...some metro stations the urban weave infrastructure transformed from its previous condition Public transportation in Athens Athens is the capital of Greece and the largest city in the country. According to preliminary results of the 2011 census, its population is 3,737,550; however it is believed that more than 4 million people live in the Greek capital. As in every large city, the people of Athens use a wide public transportation network for their daily activities. The company responsible for the public transportation network is OASA S.A. and is exclusively owned by the Greek State. This company is divided into two subsidiary groups depending on the mode of transport (road and rail). On one hand there is OSY S.A., the company responsible for the road transportation means; and on the other hand, STASY S.A. is the company responsible for the rail transportation including Athens Metro. Brief History of Athens railways Line 1 (Piraeus-Kifissia) During the reign of King George I, in 1869, British entrepreneurs built the Athens-Piraeus line, which operated by locomotives. Until 1976, when the company was bought by the Greek State, the line was electrified and extended to Kifissia. Athens Metro (Lines 2 and 3) Nowadays, the Athens Metro network (lines 2 and 3) is 59,7km long with 40 operational stations and the entire railway system of the greater Athens area is 84,6km long with 61stations. Currently, there is an ongoing extension of line 3 from Aghia Marina...
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...3.0.1 International Business - University Assessment 100 Marks Course Content 1. Overview of the International Business Process 2. PEST factors affecting International Business 3. Government influence on trade 4. International Trade Theories 5. FDI 6. Country Evaluation and Selection 7. Collaborative Strategies 8. International Marketing 9. International Trade Agreements 10. International Trade Organizations 11. International HR Strategies . 12. International Diplomacy - . Reference Text 1. International Business - Daniels and Radebouqh 2. International Business - Sundaram and Black 3. International Business — Roebuck and Simon 4. International Business – Charles Hill 5. International Business— Subba Rao 3.0.2 Strategic management 100 Marks Course Content 1. Strategic Management Process: Vision. Mission, Goal Philosophy. Policies of an Organization. 2. Strategy, Strategy as planned action, Its importance, Process and advantages of planning Strategic v/s Operational Planning. 3. Decision making and problem solving. Categories of problems, Problem solving skill, Group decision making. Phases indecision making, 4. Communication Commitment and performance, Role of the leader, Manager v/s Leaders Leadership styles 5. Conventional Strategic Management v[s Unconventional Strategic Management. The Differences, Changed Circumstance. 6. Growth...
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...Second Year - Third Semester 3.0.1 International Business - University Assessment 100 Marks Course Content 1. Overview of the International Business Process 2. PEST factors affecting International Business 3. Government influence on trade 4. International Trade Theories 5. FDI 6. Country Evaluation and Selection 7. Collaborative Strategies 8. International Marketing 9. International Trade Agreements 10. International Trade Organizations 11. Forex 12. International HR Strategies 13. International Diplomacy Reference Text 1. International Business – Daniels and Radebough 2. International Business – Sundaram and Black 3. International Business – Roebuck and Simon 4. International Business – Charles Hill 5. International Business – Subba Rao 3.0.2 Strategic management 100 Marks Course Content 1. Strategic Management Process: Vision, Mission, Goal, Philosophy, Policies of an Organization. 2. Strategy, Strategy as planned action, Its importance, Process and advantages of planning Strategic v/s Operational Planning. 3. Decision making and problem solving, Categories of problems, Problem solving skill, Group decision making, Phases indecision making. 4. Communication, Commitment and performance, Role of the leader, Manager v/s Leader, Leadership styles. 5. Conventional Strategic Management v/s Unconventional Strategic Management, The differences, Changed Circumstance 6. Growth Accelerators: Business Web, Market Power, Learning based. 7. Management Control, Elements,...
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... School of Distance Education CONTENTS MODULE PARTICULARS PAGE NO. 5 12 33 42 1 II III IV INTRODUCTION DEMAND CONCEPTS PRODUCTION MARKET STRUCTURES AND PRICE OUTPUT DETERMINATION PRICING POLICY AND PRACTICES BUSINESS CYCLE V (A) V (B) 60 66 Managerial Economics-I Sem.B.Com/BBA 3 School of Distance Education Managerial Economics-I Sem.B.Com/BBA 4 School of Distance Education MODULE I INTRODUCTION Introduction The term “economics” has been derived from a Greek Word “Oikonomia” which means „household‟. Economics is a social science. It is called „social‟ because it studies mankind of society. It deals with aspects of human behavior. It is called science since it studies social problems from a scientific point of view. The development of economics as a growing science can be traced back in the writings of Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle. Economics was treated as a branch of politics during early days of its development because ancient Greeks applied this term to management of citystate, which they called „Polis‟....
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... School of Distance Education CONTENTS MODULE PARTICULARS PAGE NO. 5 12 33 42 1 II III IV INTRODUCTION DEMAND CONCEPTS PRODUCTION MARKET STRUCTURES AND PRICE OUTPUT DETERMINATION PRICING POLICY AND PRACTICES BUSINESS CYCLE V (A) V (B) 60 66 Managerial Economics-I Sem.B.Com/BBA 3 School of Distance Education Managerial Economics-I Sem.B.Com/BBA 4 School of Distance Education MODULE I INTRODUCTION Introduction The term “economics” has been derived from a Greek Word “Oikonomia” which means „household‟. Economics is a social science. It is called „social‟ because it studies mankind of society. It deals with aspects of human behavior. It is called science since it studies social problems from a scientific point of view. The development of economics as a growing science can be traced back in the writings of Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle. Economics was treated as a branch of politics during early days of its development because ancient Greeks applied this term to management of citystate, which they called „Polis‟....
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...income from the partnership reported on the individual’s tax return; even though no income is distributed to the partner from the partnership. PROS * In a general partnership, where two or more parties are co-owners, having multiple owners can make it easier to borrow additional funds because the combined credit rating is higher and the perceived risk (on the part of the lender) is lower. * Partners share duties, tasks, and responsibilities. * In a limited partnership, where an investor’s responsibilities are limited by their investment, you can raise capital while retaining the majority of decision making rights. (Silent partners have no decision-making rights.) * Unlike a loan, the investments is only repaid when the company profits. CONS * Partners are liable for debts and other claims including the debts of...
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...Euro – Main Points: * The introduction of the Euro implied the beginning of a new era for economic policymaking in Europe, with a new environment calling for new arrangements for economic policy coordination. And the significance of the euro's launch goes far beyond its economic dimension. Its introduction in 1999 was the crowning achievement of a hugely complex political, legal, and technical process. * The level of economic integration between nations is also rising. The most well-known example of this is the European Union (EU). Forms of economic integration * The first level of formal economic integration is known as a free-trade area or agreement (FTA). Under a FTA all members remove tariffs on the products traded with each other, while maintaining their individual tariffs with the rest of the world. One of the issues with this form of integration is that non-member counties will export their products to the member country with the lowest external tariff and then into any of the other member countries with higher external tariffs, this practice is known as transhipment (Appleyard, Field & Cobb, 2006: 376). * The second form of economic integration is known as a customs union (CU). A CU retains all the elements of a FTA but in addition involves the abolishment of their individual external trade policies. This is done by establishing a common external tariff (CET) which removes the possibility of transhipment by non-members. Members of a CU also typically...
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...An Understanding of Public Administration Abstract The purpose of this paper, An Understanding of Public Administration, is to provide the reader with an overview of the field and its application towards public programs, agencies, groups and other associations. It also provides a clear definition, introduces some principles associated with public administration along and how it is used in American society. Public administration allows public policies and actions, decision-making ability and day to day operations of an agency to be executed effectively in our environment. The reader becomes familiar with the historical and social aspects pertaining to the evolving field. Public administration does not have a definite age of existence but has been recognized as reliable tool used to perform public service in the United States for the past century. Following the overview of public administration, an example of a public agency is illustrated to further acquaint the reader to the practice of public administration and how it operates to service the public. Table of Contents I. Introduction – Brief Overview of Public Administration II. Body A. Woodrow Wilson B. Principles behind Public Administration C. Public Administration in the United States D. Luther Gulick and Functions in Management E. POSDCORB III. Community Action Agency- Brief Overview IV. Conclusion V. Bibliography Introduction Public...
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...An Understanding of Public Administration Master of Public Administration Program Modern Public Administration: Managing Public & Nonprofit Organizations PAD 500 Abstract The purpose of this paper, An Understanding of Public Administration, is to provide the reader with an overview of the field and its application towards public programs, agencies, groups and other associations. It also provides a clear definition, introduces some principles associated with public administration along and how it is used in American society. Public administration allows public policies and actions, decision-making ability and day to day operations of an agency to be executed effectively in our environment. The reader becomes familiar with the historical and social aspects pertaining to the evolving field. Public administration does not have a definite age of existence but has been recognized as reliable tool used to perform public service in the United States for the past century. Following the overview of public administration, an example of a public agency is illustrated to further acquaint the reader to the practice of public administration and how it operates to service the public. Table of Contents I. Introduction – Brief Overview of Public Administration II. Body A. Woodrow Wilson B. Principles behind Public Administration C. Public Administration in the United States ...
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...& Exotic Greeks Treasury Perspectives Flaws with Black Scholes & Exotic Greeks 1 Flaws with Black Scholes & Exotic Greeks 2 Flaws with Black Scholes & Exotic Greeks Dear Readers:It’s been a difficult and volatile year for companies across the Globe. We have seen numerous risk management policies failures. To name a few... UBS, JPM Morgan, Libor manipulations by European, US and Japanese banks and prominent accounting scandals like Lehman… As rightly said by Albert Einstein “We can't solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them.” and when you can't solve the problem, then manage it and don’t be dependent upon science as Science is always wrong, it never solves a problem without creating ten more. The same is the case with Foreign Exchange Risk Management Policies (FXRM) which if can’t be managed properly then would lead to either systematic shocks or negative implications at the bottom line of the corporate, banks, FI and trading houses P&L A/cs. That is something risk management struggles with, say the experts. In Richard Meyers’ estimation, risk managers or traders do not socialize enough. “It’s all about visibility,” he said. Meyers, chairman and CEO of Richard Meyers & Associates, a talent acquisition and management firm in New Jersey, relates the story of a firm that decided to adopt an Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) strategy. Instead of appointing its risk manager to head ERM, the company brought...
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...I: AN OVERVIEW OF MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Introduction to Management Control Systems Approaches to Management Control Systems Designing Management Control Systems Key Success Variables as Control Indicators Organizing for Adaptive Control Autonomy and Responsibility Transfer Pricing 3 15 28 42 57 71 87 PART II: MANAGEMENT CONTROL ENVIRONMENT Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Strategic Planning and Programming Budget as an Instrument of Control Reward Systems 20 PART III: MANAGEMENT CONTROL PROCESSES 09 99 114 139 152 163 177 185 208 221 234 242 258 279 287 295 301 304 Continuous Process Improvement...
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...I: AN OVERVIEW OF MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Introduction to Management Control Systems Approaches to Management Control Systems Designing Management Control Systems Key Success Variables as Control Indicators Organizing for Adaptive Control Autonomy and Responsibility Transfer Pricing 3 15 28 42 57 71 87 PART II: MANAGEMENT CONTROL ENVIRONMENT Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Strategic Planning and Programming Budget as an Instrument of Control Reward Systems 20 PART III: MANAGEMENT CONTROL PROCESSES 09 99 114 139 152 163 177 185 208 221 234 242 258 279 287 295 301 304 Continuous Process Improvement...
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...change in organizations: Importance of human resource capacity building Term Paper (Individual Assignment) Abstract This term paper addresses human resource capacity building as a strategic instrument in leading and managing change in organizations. After describing the process and the basic steps in leading and managing change, the article has taken an effort to identify the role of leaders and the managers to derive a conceptual frame of reference to develop arguments in strategic importance of human resource capacity building in the process of leading and managing change in organization. To meet the challenges, negative as well as positive, HR capacity building is needed in most of the steps and stages in the process of leading and managing change in organizations. Further, developing human capacities has highlighted as one of the major roles and core functionalities of leaders and managers. Viewing human resources as human capital and beyond, the term paper argues that without well communicated and informed, trained, developed, motivated, appreciated, and managed human resources the effort of leaders and managers in leading and managing change in organizations will be a waste. Introduction Heraclitus, Greek philosopher, stated “Change is the only constant”. What was true more than two thousand years ago is just as true today. The world has changed...
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...This is page left blank The Strategic use of technology within non-profit orgs Page 2 Overview: Undoubtedly, IT or information technology has caused a massive development in all fields of science, society, economy and humanity. The impact of IT on human society is in a way that the world is rapidly changing to an information society. Any progress in different aspects of society and economy or humanity is the results of technology development. Technology is considered to be a key indicator for improving effective communication, and strategic operation within government and non-profit organization. As a student of Public Administration and my concentration and interest to the non-profit organizations, in this paper I want to focus more about e-government in non-profit organization including and strategies that non-profits’ IT leaders need to practice. Non-profit organizations work around the world to accomplish philanthropic missions and provide meaningful services for people in need. The number of non - profit organizations likely to increase each year, according to the Urban Institute; there is a growth among the non-profits based on size and financial impacts. Between 2001 and 2011, the number of non-profits has increased 25 percent; from 1,259,764 million to 1,574,674 million today, which acutely compete with the business and government sectors. (Urban institute reports 2103). Among these organizations not all of them are successful neither all...
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...BUSINESS POLICY EVOLUTION OF BUSINESS POLICY Evolution of Business Policy Course by SREE RAMA RAO on NOVEMBER 2, 2010 Business policy as a distinct field of study was introduced at Harvard Business School way back in 1911. The course aimed at improving the general management capabilities of students. It was intended to tie together and give proper focus to the first year courses by showing how the functions of business both internally and as between businesses, were closely interrelated in practice and how a chief executive had to recognize and deal with those relationships. The course, however received widespread acceptance only after the publication of two reports in 1959. The Gordon and Howell report, sponsored by the Ford Foundation predicted that a course on business policy would give students an opportunity to put together what they have learned in the separate business fields and utilize this knowledge in the analysis of complex business problems! The Pierson report, sponsored by the Carnegie Foundation also recommended the introduction of the course strongly. Following these reports the business policy course was made mandatory in all business schools in the US for the purpose of recognition. In the course of time the course gained popularity in business schools in other parts of the world as well. It is being increasingly viewed as an integrative course offered to students after completing as set of functional area courses in Finance, Marketing, and Accounting...
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