...The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition or CI engine) is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel that has been injected into the combustion chamber is initiated by the high temperature which a gas achieves when greatly compressed (adiabatic compression). This contrasts with spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to petrol), which use a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture. A Diesel engine built by MAN AG in 1906 The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency (engine efficiency) of any practical internal or external combustion engine due to its very high expansion ratio and inherent lean burn which enables heat dissipation by the excess air. A small efficiency loss is also avoided compared to two-stroke non-direct-injection gasoline engines since unburnt fuel is not present at valve overlap and therefore no fuel goes directly from the intake/injection to the exhaust. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) can have a thermal efficiency that exceeds 50%.[1][2] Diesel engines are manufactured in two-stroke and four-stroke versions. They were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines. Since the 1910s they have been used in submarines and ships. Use in locomotives, trucks, heavy equipment and electricity generation plants followed later. In the 1930s...
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...horsepower, and often sank into the rich, soft earth of the San Joaquin Valley Delta farmland surrounding Stockton, California. Benjamin Holt attempted to fix the problem by increasing the size and width of the wheels up to 7.5 feet (2.3 m) tall and 6 feet (1.8 m) wide, producing a tractor 46 feet (14 m) wide. But this also made the tractors increasingly complex, expensive and difficult to maintain. Caterpillar was founded in 1925 when two California based tractor companies merged. The name “Caterpillar” Company photographer Charles Clements was reported to have observed that the tractor crawled like a Caterpillar, and Holt seized on the metaphor. "Caterpillar it is. That's the name for it!" Some sources, though, attribute this name to British soldiers in July 1907. Two years later Holt sold his first steam-powered tractor crawlers for US$5,500, about US$128,000 today. Each side featured a track frame measured 30 inches (760 mm) high by 42 inches (1,100 mm) wide and was 9 feet (2.7 m) long. The tracks were 3 inches (76 mm) by 4 inches (100 mm) redwood slats. Holt received the first patent for a practical continuous track for use with a tractor on December 7, 1907 for his improved "Traction Engine" ("improvement in vehicles and especially of the traction engine class; and included endless traveling platform supports upon which the engine is carried"). Holt's track-type tractors played a support role in World War I. Even before the U.S. formally entered WWI, Holt had shipped...
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...A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode, which emits light when activated.[4]When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern.[5] Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962,[6] the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting elements in remote-control circuits, such as those in remote controls for a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity, and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available across the visible,ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing small incandescent bulbs. They were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form of seven-segment displays, and were commonly seen in digital clocks. Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task lighting. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime...
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...Richard Branson Launches A Green Energy Plan For The Caribbean. ENERGY In 1979, when Richard Branson bought the 74-acre Necker Island in the British Virgin Islands, he paid less than $300,000. It was untouched, undeveloped, inhabited only by birds and jungle critters. Back then, no one worried a wit about carbon emissions, ocean acidification, rising sea levels. To bring electricity to his island retreat Branson, like virtually everyone else on the small islands of the Caribbean, installed diesel generators. As far as fuels go, diesel is hard to beat. It's easy to transport and contains a lot of energy in a small volume. It's already ubiquitous in the islands as fuel for boats. And it's never been cleaner, with U.S. government standards limiting sulfur content to no more than 15 parts per million. For decades, diesel was simply the way to go. But Branson wants to change that. Because running on diesel means that the cost of electricity on Caribbean islands averages about 50 cents per kwh, about five times what it is on the mainland United States. In early February, Branson leveraged his star power to convene a three-day meeting of dignitaries from 13 Caribbean nations including the Virgin Island, St. Kitts & Nevis, Turks & Caicos and the Cayman Islands. While enjoying both Necker Island and Branson's neighboring Moskito Island, they discussed the costs of powering their island homes and the economics of switching over to clean, green renewable energy. Working...
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...ARAB ACADEMY FOR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY & MARITIME TRANSPORT College of International Transport & Logistics (Cairo) Energy Logistics Management British Petroleum Submitted to: Dr Ahmed Gheith Ashraf Mohamed Fathi Aly 10103283 Ahmed Fouad El-Tohamy 10103131 Ahmed Mohamed Fahmy 10103338 Youssef Roshdy Naguib 7104341 Abdulrahman Adel Youssef 3101363 1. History of BP A British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London, England. It is the sixth-largest energy company by market capitalization, the fifth-largest company in the world measured by 2012 revenues, and the sixth-largest oil and gas company measured by 2012 production. It is one of the six oil and gas "supermajors". BP is vertically integrated and operates in all areas of the oil and gas industry, including exploration and production, refining, distribution and marketing, petrochemicals, power generation and trading. It also has renewable energy activities in biofuelsand wind power. Starting in 1908 with oil found in a rugged part of Persia after a long and difficult search. Since then, discoveries large and small (and sometimes just in the nick of time) have fuelled our progress. Back in England, William D’Arcy was close to despair. He had gambled his considerable fortune on oil, and now he was on the verge of losing it all (both country houses, the mansion on Grosvenor Square). It seemed that the geologists and experts who had wagged their heads encouragingly at him since 1901 had all been...
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...pengeluar minyak seperti Hurricane Emily di Mexico yang menjejaskan pengeluaran minyak di negara itu; dan - Kegiatan spekulasi harga minyak. 2. Negara kita menghasilkan minyak. Jadi kenapa harga minyak di Malaysia perlu naik juga? • Harga minyak dan produk petroleum ditentukan oleh pasaran dunia dan di luar kawalan kita. Pertubuhan Negara-Negara Pengeksport Petroleum (OPEC) memainkan peranan penting dalam menentukan tahap pengeluaran minyak dunia, dan dengan itu mempengaruhi harga pasaran minyak. Walaupun Malaysia mengeluar dan mengeksport minyak, ia bukan ahli OPEC atau negara pengeluar minyak yang besar. • Jika berlaku kenaikan harga minyak yang tinggi di pasaran dunia, ia memberi kesan kepada harga produk petroleum seperti diesel, petrol dan gas memasak (LPG) di negara kita. 2 Jadual 1 Kenaikan Harga Purata Minyak Di Pasaran Dunia WTI (AS$/Setong) 1971 1973 1974 1979 1980 1990 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005...
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...World War I exactly 100 years after they happened. But today he's here to discuss some inventions of The Great War. 1. TANKS In 1914, the “war of movement” expected by most European generals settled down into an unexpected, and seemingly unwinnable, war of trenches. With machine guns reinforcing massed rifle fire from the defending trenches, attackers were mowed down by the thousands before they could even get to the other side of “no-man’s-land.” A solution presented itself, however, in the form of the automobile, which took the world by storm after 1900. Powered by a small internal combustion engine burning diesel or gas, a heavily-armored vehicle could advance even in the face of overwhelming small arms fire. Add some serious guns and replace the wheels with armored treads to handle rough terrain, and the tank was born. The first tank, the British Mark I, was designed in 1915 and first saw combat at the Somme in September 1916. The French soon followed suit with the Renault FT, which established the classic tank look (turret on top). Despite their later prowess in tank combat in WWII, the Germans never got around to large-scale tank production in WWI, although they did produce 21 tanks in the unwieldy A7V model. 2. FLAMETHROWERS Although the Byzantines and Chinese used weapons that hurled flaming material in the medieval period, the first design for a modern flamethrower was submitted to the German Army by Richard Fiedler in 1901, and the devices were...
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...In the economic world, BRICS is a grouping acronym that refers to the countries of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. These countries are all known to be at the beginning of newly advanced economic development. The acronym was created by Jim O'Neill in a 2001 paper entitled "Building Better Global Economic - BRICS". The acronym has come into worldwide use as a symbol of the shift in global economic power away from the developed G7 economies towards the developing world. G7 countries are existing nations with well-developed economies. It is estimated that the BRICS economies will overtake G7 economies by 2050. Although there is argument of whether South Africa should be included in the BRIC countries due to its population of 50 million, it was still included. China and India, predictively, will become the dominant global suppliers of manufactured goods and services, while Brazil and Russia will become similarly dominant as suppliers of raw materials. India is the second largest country with a population of over 1.2 billion people. The country thrives off of small businesses headed by poor families trying to make a living and to support their families. In the past decade however, India has made it clear they want to expand their horizons. This idea is not favored with everyone due to the fear of forgetting India's roots and traditions to the modern way (or Western way). It is also causing a stir about the decline in profit to small businesses. The value of Indian economic...
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...Introduction Crude oil is a naturally occurring substance (i.e., “Fossil Fuel”, formed from organic remains over a period of millions of years) found in certain rock formations in the earth. It is a dark, sticky liquid which, scientifically speaking, is classified as a hydrocarbon. This means, it is a compound containing carbon and hydrogen, with or without non-metallic elements such as oxygen and sulfur. Crude oil is highly flammable and can be burned to create energy. Derivatives from crude oil make an excellent fuel. Uses Different types of oil that are obtained from crude oil are as mentioned below: 1. Ethane and other short-chain alkanes 2. Diesel fuel (petro diesel) 3. Fuel oils 4. Gasoline (Petrol) 5. Jet fuel 6. Kerosene 7. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) 8. Natural gas Certain types of resultant hydrocarbons when mixed with other non-hydrocarbons, create other products like: 1. Alkenes (olefins), which can be manufactured into plastics or other compounds. 2. Lubricants (produces light machine oils, motor oils, and greases, adding viscosity stabilizers as required). 3. Wax, used in the packaging of frozen foods, among others. 4. Sulfur or Sulfuric acid. These are useful industrial materials. Sulfuric acid is usually prepared as the acid precursor oleum, a byproduct of sulfur removal from fuels. 5. Bulk tar. 6. Asphalt 7. Petroleum coke, used in speciality carbon products or as solid fuel. ...
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...Production and Operations Management The Business Enterprise-BUS508 Dr. John Woodard Tammy English Strayer University August 11, 2011 Marathon is an integrated international energy company engaged in exploration and production; oil sand mining; integrated gas; and refining, marketing, and transportation operation. Marathon is among the top five crude oil refineries in the United States, so surely there is a way to reduce the time involved in the production process. The major crude oil refineries in the United States are located in the hurricane region of the gulf coast. One possible option that Marathon could take to reduce the time involved in the production process would be to create new petroleum refineries in different regions allowing operators to shift process and production responsibilities in the event of a natural disaster or scheduled outage. There may be one feasible alternative as to why Marathon would want to reduce the time in the production of the petroleum products. In order to produce gasoline, the crude oil must go through the refinery and transportation processes. In those processes sometime could be saved either by increasing the speed of separation in the crude oil refinery process or by increasing the speed in the transportation process. Crude Oil, like any other product, is traded on the world market. In recent times, crude oil prices have been rocketing, driven by rising global demand and political instability in several oil...
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...Production and Operations Management The Business Enterprise-BUS508 Dr. John Woodard Tammy English Strayer University August 11, 2011 Marathon is an integrated international energy company engaged in exploration and production; oil sand mining; integrated gas; and refining, marketing, and transportation operation. Marathon is among the top five crude oil refineries in the United States, so surely there is a way to reduce the time involved in the production process. The major crude oil refineries in the United States are located in the hurricane region of the gulf coast. One possible option that Marathon could take to reduce the time involved in the production process would be to create new petroleum refineries in different regions allowing operators to shift process and production responsibilities in the event of a natural disaster or scheduled outage. There may be one feasible alternative as to why Marathon would want to reduce the time in the production of the petroleum products. In order to produce gasoline, the crude oil must go through the refinery and transportation processes. In those processes sometime could be saved either by increasing the speed of separation in the crude oil refinery process or by increasing the speed in the transportation process. Crude Oil, like any other product, is traded on the world market. In recent times, crude oil prices have been rocketing, driven by rising global demand and political instability in several oil...
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...Turn off engines at Traffic signals – Help India minimize its Oil Debt Imagine the world with all its crude oil reserves exhausted and completed; the last of the last that is remaining being grabbed by the richest that are able to afford it by paying a huge premium for it. It sounds like a situation that will happen in far future, but all of us need to realize and be aware of the fact that the so called ‘far future’ is just 4 decades away. Can we envision a world sustaining without oil reserves? Can we still be ignorant of the fact that the oil reserves are getting completely drained up in the near future? Can we still continue comfortably the same level of oil consumption? One needs to act upon to save the oil, use it very meticulously and postpone the exhaustion of the oil reserves by as much as possible. All of it can start with initiative as simple as - • Turning off the engine of motor vehicles while one idles at the Traffic Light Though it seems to be very small saving, it will definitely make a big difference when considered holistically. And studies did reveal the benefits of such actions. Such small initiative will not only result in saving of the oil but also gives many other cascading benefits. But all it needs is awareness and realization in the general public. If we can successfully market the cause and call for the action, the public will definitely join hands. In India, domestically the oil production is roughly 0.69 million barrels per day. But the demand...
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...Biodiesel is a form of diesel fuel manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant greases. It is safe, biodegradable, and produces less air pollutants than petroleum-based diesel. Biodiesel can be used in its pure form (B100) or blended with petroleum diesel. Common blends include B2 (2% biodiesel), B5, and B20. Most vehicle manufacturers approve blends up to B5, and some approve blends up to B20. Check with your owner’s manual or vehicle manufacturer to determine the right blend for your vehicle, since using the wrong blend could damage your engine and/or void the manufacturer's warranty. Biodiesel Compared to Petroleum Diesel | Advantages | Disadvantages | * Domestically produced from non-petroluem, renewable resources * Can be used in most diesel engines, especially newer ones * Less air pollutants (other than nitrogen oxides) * Less greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., B20 reduces CO2 by 15%) * Biodegradable * Non-toxic * Safer to handle | * Use of blends above B5 not yet approved by many auto makers * Lower fuel economy and power (10% lower for B100, 2% for B20) * Currently more expensive * B100 generally not suitable for use in low temperatures * Concerns about B100's impact on engine durability * Slight increase in nitrogen oxide emissions possible in some circumstances | BLENDS Blends of biodiesel and conventional hydrocarbon-based diesel are products most commonly distributed for use in the retail diesel fuel marketplace...
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...A Report on Hydraulic Fracturing Salman Ahmed August 18, 2013 1. Hydraulic fracturing is a process of well stimulation, and a completion technique. It is used to extract underground natural resources, such as oil, natural gas, and geothermal energy. Industrial hydraulic fracturing is used to enhance subsurface fracture systems. The well stimulation process is used in nine out of ten gas wells in the United States. Generally, millions of gallons of water, sand, and chemical mixtures are pumped underground to break apart the rock formations to release gas. This method is used to facilitate the maximal extraction of natural gas by allowing it to move more freely from rock pores to production wells. This movement causes the oil or gas to come to surface where it can be stored in wells (US EPA, 2012). 2. The process of hydraulic fracturing starts with finding natural gas in underground formations, such as sandstones, carbonates, shale and coal. To gain access to the natural gas, vertical, horizontal, or multi-level wells are drilled to the target formation. Hydraulic fracturing is a completion technique used to create an effective connection between a well and the natural gas formation. Before drilling a well, a drilling and completion plan must be developed and approved by state regulators. Geoscientists and environmental employees then work to collect information about the surface geology of the potential drill site (ConocoPhillips, 2011). A well pad made of cement...
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...increase Serbian power. To retaliate, Austria-Hungary invaded and attacked Serbia. Because of the alliance system, Russia protected Serbia and mobilized its army across the border. France then mobilized its army to assist Russia in protecting Serbia. Also because of the alliance system, Germany assisted Austria-Hungary. Germany quickly invaded France, Russia’s main ally. France did not see this coming as Germany went through Belgium to invade. Since Belgium was an approximately one-hundred-year neutral country, Britain, protecting Belgian neutrality, declared war on Germany. The Canadian Parliament had no say in whether Canada would fight in the war. Canada inevitably became involved in the war, due to the fact that Canada was a member of the British Empire. Thus, as a result, when World War I started on August 4th, 1914, Canadian’s were automatically at war. Life in the Trenches Life for soldiers in the trenches during World War I was undoubtedly very difficult for many reasons. The living conditions in the trenches were absolutely awful and inhumane. Most of the time, it was raining in the trenches, causing constant dampness. Completely covering the ground and walls of the trenches was thick, deep, gluey mud. The trenches were infested with rats and lice which fed off of the dead bodies of soldiers. Due to the mass amounts of deaths that occurred in the trenches, a putrid stench of blood and rotting bodies is all that could be smelt. The rats were oversized and spread diseases...
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