...S Corporation vs. C Corporation: AComparison Category: Incorporating Your Business When starting a business or changing your business structure, one of the most common options small business owners evaluate is whether to form an S corporation (S corp) or C corporation (C corp). These are the two most common ways to incorporate online, and the choice really depends on your business goals. S corporation vs. C corporation: The similarities The C corporation is the standard corporation, while the S corporation has elected a special tax status with the IRS. It gets its name because it is defined in Subchapter S of the Internal Revenue Code. To elect S corporation status when forming a corporation, Form 2553 must be filed with the IRS and all S corporation guidelines met. But C corporations and S corporations share many qualities: * Limited liability protection. Both offer limited liability protection, so shareholders (owners) are typically not personally responsible for business debts and liabilities. * Separate entities. Both the S corp and C corp are separate legal entities created by a state filing. * Filing documents. Formation documents must be filed with the state. These documents, typically called the Articles of Incorporation or Certificate of Incorporation, are the same for both C and S corporations. * Structure. Both have shareholders, directors and officers. Shareholders are the owners of the company and elect the board of directors, who in turn...
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...Nick Parlante Abstract This document reviews basic linked list code techniques and then works through 18 linked list problems covering a wide range of difficulty. Most obviously, these problems are a way to learn about linked lists. More importantly, these problems are a way to develop your ability with complex pointer algorithms. Even though modern languages and tools have made linked lists pretty unimportant for day-to-day programming, the skills for complex pointer algorithms are very important, and linked lists are an excellent way to develop those skills. The problems use the C language syntax, so they require a basic understanding of C and its pointer syntax. The emphasis is on the important concepts of pointer manipulation and linked list algorithms rather than the features of the C language. For some of the problems we present multiple solutions, such as iteration vs. recursion, dummy node vs. local reference. The specific problems are, in rough order of difficulty: Count, GetNth, DeleteList, Pop, InsertNth, SortedInsert, InsertSort, Append, FrontBackSplit, RemoveDuplicates, MoveNode, AlternatingSplit, ShuffleMerge, SortedMerge, SortedIntersect, Reverse, and RecursiveReverse. Contents Section 1 — Review of basic linked list code techniques Section 2 — 18 list problems in increasing order of difficulty Section 3 — Solutions to all the problems 3 10 20 This is document #105, Linked List Problems, in the Stanford CS Education Library. This and other free educational materials...
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...Report Bundle C++Ox: The Dawning of a New Standard Contents C++0x: The Dawning of a New Standard It's been 10 years since the first ISO C++ standard, and 2009 will bring us the second. In this special report, DevX delves into the new features being discussed by the standards team. Learn how these new features will revolutionize the way you code. Overview: C++ Gets an Overhaul It's been 10 years since the first ISO C++ standard, and 2009 will bring us the second. Learn about the new features being added and how they will revolutionize the language. Easier C++: An Introduction to Concepts C++0x concepts bring the full power of the Generic Programming paradigm to C++, making templates more expressive, easier to write, and easier to use. Spectacularly poor template error messages are a thing of the past! Simpler Multithreading in C++0x The new standard will support multithreading, with a new thread library. Find out how this will improve porting code, and reduce the number of APIs and syntaxes you use. The State of the Language: An Interview with Bjarne Stroustrup C++ founding father assesses the language on the eve of its new standard. Timeline: C++ in Retrospect From its nascent pre-processor in 1979 to today's incredibly sophisticated language features and libraries, we've documented each step along the way. C++0x: The Dawning of a New Standard Overview: C++ Gets an Overhaul Overview: C++ Gets an Overhaul C++Ox: The Dawning...
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...Python 2 Features 4 Advantages and Disadvantages 5 Python vs. C 5 Summary 11 Bibliography 12 Introduction After comparing several programming languages, I have found many books and websites expressing how fast and efficient Python is. Further, many research papers describe the advantages of adding Python to computer sciences classes. For this reason I decided to study this language and compare it to one that I am familiar with, like the C language. This paper contains the history of Python, from its creation until now. It shows the features that make Python so popular, and the differences between Python and other languages. Most importantly, it explains the four pillars that are the foundation of the Python programming language, which are to provide quality, increase productivity, portability, and integration. Through this paper illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of Python, by showing that, although an interpretative language such as Python will never be as fast as a compiled language like C, it will be more efficient and useful in a variety of cases. The Python Programming Language History of Python Python (Software, 2011) is a relatively recent, object-oriented, interpreted scripting language created by Guido van Rossum at Stichting Mathematisch Centrum (CVI) in the Netherlands. According to Mark Pilgrim, Python is a successor of the ABC language and C (Pilgrim, 2004). It is interesting how fast in became popular...
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...Yourself C in 24 Hours Previous | Table of Contents | Next Hour 1 - Getting Started A journey of a thousand miles is started by taking the first step. —Chinese proverb High thoughts must have high language. —Aristophanes Welcome to Teach Yourself C in 24 Hours. In this first lesson you'll learn the following: What C is Why you need to learn C The ANSI standard Hardware and software required in order to run the C program What Is C? C is a programming language. The C language was first developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at AT&T Bell Labs. Ritchie called his newly developed language C simply because there was a B programming language already. (As a matter of fact, the B language led to the development of C.) C is a high-level programming language. In fact, C is one of the most popular general-purpose programming languages. In the computer world, the further a programming language is from the computer architecture, the higher the language's level. You can imagine that the lowest-level languages are machine languages that computers understand directly. The high-level programming languages, on the other hand, are closer to our human languages. (See Figure 1.1.) Figure 1.1. The language spectrum. High-level programming languages, including C, have the following advantages: Readability: Programs are easy to read. Maintainability: Programs are easy to maintain. Portability: Programs are easy to port across different computer platforms. The C language's...
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...Programs and Designs Scott Meyers More Effective C ADDISON-WESLEY PROFESSIONAL COMPUTING SERIES ++ Conforms to the new ISO/ANSI C++ standard! From the Library of Yuri Khan Praise for More Effective C++: 35 New Ways to Improve Your Programs and Designs “This is an enlightening book on many aspects of C++: both the regions of the language you seldom visit, and the familiar ones you THOUGHT you understood. Only by understanding deeply how the C++ compiler interprets your code can you hope to write robust software using this language. This book is an invaluable resource for gaining that level of understanding. After reading this book, I feel like I've been through a code review with a master C++ programmer, and picked up many of his most valuable insights.” — Fred Wild, Vice President of Technology, Advantage Software Technologies “This book includes a great collection of important techniques for writing programs that use C++ well. It explains how to design and implement the ideas, and what hidden pitfalls lurk in some obvious alternative designs. It also includes clear explanations of features recently added to C++. Anyone who wants to use these new features will want a copy of this book close at hand for ready reference.” — Christopher J. Van Wyk, Professor, Mathematics and Computer Science, Drew University “Industrial strength C++ at its best. The perfect companion to those who have read Effective C++.” — Eric Nagler, C++ Instructor and Author, University of California...
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...C Programming Tutorial C PROGRAMMING TUTORIAL Simply Easy Learning by tutorialspoint.com tutorialspoint.com i COPYRIGHT & DISCLAIMER NOTICE All the content and graphics on this tutorial are the property of tutorialspoint.com. Any content from tutorialspoint.com or this tutorial may not be redistributed or reproduced in any way, shape, or form without the written permission of tutorialspoint.com. Failure to do so is a violation of copyright laws. This tutorial may contain inaccuracies or errors and tutorialspoint provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy of the site or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover that the tutorialspoint.com site or this tutorial content contains some errors, please contact us at webmaster@tutorialspoint.com ii T able of Contents C Language Overview .............................................................. 1 Facts about C ............................................................................................... 1 Why to use C ? ............................................................................................. 2 C Programs .................................................................................................. 2 C Environment Setup ............................................................... 3 Text Editor ................................................................................................... 3 The C Compiler ................................................
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...Welcome to CS 241 Systems Programming at Illinois Robin Kravets Copyright ©: University of Illinois CS 241 Staff 1 The Team Robin Kravets TAs Office: 3114 SC rhk@illinois.edu Wade Fagen, Farhana Ashraf, Hilfi Alkaff and Mainak Ghosh Discussion Sections 8 sessions (Thursdays 9, 10, 11, 12, 1, 2, 3, 4) All sections in SC 0220 Copyright ©: University of Illinois CS 241 Staff 2 News and Email Announcements and discussions: Piazza http://www.piazza.com/illinois/cs241 All class questions This is your one-stop help-line! Will get answer < 24 hours e-mail cs241help-fa12@cs.illinois.edu Personal questions not postable on the news group Copyright ©: University of Illinois CS 241 Staff 3 The Textbook Introduction to Systems Concepts and Systems Programming University of Illinois Custom Edition Copyright © 2007 Pearson Custom Publishing ISBN 0-536-48928-9 Taken from: Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, Fifth Edition, by William Stallings UNIX™ Systems Programming: Communication, Concurrency, and Threads, by Kay A. Robbins and Steven Robbins Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective, by Randal E. Bryant and David R. O'Hallaron Copyright ©: University of Illinois CS 241 Staff 4 Your CS 241 “Mission” Come to class Read textbook 20% 7:00 – 9:00 PM October 15th Final 3% 47% Longer MPs are worth a little more Midterm Reading assignments posted on webpage Homework...
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...environment 3. Programming language: Sub myfirstmacro() Commentary will automatically be green Commentary will automatically be green ‘my first macro ‘This is commentary Sheets(”Sheet 1”). Select Range (“A3”).Select ActiveCell. Value = 5 Sheets(“Sheet 1”). Select Range (“B2). Select ActiveCell. Value=62 End Sub 4. Variables: Ex1: a=a+1, if a = 5, a now is 6. Previous value of a is not existed any more. Ex2: c= “hi all!”. Words must be included in quotation mark. Ex3: d=c&”Bye!” comes to hi all!bye! a. variable names: * Must begin with a letter * Only can be letters, numbers and underscores * <=255 characters * Cannot be special reserved word like print or save 5.programming language2 Sub mathfun() Sheets("sheet1").Select Range("B3").Select a = ActiveCell.Value Range("B4").Select Summy is variable of sum of numbers; divvy is variable of division Summy is variable of sum of numbers; divvy is variable of division b = ActiveCell.Value Range("B5").Select c = ActiveCell.Value summy = a + b divvy = b / c Range("A7").Select ActiveCell.Value = summy Range("A8").Select ActiveCell.Value = divvy 6.If wanna change value of variables, just need to change value and run macros. But in order to be...
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...Computer Science 2n (Level 0) n2 (Level 1) n (Level 2) log(n) (Level 3) data structures Doesn’t know the difference between Array and LinkedList Able to explain and use Arrays, LinkedLists, Dictionaries etc in practical programming tasks Knows space and time tradeoffs of the basic data structures, Arrays vs LinkedLists, Able to explain how hashtables can be implemented and can handle collisions, Priority queues and ways to implement them etc. Knowledge of advanced data structures like B-trees, binomial and fibonacci heaps, AVL/Red Black trees, Splay Trees, Skip Lists, tries etc. algorithms Unable to find the average of numbers in an array (It’s hard to believe but I’ve interviewed such candidates) Basic sorting, searching and data structure traversal and retrieval algorithms Tree, Graph, simple greedy and divide and conquer algorithms, is able to understand the relevance of the levels of this matrix. systems programming Doesn’t know what a compiler, linker or interpreter is Basic understanding of compilers, linker and interpreters. Understands Understands kernel mode vs. user mode, multi-threading, synchronization primitives and how they’re implemented, able to read what assembly code is and how things work at the hardware level. Some assembly code. Understands how networks work, understanding of network protocols and socket level programming. knowledge of virtual memory and paging. Able to recognize and code dynamic...
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...C Primer Plus Sixth Edition Developer’s Library ESSENTIAL REFERENCES FOR PROGRAMMING PROFESSIONALS Developer’s Library books are designed to provide practicing programmers with unique, high-quality references and tutorials on the programming languages and technologies they use in their daily work. All books in the Developer’s Library are written by expert technology practitioners who are especially skilled at organizing and presenting information in a way that’s useful for other programmers. Key titles include some of the best, most widely acclaimed books within their topic areas: PHP & MySQL Web Development Luke Welling & Laura Thomson ISBN 978-0-672-32916-6 Python Essential Reference David Beazley ISBN-13: 978-0-672-32978-4 MySQL Paul DuBois ISBN-13: 978-0-321-83387-7 PostgreSQL Korry Douglas ISBN-13: 978-0-672-32756-8 Linux Kernel Development Robert Love ISBN-13: 978-0-672-32946-3 C++ Primer Plus Stephen Prata ISBN-13: 978-0-321-77640-2 Developer’s Library books are available in print and in electronic formats at most retail and online bookstores, as well as by subscription from Safari Books Online at safari. informit.com Developer’s Library informit.com/devlibrary C Primer Plus Sixth Edition Stephen Prata Upper Saddle River, NJ • Boston • Indianapolis • San Francisco New York • Toronto • Montreal • London • Munich • Paris • Madrid Cape Town • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City C Primer Plus Sixth...
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...Linked List 1 List vs Arrays Two built-in data structures that can be used to organize data, or to create other data structures: • Lists • Arrays Lists A list is an ordered set of data. It is often used to store objects that are to be processed sequentially. Arrays An array is an indexed set of variables, such as dancer[1], dancer[2], dancer[3],… It is like a set of boxes that hold things. A list is a set of items. An array is a set of variables that each store an item. Arrays and Lists You can see the difference between arrays and lists when you delete items. Arrays and Lists In a list, the missing spot is filled in when something is deleted. Arrays and Lists In an array, an empty variable is left behind when something is deleted. What’s wrong with Array and Why lists? • Disadvantages of arrays as storage data structures: – slow searching in unordered array – slow insertion in ordered array – Fixed size • Linked lists solve some of these problems • Linked lists are general purpose storage data structures and are versatile. Linked Lists A Head B C • A linked list is a series of connected nodes • Each node contains at least – A piece of data (any type) – Pointer to the next node in the list • Head: pointer to the first node • The last node points to NULL node A data pointer The composition of a Linked List • A linked list is called "linked" because each node in the series has a pointer that points...
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...About The Tutorial C is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis M. Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories to develop the UNIX operating system. C is the most widely used computer language. It keeps fluctuating at number one scale of popularity along with Java programming language, which is also equally popular and most widely used among modern software programmers. Audience This tutorial is designed for software programmers with a need to understand the C programming language starting from scratch. This tutorial will give you enough understanding on C programming language from where you can take yourself to higher level of expertise. Prerequisites Before proceeding with this tutorial, you should have a basic understanding of Computer Programming terminologies. A basic understanding of any of the programming languages will help you in understanding the C programming concepts and move fast on the learning track. Copyright & Disclaimer Copyright 2014 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute or republish any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in any manner without written consent of the publisher. We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as possible, however, the...
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...PHP PHP code can be included alone inside a file or can be embedded inside the html code and runs on webserver. The PHP files have extension of .php. The PHP code syntax is: <?php ‘code goes here’ ?> We have to use semi colon at the end of each command/line. If we only have php code in a file, then we need to make sure that there is no space before the opening php tags or after the closing php tag. If the file extension is .php then we can only view that file through web browser where php is installed even if the file does not have any php code. On our local servers we need to store the files in the root folder, which for WAMP is C:\wamp\www. We also need to make sure that the local server is running. The local port is 80, if we are using a different port than standard then we need to specify that e.g. http://localhost:8888/. We can have as many blocks of php codes inside html as we want. However, we cant nest one php code inside another. We can also insert php code above the html code and that works perfectly fine. The php code directly works with the database so if we are not outputting anything in html the code above html code works just fine. . Period: Period is used to concatenate two strings. Variable: In PHP all variable name start with ‘$’ sign e.g. $name = ‘Ali’;. Remember ‘$this’ is a reserved variable so don’t use this. Some people use parenthesis around variable but it is completely optional to use. String: The php string works the same way...
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...Black and white; happy and sad. These are both opposites of each other. However, there are also similarities between each other. Black and white may be considered completely different, but the resemblance between them is that they are still colors. Happy and sad are perceived as opposites, but the similarity they share is that they are both emotions. This whole concept applies directly to the Christian religions Catholics and Baptists. They are both similar, yet they are both different. Catholics believe that the bishops are the ones that come after Jesus’ apostles, and fill their shoes. St. Peter’s ‘descendent’ is the Pope. The Virgin Mary is extremely important in Catholicism. They believe that she was: Immaculate in her conception, a most perfect virgin in her divine motherhood, the noble associate of the divine Redeemer who has won a complete triumph over sin and its consequences, finally obtained, as the supreme culmination of her privileges, that she should be preserved free from the corruption of the tomb and that, like her own Son, having overcome death, she might be taken up body and soul to the glory of heaven where, as Queen, she sits in splendor at the right hand of her Son, the immortal King of the Ages. (“Munificentissimus Deus”) The Catholic religion is growing. Francis X. Rocca, a reporter on Religion News Services for USA Today, wrote in her article, “The number of Catholics in the world edged up 1% in 2009, the Vatican says, bringing to 1.18 billion...
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