowland estates. * E.g. of towns. Seaford Town, Middlesex, Barrettville, New England, Mulgrove, etc. They would then develop into a middle class and help to stabilize the society. European labour was imported mainly by Jamaica. They were: Scots, Irish, Germans, British laburers. They started going in 1835 Madeirans came to the Caribbean due to low wages. Madera is a Portuguese colony in the Atlantic where sugar cane was cultivated. Portuguese from Azores went to Trinidad in 1834....
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