...The use of coronary artery stents by percutaneous implantation has transformed the treatment of coronary artery disease over the years. The use of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAT), with drugs such as aspirin and clopidogrel is vital in preventing adverse cardiovascular events, following coronary artery stent placement. DAT treatment is required for a minimum of 12 months with drug-eluting stent (DES) placement. Prolonged DAT treatment, may cause bleeding complications in the gastrointestinal tract. For this reason DAT is often combined with anti-secretory agents, including proton pump inhibitors (ex. Prilosec, Nexium, Protonix, Prevacid), or H2 antagonist (ex. Tagamet, Axid, Zantac, Pepcid) receptors. However, this practice should be cautioned, because proton pump inhibitors (PPI) may impact the effectiveness of DAT, which may lead to re-stenosis of coronary stent. In the article, Impact of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy with Proton Pump Inhibitors on the Outcome of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation, the authors present the results from a clinical study to assess if proton pump inhibitors (PPI) reduce the effectiveness of clopidogrel, in comparison to H2 antagonists for complications causing recurrence of acute coronary syndrome. As healthcare providers, it is important to know the adverse interactions associated with drug therapies, in order to provide education to patients concerning health and well-being. Impact of Dual Antiplatelet...
Words: 298 - Pages: 2
...A Review: Genetics as a Predictor for Success for Elite Athletes Performing in Power vs. Endurance Sports Common wisdom tells us that a sprinter is highly unlikely to excel in a marathon, and vice versa. It is easy to conceive that genetic variation is a major source of such differences in athletic ability. Actually identifying these genetic causes requires classification of athletic traits and in depth data analysis. Every year the number of polymorphisms that are candidates to clarify individual variations in sports performance increases. The growth of complexity and disproportion between studies parallels with advances in sports genetics. Additionally, there are numerous factors that play a part in these studies of elite athletes. These factors include gender, size of population, ethnic origin or level of competition of candidates, and the statistical approaches all make correlations between studies difficult. Recent studies support the possibility of developing polygenic profiles that could be used as a method to determine an athlete’s genetic predisposition to certain sports and events. A recent study conducted by Buxens et al., investigated the correlation between genetic polymorphisms and world-class endurance vs power athletes. Their research was published in an academic journal and was titled; “Can we predict top-level sports performance in power vs endurance events? A genetic approach”. The goal of their study was to discriminate potential genetic differences...
Words: 932 - Pages: 4
...Richard Dawkins- need to know terminology. The Gene- a basic unit of natural selection. We are a mass of these genes and unconsciously they decide which are strong and which are weak. They affect our behaviour through our consciousness and our brains. Selfishness- the principle of acting in one’s own interest. Dawkins uses this term when writing about the selfish gene as he is suggesting just like most creatures who will to survive, each gene is trying to prolong its own survival and existence. It can do this through different ways. The Extended Phenotype- an idea to mean the effects that a gene has on the outside world that may influence its chances of being replicate. Great example- For instance a Beaver dam might be considered a phenotype of beaver genes, the same way beaver’s incisors might be considered to be a phenotype of beaver genes. This would mean that both the dam and the teeth are phenotypes expressions of their genes. Mutations- these are simply changes. In a sense Dawkins is suggesting that genes can mutate and there evolve within a body. This can then affect behaviour in a person. These changes can occur in a life and genes can replicate themselves. Replicators- genes that are trying on an unconscious level to make more of themselves to enable their survival. This can be done by procreation but also within a person. Consciousness- Our sense of self and the idea that we are one not simply millions of genes fighting for survival. Dawkins believes that this...
Words: 402 - Pages: 2
...that we could observe the different phenotypes and compare them to Mendel’s proposed ratios. Mendel, who had studied peas, did a similar experiment and came up with specific ratios that a monohybrid and dihybrid cross should show. His findings were that for a monohybrid cross, such as my crosses three and six, the phenotypes would have a ratio of 3:1 (Russell 2003). My results show that cross six fails to reject Mendel’s hypothesis with a ratio of 3 purple to 1 non-purple plant observed. However, cross three did reject Mendel’s hypothesis because epistasis was involved (Strickberger 1985). The results of my last monohybrid cross, cross three, showed a phenotypic ratio of 9 with a yellow tip to 7 all green plants. The dihybrid cross that my group generated showed a 9:3:3:1 ratio of phenotypes, which is the ratio Mendel proposed for such a cross. The phenotypes visible for the dihybrid cross were red stem green leaf, red stem white leaf, no red stem green leaf, and no red stem white leaf. Introduction Genetics, which is the science of heredity, has four major areas. One of these areas is called transmission or Mendelian genetics, which deals with the transmission of genes from generation to generation (Russell 2003). Within this area, there are hereditary traits, which are controlled by genes. As studied by Mendel, genotype and phenotype are both characteristics of an organism. Genotype is the genetic make-up of an organism while phenotype is the observable characteristics of...
Words: 2393 - Pages: 10
...Chapter 1: The Science of Child Development * John Locke (1632-1704) British philosopher Tabula rasa “blank slate”- Learning through: instruct, reward, discipline * Jean J. Rousseau (1712-1778) French Philosopher Noble savage- Endowed with an innate sense of justice and morality that unfolds naturally as children grow * Charles Darwin British Naturalist 1809 -1882 Conceptual Contribution: evolutionary theory; survival of the fittest * Stanley Hall (1844-1924) norming studies: founded child-study institute at Clark University. First president of American Psychological Association. * Alfred Binet (1857-1911) French psychologist- intelligence test - Binet-Simon Test Stanford-Binet Test The Biological Perspective: Definition: Development is determined primarily by biological forces * In ethological theory, many behaviors are viewed as adaptive because they have survival value (examples: Reflexes, crying, social interactions (attention-seeking); self-control/independence; * In maturational theory, development reflects the natural unfolding of a pre-arranged biological plan; Arnold Gesell (1880-1961)Critical Period – imprinting (Konrad Lorez 1903-1989), language) The Learning Perspective * Classical Conditioning – Watson’s little Albert Experiment * Operant Conditioning – B. F. Skinner (reinforcement and punishment) * Bandura’s social cognitive theory: children are actively trying to understand what is going on in their world; what is reinforced...
Words: 1352 - Pages: 6
