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法语音素表
元音
1. [a] 舌平放于口中,舌尖轻抵下齿龈,开口度较大。与汉语拼音中的a相似,但肌肉更紧张。与英语的[a:]相比,发音点在舌前部。 1) 字母a, à, â banane, là, fâché
*2) 字母e在mm或nn前(少数词) femme, solennel
2. [ε] 舌尖抵下齿龈,舌面微微向上颚隆起,开口度比[a]要小,与英语的[e]相似。 1) 字母è, ê, ë mère, fête, noël 2) 字母组合ai, aî, ei lait, maître, reine 3) 字母e在闭音节中 mer, service, respect 4) 字母e在两个相同的辅音字母前(m, n除外) belle, cette, adresse 5) 字母组合-et在词末 poulet, filet
3. [e] 舌尖抵下齿,舌前部稍向硬腭抬起,开口度比[ε]略小,唇成扁平状。注意与英语的[ei]音相区别,保持发音部位紧张,口形不要滑动。 1) 字母é été, léger 2) 字母组合-er, -ez, -ed loger, visiter, parler, chez, pied 3) 字母组合es在单音节词中 les, des, ces *4) 字母组合ess-, eff-, desc-, dess-在词首 essai, effet, descendre, dessert
4. [i] 舌尖紧抵下齿龈,舌前部向硬腭抬起,上下齿靠近,开口度很小,双唇向两边拉,唇形扁平,发音时肌肉紧张。 字母i, î, ï 及y petit, finir, île, maïs, bicyclette
5. [y] 舌位、开口度和肌肉紧张程度与元音[i]相近,但属中元音,发音时双唇突出,绷紧呈圆形。于汉语拼音中的ü类似,但唇部肌肉更紧张。 字母u和û tu, but, flûte, sûr, culture
6. [u] 舌尽量后缩,属后元音,开口度与[i]音相似,但双唇突出呈圆形,与汉语拼音中的u相似,但肌肉更为紧张。 字母组合ou,où,oû loup, où, coût
7. [o] 属后元音,发音时舌略向后缩,双唇突出呈圆形,开口度与[e]音相近,比汉语拼音中的ou肌肉更紧张。注意不要发成双元音,发音部位不能移动。 1) 字母ô tôt, allô 2) 字母o在[z]音前 chose, rose 3) 字母o在词末开音节中 vélo, mot 4) 字母组合au chaud, cause 5) 字母组合eau beau, bureau
8. [ɔ] 属后元音,发音时舌略向后缩,双唇突出呈圆形,开口度比[o]大,与[ε]相近。 1) 字母o除发[o]音的情况以外 robe, porte, photo *2) 字母组合au在r前 aurore, aurai
9. [ə] 发音部位与[ε]音相近,舌尖抵下齿龈,舌前部抬起,但肌肉放松,双唇略突出呈圆形。元音[ə]没有重音,也没有长音,发音时无需用力, 注意不要卷舌。 1) 字母e在单音节词中 le, te, de, ce 2) 字母e在词首开音节中 venir, lever, demain 3) 字母e在“辅辅e辅”结构中 entreprise, mercredi, partenaire
10. [ø] 舌位、张口度与[e]相同,但双唇必须突出呈圆形,舌尖抵下齿龈,舌前部微微抬起,肌肉较紧张。 1) 字母组合eu, œu在词末开音节中 peu, deux, vœu, nœud 2) 字母组合eu在[z]前 heureuse, vendeuse *3) 字母组合eu在[d][t][tr]前 jeudi, émeute, neutre
11. [œ] 舌尖抵下齿龈,舌前部略抬起,舌位和开口度与[ε]音相近,但双唇略向前突出成圆形。发音时可先发成非圆唇的[ε]音,保持口腔其他发音部位不动,双唇略向前伸,唇部肌肉较放松。 1) 字母组合eu, oeu除了发[ø]音的情况以外 fleur, peur, seuil, sœur *2) 字母组合ue在c, g后 accueil, orgueil *3) 字母组合œ在少数单词中 œil
12. [ɛ̃] 与[ε]相对应的鼻化元音,发音部位与[ε]音相同,但气流从口腔和鼻腔冲出。 1) 字母组合in, im, yn, ym, aim, ain, ein, um, un(后面不能出现元音字母或字母m, n) fin, timbre, syndicat, symbole, faim, pain, plein, lundi, commun 2) en在少数词中 bien, tien, européen
13. [] 与[a]音相对应的鼻化元音。发音时,口型、唇形与[a]音相似,但舌向后略缩,双唇突出,开口度略大,气流从口腔和鼻腔冲出。 字母组合am, an, em, en(后面不能出现元音字母或字母m, n) chambre, champagne, ancre, chanter, emporter, remplir, entrer, content
14. [ɔ̃] 与[o]音相对应的鼻化元音。发音部位与[o]音类似,舌尖离开下齿,舌略向后缩,双唇突出呈圆形,气流从口腔和鼻腔冲出。 字母组合om, on(后面不能出现元音字母或字母m, n) ombre, tomber, rompre, oncle, salon, chanson

半元音
1. [w] 与[u]音相对应的半元音,发音方法与[u]音基本相同,双唇突出呈圆形,肌肉更紧张,舌前部向硬腭抬起,气流通道更狭窄,摩擦的同时声带振动。 1) 字母组合ou在元音前 jouer, mouette, oui, souhait 2) 字母w在少数外来词中 watt, Web
2. [j] 与[i]音相对应的半元音,发音部位与[i]音相似。舌面向硬腭隆起,只留一个极细的缝隙,气流通过较困难,产生摩擦,同时声带振动。 1) 字母i在元音前 lien, ciel, faïence 2) 字母组合il在词末且在元音后 réveil, travail 3) 字母组合ill在元音后 bataille, travailler 4) 字母y在元音前或在词首 Lyon, yeux
3. [ɥ] 与[y]音相对应的半元音,发音方法与[y]相似。双唇突出呈圆形,舌前部向硬腭抬起,肌肉紧张,通道更狭窄,气流通过时产生摩擦,同时声带振动。 字母u在元音前 nuit lui, fruit, juin

辅音
1. [p] & [b] [p]&[b]是一组双唇爆破辅音。其中[p]是清辅音,[b]是浊辅音。
发[p]音时双唇紧闭以形成阻塞,然后打开使气流突然从口腔冲出,形成爆破音。发音时声带不振动,双唇肌肉紧张,有较强烈的气流从口腔冲出,在元音前不送气。发[b]音时声带振动,而双唇肌肉放松,从口腔冲出的气流很少。
1) 字母b或字母组合bb发[b]音 banque, bicyclette, herbe, abbé, Bible
2) 字母p或字母组合pp发[p]音 pape, impact, palace, parc, Philippe, pratique
2. [t] & [d] [t]&[d]是一组齿龈爆破音。其中[t]是清辅音,[d]是浊辅音。
发[t]音时发音时舌尖抵上齿和上齿龈,使气流受阻挡形成阻塞,发音时舌尖肌肉紧张,气流冲破上齿和舌尖的阻塞,从口腔冲出,形成爆破音。发音时声带不振动,有较强烈的气流从口腔冲出,在元音前不送气。发[d]音时舌尖肌肉略放松,在除阻时声带振动,从口腔冲出的气流很少。
1) 字母t和字母组合tt发[t]音 tête, table, thé, patte, maître 2) 字母d和字母组合dd发[d]音 madame, date, déjà, addition, adresse
3. [s] & [z] [s]&[z]是一组齿龈摩擦音。发[s]音时舌尖抵下齿,上下齿靠近,舌面前部稍微抬高,与上齿龈之间形成窄缝,气流通过时发生摩擦。声带不振动;[z]音的发音方法与[s]音相同,但声带需振动。 1)[s] 字母s和字母组合ss veste, système,adresse, messe 字母c在字母e, i, y前 cinéma, cycle, scientifique, centre 字母ç français, leçon 字母t在tion和tie中(前面没有s) attention, nation, démocratie, patience 字母x在少数词中 dix, six 2)[z] 字母z和字母组合zz gaz, seize, zéro, jazz 字母s在两个元音字母之间 base, visage, paisible *字母x在个别词中 deuxième, sixième
4. [∫] & [ʒ] [∫]&[ʒ]是一组舌前摩擦音。发[∫]音时双唇略向前突出呈圆形,舌尖抬向上齿龈稍后的位置,与上颚之间形成缝隙,气流通过缝隙时产生摩擦发音,声带不振动。[ʒ]音的发音方式与[∫]音基本相同,但声带需振动。 1)字母组合ch读[∫]音 Chine, douche 2)字母j发[ʒ]音 je, jour
字母g在e, i, y前发[ʒ]音 geste, gilet, gymnastique
5. [k] & [g] [k]&[g]是一组清浊辅音。发[k]音时舌面抬起抵硬腭后部形成阻塞,气流突然从口腔冲出,形成爆破音,声带不振动,在元音前不送气。发[g]音时声带振动,肌肉略微放松,从口腔冲出的气流很少。 1)[k] 字母k,字母组合ck kilo, ticket
字母c在字母a, o, u, 辅音字母前或词末 casser, coller, cube, clé, lac
字母组合qu tonique, qui, quel
*字母q在词末 coq, cinq 2)[g] 字母g在a, o, u及辅音字母前 gare, goûter, figure, jungle 字母组合gu在e, i, y前 guetter, guide, Guy
6. [f] & [v] [f]&[v]是一组唇齿摩擦音。发[f]音时上齿抵下唇内侧,气流通过唇齿之间的缝隙冲出,形成摩擦,声带不振动。[v]音的发音方式与[f]音基本相同,但声带需振动,并且气流在唇齿之间有略微的停留。 1) 字母f ,字母组合ff, ph发[f]音 flamme, difficile, chef, philosophie 2) 字母v发[v]音 veste, vivre, voir
7. [l] [l]音为舌边音。发音时舌尖抵上齿龈形成阻塞。发音是声带振动,软腭上升,阻止气流进入鼻腔,气流从舌两侧外出。 字母l loi, facile, allocution, fil, cil
8. [r] [r]为小舌音,发音时舌尖抵下齿,舌后部略向软腭抬起,气流通过时小舌颤动,声带振动。发音时喉部要放松,使得气流通过小舌及其后部的间隙时发生振动。建议先发英语[h]的音,并使口腔气流下压,舌后部上抬,使声带振动,促使小舌振动。 字母r,字母组合rr rare, mer, gris, bracelet, prune, crèche, Méditerranée
9. [m] [m]音为鼻腔辅音,发音时双唇闭合,软腭下降形成阻塞,舌根不要抬起,当气流从鼻腔外出时,靠声带振动发声。 字母m ma, pomme, image, mythe
10. [n] 舌尖抵上齿龈,软腭下降形成阻塞,气流从鼻腔流出,同时声带振动。 1) 字母n,字母组合mm minute, année
*2) 字母组合mn在少数单词中 condamner, automne
11. [ɲ] [ɲ]音为鼻腔辅音,发音时舌尖抵下齿和下齿龈,舌面中部抬高,接触硬腭,形成阻塞,软腭下降,声带振动,使气流从鼻腔流出。 字母组合gn signe, campagne, gagner, magnifique, digne

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...Judgment and how it makes people unhappy... (food critics) food an art form.. culinary of all the art forms is more well integrated with a person being more decisive in their opinion of liking or disliking the art. Either you like the dish or you don’t… the food is either good or disgusting… little middle ground.. http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S15/62/69K40/index.xml?section=topstories http://www.wikihow.com/Become-a-Food-Critic http://www.departures.com/articles/could-this-be-the-most-feared-food-critic-in-the https://twitter.com/GaelGreene from ratatouille.. this character anton ego… is a food critic.. gordon ramsay / watch relationship between him and ppl he is screaming his judgment at … one of sources … clips and observations from the show.. One of the major sources of unhappiness in humanity is judgment. There is of course invaluable forms of judgment but to understand how judgment makes people unhappy we must first define it in a negative social context. Judgment is an open expression of one’s opinionative dislike of a particular action or expression of another. Specifically, the forms of judgment that make people unhappy are “unprovoked,” “unconstructive” or “un-inquired judgments.” Judgment, when dealt through harsh arbitrary opinions, inspires fear in everyone. When judged, people think twice about being their authentic selves, attempting to do something right the second time, and generally feel hurt. One can understand how these situations...

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...Chapter1 Introduction Strategic management : strategic management process: the full set of commitment, decisions, and actions required for a firm to achieve strategic competitiveness and earn above average returns strategic competitiveness: is achieved when a firm successfully formulates and implemens a value-creating strategy (p4) above-average Returns: returns in excess of what an investor expects to earn from other investments risk:an investors uncertainty about the economic gains or losses that will result for a particular investment competitive advantage: when firm implemets strategy that creates superior value for customers and competitors are unable to duplicate or find too costly to immitate resources:imput into a firms production process such as capital equipment, the skills of individuals, employees,patents, finance, and talented managers (pg 17) capabilities:the capacity for a set of resources to perform a task or an activity in an integrative manner core competencies: are resources and capabilities that serve as a source of competitive advantage for a firm over its rivals sustainable competitive Advantage strategic flexibility: set of capabilities used to respond to various demands and opportunities existing in a dynamic& uncertain competitive environment -Causes of firm performance (profitability): industry vs. firm • Profit Pool – entails the total profits earned in an industry at all points along the value chain. – helps...

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...Legal Article Paper-Ambulatory Surgery Centers Themelina Vallas HCS/430-Legal Issues in Health Care:Regulation and Compliance Due: 6/1/15 Teela Carmack Medical facilities called “ambulatory surgery centers”, are that provide same day surgeries for patients that rather do it this way versus going to an actual hospital. This facility is not considered a hospital and therefore does not provide any type of emergency care. In an ambulatory surgery center patients do not need admission, go home right after their procedure and do not stay overnight. Running a surgical center is no easy task, so knowing the laws and regulations are extremely important. There can be many legal issues involved so proper training and education are vital components for the staff and healthcare professionals within those types of facilities. There are many legal issues that mainly involve dealing with physician ownership, network waivers and Medicare cases. Physician ownership seems to be one of the most legally debatable issues having to do with ambulatory centers. This is due to a lot of new owners that come in and buy the business from old owners leaving it. Most owners have to be able to understand their contract with legal obligation for the concerning buyer when selling the center. Selling a surgery center can be difficult especially if it is due to a financial situation. All owners of a business like this must be optimistic about acquiring new business to increase financial compensation and...

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...Touchpoint: a point of contact or interaction, especially between a business and its customers or consumers. Customer Experience Management Defined ¢ Process to oversee, track, and comprehensively manage a customer’s cross-channel exposure, interaction and transaction with or about a company, brand, product, or service. Touchpoint: Process to oversee, track, and comprehensively manage a customer’s cross-channel exposure, interaction and transaction with or about a company, brand, product, or service. ¢ All exposure/contact points from the customer’s view – direct and indirect! TOUCHPOINTS: PHASES: CONSUMPTION: special asics stores, special running stores. If you are serious about positioning for just running, they shouldn’t be in every sports store but more on specific running stores. Clearly identify the image we want to show and the target public AWARENESS: advertisements on sports channels, hosting marathons CHANNELS: The touchpoints should be available for consumers in every different aspect, they should approach a 360 angle by advertising via tv and online, and once someone becomes a customer add them to an asics network and send them information via e-mail and a magazine. By augmenting the advertisement sales will increase and therefore more asics shoes will be on the street and that will also be a touchpoint itself. DESIGN: Design is a very important aspect that helps differentiate asics shoes. They should utilize their touchpoints to emphasize on their...

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...Contents What Is Market Research 3 Primary Research 3 Secondary Research 3 Quantitative 3 Qualitative 4 Qualitative research is about finding out not just what people think but why they think it. It’s about getting people to talk about their opinions so you can understand their motivations and feelings 4 PESTLE Analysis 4 Swot Analysis 5 Referencing 6 What Is Market Research Primary Research The process of gathering, analysing and interpreting information about a market, about a product or service to be offered for sale in that market, and about the past, present and potential customers for the product or service; research into the characteristics, spending habits, location and needs of your business's target market, the industry as a whole, and the particular competitors you face. An example of market research is that Tesco may use one to one surveys to ask their customers what their opinion of Tesco is, they will also use one to one surveys to make their research more solid and reliable as they are talking to the person directly and will be able to tell if the person is lying or not. Online questionnaires are also a very good way of researching information, this is because many people nowadays tend to do online shopping, so the researchers will receive a lot of feedback as the people who use...

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...Java Basics Java Basics Topics in this section include: • • • • • • • • • • • What makes Java programs portable, secure, and robust The structure of Java applets and applications How Java applications are executed How applets are invoked and executed The Java Language, Part I Comments Declarations Expressions Statements Garbage collection Java Semantics Portability Java programs are portable across operating systems and hardware environments. Portability is to your advantage because: • • • You need only one version of your software to serve a broad market. The Internet, in effect, becomes one giant, dynamic library. You are no longer limited by your particular computer platform. Three features make Java String programs portable: 1. The language. The Java language is completely specified; all data-type sizes and formats are defined as part of the language. By contrast, C/C++ leaves these "details" up to the compiler implementor, and many C/C++ programs therefore © 1996-2003 jGuru.com. All Rights Reserved. Java Basics -1 Java Basics are not portable. 2. The library. The Java class library is available on any machine with a Java runtime system, because a portable program is of no use if you cannot use the same class library on every platform. Window-manager function calls in a Mac application written in C/C++, for example, do not port well to a PC. 3. The byte code. The Java runtime system does not compile your source code directly into machine language, an inflexible...

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