...Calcium and vitamin D combination therapy has been accepted as the baseline treatment for osteoporosis. Calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation reduced the risk of hip fractures and other non-vertebral fractures among elderly women in a three year clinical study and also show significant benefit after 18 months.60 Bisphosphonates Bisphosphonates are the most commonly prescribed drugs to treat osteoporosis. The first bisphosphonate approved by the FDA was Alendronate, a once daily oral medication. Now other drug have been added to the list such as pamidronate; alendronate; ibandronate; etidronate, clodronate; risedronate prescribed daily, weekly, or monthly at varying doses; Zoledronic acid with a single intravenous transfusion annually. Bisphosphates...
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...[pic] A Project Report On THE PRE – LAUNCH MARKET SURVEY OF CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS At Shreya Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd Submitted to: Company Guide: Mr.Ranjeet Kadam General Manager Marketing, Akucare Division Submitted by: Darshana D Ghadi MBA (Bioinformatics) Dr. D.Y.Patil University, Department of Business Management . INDEX |SERIAL NO |CONTENTS |PAGE NUMBERS | |1 | PREFACE |3 | |2 |ACKNOWLEDGEMENT |4 | |3 |DECLARATION |5 | |3 |COMPANY PROFILE |6-10 | |4 |INTRODUCTION |11-14 | |5 |PRODUCT INTRODUCTION |15 ...
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...Calcium channel blockers were first identified in the lab of German pharmacologist Albrecht Fleckenstein in 1964. These drugs disrupt the movement of calcium; they are most commonly used as anti-hypertensive drugs in order to decrease blood pressure in patients who are hypertensive. They are often used with elderly patients to reduce stiffness of large vessels. They are also used to alter heart rate and prevent vasospasm, which is a prolonged constriction of major arteries in the body. Recently, some are being used as migraine preventers and powerful painkillers. In the body's tissues, the concentration of calcium ions outside of cells is thousands of times higher than the concentration inside of cells. Embedded in the membrane of some cells are calcium channels. When these cells receive a certain signal, the channels open, letting calcium rush into the cell. The resulting increase in intracellular calcium has different effects in different types of cells. Calcium channel blockers prevent or reduce the opening of these channels and thereby reduce these effects CCBs used as medications primarily have three effects: • By acting on smooth muscle they reduce contraction of the arteries and cause an increase in arterial diameter, known as vasodilation. • By acting on cardiac muscles (myocardium), they reduce the force of contraction of the heart • By slowing down the conduction of electrical activity within the heart, they slow down the heart beat. These effects cause an overall...
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...Role of calcium in synapse transmission Calcium is a natural mineral that is supposed to be ingested into the body by human beings in order to have a healthy life.Calcium has a role in maintaining the health of the skin, bones and cartilages, muscle coordination and ultimately the central nervous system (CNS).This means that humans cannot live without calcium (Xu, J et al), but it is only needed in small amounts, to the tune of milligrams. A synapse is a space between two neurons in which neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neurons to exert an effect on the subsequent postsynaptic neuron.An action potential is generated in the pre-synaptic neuron by generating the influx of Na+ through the sodium channels and an efflux of the K+ ions via the Potassium channels.The action potential at the presynaptic terminal, triggers the influx of calcium into the terminal axon. The influx of calcium plays a functional role in the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft. The experiment performed by Katz and Ricardo Melidi showed that presynaptic terminals that are treated with tetrodotoxin( binds sodium) are still capable of generating prolonged action potentials. The current was flowing through calcium channels instead of sodium. Another experiment by rodolfo llinas indicated presence of voltage gated calcium channels in presynaptic terminals. The experiment was carried out by using giant squid axon, confirmed the presence of...
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...milk is low in vitamin D. The disease can also appear in toddlers and older children it is said that this is due to low dietary calcium intake. This can be solved simply with calcium supplements. Nutritional Disorders Rickets Nutritional rickets is a disease that causes the bones to soften and often times break (7). When people think about it they normally visualize kids that have misshaped legs and arms and mostly kids that are malnourished. The causes of this disease are a vitamin D deficiency, calcium deficiency and the lack of ultraviolent light exposure (1). Despite the medical advancements nutritional rickets remains a major problem in developing countries. In this paper, I will review what the disease is, the causes, how it is diagnosed, signs and symptoms, how to treat, and the prognosis. Nutritional rickets also known as osteomalacia in adults causes the bones to soften and to break (2). This disease is mostly seen in children ages six to twenty-four months. It is more prevalent to kids in this age range due to them solely being breast-fed and there is a lack of vitamin D in breast milk(5). Nutritional rickets is also seen in toddlers and older children and this is primarily because of the lack of calcium intake. This disease is primarily seen most in developing countries due to the lack of availability of vitamin D, calcium and...
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...Minerals are important to muscle functions and body structure, nerve function and fluid balance. There are sixty minerals that make up only 4% of our body weight. Twenty-two minerals are required in the dietary intake to maintain health. There are two categories that minerals are broken down in to, macrominerals and microminerals. Macrominerals are considered major minerals and include calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride and sulfur. Microminerals or trace elements are needed in smaller quantities and include iron, copper, zinc, selenium and iodine among others. Trace elements are likewise important but are needed in smaller amounts. All of these minerals have a certain function and its own source. Sources of minerals are abundant and can be found in both food and plant sources. For fluid balance, sodium, potassium and chloride are all necessary. Magnesium, sodium, calcium and potassium are critical for proper nerve transmission and functioning. Magnesium and phosphorus are both required for healthy bones and teeth and sulfur is needed for healthy protein molecules. Calcium is most known to keep bones and teeth healthy, it is also important for blood clotting, immune system and regulation and blood pressure regulation. It also helps with muscle contraction and relaxing. Phosphorus is also important for healthy bones and teeth and found in every cell; part of the system that maintains acid-base balance. Sources are milk and milk products; canned fish with...
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...adductive measure to increase the urine output. Starting dose 250 to 500 mg IV every 8-12 hours. Third Line of Diuretics: Metalazone Its also used as adductive measure to increase the urine output. It is very useful when GFR is at low level. Starting dose 2.5 to 5 mg orally BID. Given 30 minutes before loop diuretics. Treat Electrolyte Imbalance: Hyperkalemia, if potassium level around 7.5 to 8 mEq/L. EKG show flattened T waves and widened QRS complex. Treat with calcium gluconate 10 ml in 10% infusion over 5 min. to stabilize the plasma membrane. If potassium level between 6.5 to 7 mEq/L EKG finding non-significant Treat with either insulin or D50 infusion If potassium level around 6 mEq/L Treat with kexylate Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia Use phosphate binding agents to treat hyperphosphatemia Aluminum hydroxide 500 mg orally with meals. It binds with the phosphate in the intestine. For Hypocalcemia Use Calcium Carbonate 500 to 1500 mg orally three times daily. Calcium Acetate 667mg two tablets twice a day orally before meals. Preventive Approach: Restrict the protein amount to prevent metabolic acidosis. Judicious use of fluid volume to...
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...other diseases, and joint overuse? Osteoporosis can start with a broken bone, in the hip, wrist after a bump or fall, or even spine. Osteoporosis is also known as wear and tear arthritis. According to “The Department of Health” (2010), “There are a number of ways of specifically reducing the risk of the onset of arthritis and osteoporosis, including avoiding joint injury, avoiding vitamin D and calcium deficiencies, and falls and falls injuries prevention strategies.” (Risk factors specific to arthritis and osteoporosis). Some prevention strategies are proper nutrition, exercising, good posture, and routine doctor check-ups. Proper nutrition is an important factor in maintaining a healthy musculoskeletal system in old age. Did you know having enough calcium is important in order to prevent osteoporosis, as calcium is a very important factor form bone formation? The body is not able to produce the calcium it requires from the diet. Not supplying your body with the calcium it needs have been shown that it leads to low bone mineral density. Vitamin D is important in order to absorb the calcium that helps regulate bone formation. Exercising regularly is another important factor in maintaining a healthy musculoskeletal system in old age. Weak muscles can cause a person to be at a greater risks for falls and injuries. Exercising strengthen the muscles, which helps to prevent injuries caused by falling. Strong muscles strengthen a person’s balance and better balance lessens a person’s...
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...essential to the body structure. Osteomalacia is a disease characterized by the softening of the bones due to not enough levels of certain minerals; especially calcium and Vitamin D. The word can also be known as “soft bones.” Vitamin D deficiency is common and affects many serious diseases, yet often goes unrecognized. Vitamin D can sometimes be called the sunshine vitamin because it can be produced in your skin in response to sunlight. When exposed to sunlight, your body...
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...which measures the amount of calcium and minerals in the bone. Osteoporosis typically affects the elderly, but it is not a normal part of aging. Many of the risk factor can be controlled; however age being one of the biggest risk factor is unavoidable, along with race and gender. Osteoporosis can happen to anyone, it has not age, gender or ethical boundaries. However it does tend to affect more women of Caucasian and Asian descent. It also affects women that are going through menopause. All of these risk factors are unavoidable. Men and other population can get osteoporosis; they are just at a slightly lower risk than Caucasian and Asian women. Certain medications such as oral or inhaled corticosteroid medications that may be necessary in treating other heath condition my lead to osteoporosis. Medication such as corticosteroids and steroids can affect bone density. Other genetic risk factors are family history of osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Having a family history does not mean that you are automatically going to get the disease but it can be a factor. There are many controllable factors in reducing the risk of osteoporosis. Diet, exercise and other behaviors are at least as important as genetics in determining who develops osteoporosis. People that exercise 3 hour a week or more have a considerably lower change of developing the disease. Weight-baring exercise that stresses the bones is important because it promotes the body to aid in calcium to the bones. Weight lifting...
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...of glass. Today I will discuss the conservation methods and techniques used to preserve these finds. The decomposition of glass is essentially a preferential leaching and diffusion of alkali ions, across a hydrated porous silica network Factors effecting this decomposition are: 1. The composition of the glass itself 2. The composition and pH of the attacking solution 3. The temperature of the attacking solution 1. Time. The composition of the glass will determine its stability. Glass is composed of a network former -silica, and alkaline modifier such as sodium or potassium oxide, and calcium oxide, the positively charged ions of which will stabilize the negative ions of the alkali. The composition of most glass from archaeological contexts is unbalanced and much ancient glass is lost as a result of decomposition arising from excess alkali in the basic formula, insufficient calcium to stabilize it, or imperfect mixing of ingredients due to inadequate heating during manufacture. This results in alkali which is inadequately combined with the silica, and is thus susceptible to leaching out by the action of water. The remaining silica may be so minimal that chemical bonds between the glass components cannot be maintained and the glass will deteriorate. With the exception of damage caused by dehydration, water, and above all accumulated moisture, is the most important factor initiating and sustaining...
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...Report Dietary supplements, do people need them? What are the benefits and/or risks of taking them? Does the government regulate them like they do prescription medications? Do dietary supplements help with diseases or ailments and do they have risks attached to them? Dietary supplements are vithgfdsaamins, minerals, herbs and other substances intended to improve the diet. They come in several different forms; pills, capsules, powders and liquids. (Dietary Supplements, 2012) There are proven benefits from hgfdsataking dietary supplements; when a proper diet is not followed daily the body needs dietary supplements to ensure it is receiving all the nunjhgfdstrients necessary to function properly. Vitamin D, A and calcium are necessary for bone health, they both help to keep the bones strong and they help prevent bone loss. Vitamin A also supports vision. Vitamin K helps in the clotting of blood. Vitamin E strengthens the immune system and assists in repairing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Pregnant women may get a recommendation from their doctor to take a folic acid supplement to reduce the risk of birth defects for their child. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies can impair the body’s ability to heal and prothgfdsaect it; a multivitamin for anyone that does not eat a proper diet as recommended by the food pyramid is probably a good choice. The choice to take dietary supplements is an individual choice however; there are questions that that be asked...
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...Mineral and Water Function Essay Water and minerals are essential to our survival as humans. Not getting enough of the two things can cause a lot of problems, anywhere from dehydration, anemia, high blood pressure, and increased risk of infection. The functions and sources depend on the mineral. For example calcium, which is milk, cheese, yogurt, and orange juice builds bones and teeth and keeps them strong, it also slows down bone loss, and helps muscles work properly. The mineral iron, which is meat, fish, poultry, iron and grain carries oxygen to all parts of your body and keeps you from being tired. Another mineral is potassium, which is bananas, sweet potatoes, tomato juice, prune juice, and dark leafy greens, helps control your blood pressure, and allows nerves and muscles to work together. A mineral named magnesium, which is spinach, bran cereal, peas, almonds, cashews, and seeds keeps nerves and muscles strong, and helps your bones and teeth. Some of these minerals have things in common with the functions, but they all come from different sources. There are several functions of water in our body, one it distributing essential nutrients to cells, such as minerals, vitamins and glucose. Also Water removes waste products including toxins that the organs’ cells reject, and removes them through urines. As well as being an effective lubricant around joints water also regulates your body temperature. The main way to prevent dehydration is to drink plenty of water...
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...Alkali metals Cations occur in wide variety of important chemicals The metals are all very reactive when pure – strongly reducing Their cations (with the exception of lithium) have low charge densities – often leads to good solubility and an ability to stabilize anions that can not be formed along with any other cation Alkali metal physical properties Element Li Na K Rb Cs Density (gcm-3) 0.53 0.97 0.86 1.53 1.87 Melting point (oC) 180 98 64 39 29 ∆Hatm (kJmol-1) 162 108 90 82 78 1 Reactivity towards Bronsted acids The alkali metals react even with weak Bronsted acids such as water – The rate of reaction depends upon the acidity of the medium 2Na + 2H2O 2Na + 2EtOH 2Na + 2NH3 2NaOH + H2 2NaOEt + H2 2NaNH2 + H2 – very slow reaction in absence of catalyst Alkali metals and liquid NH3 Alkali metals react very slowly with liquid ammonia – however, they typically dissolve rapidly in ammonia to form highly colored solutions Na(s) --(ammonia)--> Na(am) + e-(am) – fast 2e-(am) + 2NH3 2NH2- + H2 – slow in absence of catalyst 2 Sodide anions and electrides 2Na(s) + C12H24O6 [Na(C12H24O6)]+Na– complexing or chelating agent is used to stabilize the cation » Na- is the sodide anion. It is the most stable alkalide ion Other complexing agents have been used to form solid salts where e- is the anion – electrides Lithium Lithium is the most reducing of all the alkali metals – but not the most reactive Unlike the other alkali metals it reacts with nitrogen to form a nitride Used...
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...Osteoporosis is a disease that causes bones to become brittle. Once an individual develops this condition, she is more susceptible to bone fractures and breaks. One of the main causes of this condition is a diet that lacks calcium and vitamin D. Also, certain populations are more prone to develop this degenerative disease. For example, women tend to suffer from osteoporosis more than men. And in particular, women who do not receive adequate amounts of the above mentioned nutrients are more likely to develop the disease. This does not bode well for certain ethnic groups that have higher incidences of lactose intolerance, such as Chinese Americans. According to National Institutes of Health (NIH), “Asian American women are at high risk for developing osteoporosis (porous bones), a disease that is preventable and treatable. Studies show that Asian Americans share many...
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