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Bussines Regulations

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Bussines Regulation/ Torts and Liability

LAW/421
17 de octubre de 2013
Jesus Rivera-Delgado

Bussines Regulation/ Torts and Liability
Aprender a reconocer situaciones en las que un negocio o empresa puede tener la responsabilidad potencial de otra parte, es una parte importante de la limitación de riesgo en las operaciones comerciales. La ley de responsabilidad se establece determinando la conducta y las normas de razonabilidad y proporcionan recursos legales cuando una violación de esas normas resulta en una lesión que cause pérdidas. En este ensayo pretendo discutir los principios fundamentales de la ley de responsabilidad civil, y los tipos de agravios. Utilizare como referencia la reglamentación del gobierno de las actividades comerciales, y la responsabilidad de dueños de establecimientos comerciales por concepto de daños a tenor con algunos casos del Supremo de Puerto Rico
El agravio es un ilícito civil cuando una parte ha actuado, o en algunos casos no ha actuado, y que la acción u omisión causa una pérdida que sufrió un tercero. La ley dispone un remedio para alguien que ha sufrido una lesión al obligar al infractor a pagar una indemnización a la parte lesionada. El derecho por daños se entiende mejor como un intento de compensar a los perjudicados o pérdidas derivadas de daños causados por una conducta irracional por otro.
En la mayor parte, la responsabilidad extracontractual se rige por los principios del derecho común del Estado. Los tribunales recurren a normas articuladas por el American Law Institute (ALI) de orientación sobre la aplicación de los principios de derecho consuetudinario. Los tribunales no están obligados por ninguna de las nuevas exposiciones, pero sí reconocen los principios de la ley que aplican ampliamente. Las leyes que cubren las personas que sufren lesiones por un producto, conocido como ley de responsabilidad por productos, podrá adoptar la forma de Estado de hecho o las leyes estatales que imponen expresamente toda responsabilidad por daños que resultan de los productos.
Los agravios están segmentados en tres categorías generales: intencional, negligencia y responsabilidad estricta. Un agravio intencional es aquel en el que el autor del daño fue intencional en el logro de un particular, evento que causó daños a un tercero. La negligencia es uno accidental sin intención, evento que causó daños a un tercero. La diferencia entre los dos es la mentalidad y la intención del autor del daño. Agravios de responsabilidad estricta, en el que un autor del daño pueda ser considerada responsable por un hecho, independientemente de la intención o terquedad, se aplica sobre todo en los casos de productos defectuosos y anormalmente peligrosos.
Por otra parte, también existe los agravios intencionales, mientras que la ley proporciona un alivio para los perjudicados en una variedad de circunstancias, hay algunos agravios intencionales que son más importantes para los propietarios y gerentes de negocios, ya que tienen el potencial de afectar las relaciones comerciales y operaciones. Cuando hablamos de agravios intencionales estamos hablando de la difamación. La ley reconoce a una persona o la reputación de una empresa como un activo valioso al imponer responsabilidad por cualquier parte que haga declaraciones falsas y difamatorias que afectan a otra la reputación del partido.
La declaración difamatoria es una declaración falsa y difamatoria sobre la reputación de una de las partes o la honestidad, o una declaración de que un partido sometido al odio, desprecio o ridículo. Es decir, una declaración difamatoria es uno que debe ser demostrable como falsa. La divulgación a terceros este se conoce como publicación, pero en este contexto no requiere literalmente la declaración que se publicará. Más bien, esta disposición exige que la declaración deba de alguna manera llegar a los oídos o los ojos de una persona distinta del autor del daño y la víctima. La especificidad es la declaración que debe ser de un partido en particular, comercial o producto. Por lo tanto, cualquier declaración general acerca de una profesión en su conjunto no puede constituir difamación, sino una declaración falsa acerca de una empresa puede ser la base de una reclamación reputación.
La reglamentación del gobierno de las actividades comerciales, y la responsabilidad de dueños de establecimientos comerciales por concepto de daños a tenor con los casos del Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico.
ACOSTA v. DACO
En este caso se examinó la Ley de Alimentos, Drogas y Cosméticos (la "F.D.C.A."), 52 Stat. 1040 y ss., 21 U.S.C.A. sec. 301 y ss.[1] La F.D.C.A. la cual se aplica expresamente a Puerto Rico, en igualdad de condiciones que a cualquier estado de la Unión Americana. 21 U.S.C.A. sec. 321(a). Ibid., apartado (f). La F.D.C.A. prohíbe la rotulación indebida de alimentos en el comercio interestatal. La Sec. 15 de la Ley de Pesas y Medidas, 23 L.P.R.A. sec. 915, esta no permite de su faz un peso menor que el rotulado. La ley en P.R. solo prohíbe la venta de una cantidad menor que la indicada..
ELA V. MALAVE
En este caso, la Ley de Cierre dispone la posibilidad de que en un mismo establecimiento comercial se realicen actividades comerciales exentas conjuntamente con otras no exentas. Se determinó que el establecimiento comercial del Sr. Malavé podrá operar sin las restricciones impuestas por la Ley de Cierre, y todo lo relacionado con las actividades económicas exentas. Ya que existían pruebas contundentes de que este establecimiento era tanto exento como no exento y no había pruebas que el Sr. Malavé hubiera incurrido en una violación a la Ley de Cierre.
VIÑAS v. PUEBLO SUPERMARKET
En este caso se utilizó el Código Civil, 31 L.P.R.A. 5141 (Supl. 1961). El cual se reduce a determinar si el concepto "Imprudencia" como se usa en la ley incluye la asunción de riesgo. El término "Asunción de riesgo" enmarca diversas acepciones. El juez determinó que hubo negligencia contribuyente. El demandante no pierde su causa de acción, pero si conllevaría a la reducción de la indemnización que pueda tener por derecho.
Colón González v. KMART
En este caso se utilizó el artículo 1802 del Código Civil, supra, establece que la persona que por acción u omisión cause daño a otro interviniendo culpa o negligencia, estará obligada a reparar el daño causado, siempre que concurran tres elementos básicos: 1) la presencia de un daño físico o emocional en el demandante; 2) que haya surgido a raíz de un acto u omisión culposa o negligente del demandado; y 3) que exista un nexo causal entre el daño sufrido y dicho acto u omisión. Cintrón Adorno v. Gómez, res. El 22 de febrero de 1999, 147 D.P.R. __, 99 T.S.P.R. 18, 99 J.T.S. 20. Fallando a favor de la demandante por danos y perjuicios, negligencia u omisión de parte del demandado.

Referencias
Melvin, S. P. (2011). The legal environment of business: A managerial approach: Theory to practice. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
LexJuris de Puerto Rico. Acosta v. DACO, 114 D.P.R. 160 (1983) Retrieved from http://www.lexjuris.com/lexjuris/tspr2004/lexj2004017.htm LexJuris de Puerto Rico. E.L.A. v. Malavé, (2002) TSPR 96. Retrieved from http://www.lexjuris.com/lexjuris/tspr2002/lexj2002096.htm Viñasv.Pueblo,83D.P.R.33(1962)Retrievedfromhttp://www.ramajudicial.pr/junta/acrobat/gen erales/1RESPONSABILIDAD_CIVIL_EXTRACONTRACTUAL_DANOS_Y_PER JUICIOS_%20DI%20_2.pdf
LexJurisdePuertoRico.Colónv.KMART,(2001).TSPR95.Retrievedfromhttp://www.lexjuris.co
m/LEXJURIS/tspr2001/lex2001095.htm

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