...Capital Budgeting Case for week 6 Capital Budgeting Process: Capital budgeting (or investment appraisal) is the planning process used to determine whether an organization's long term investments such as new machinery, replacement machinery, new plants, new products, and research development projects are worth pursuing. In the capital budget case the team analyzed and put a 5 year income statement for corporation A and corporation B. The income statement started with the information provided by the case information for the assignment It is important for business owners to analyze projects and their costs before going through with them. In order to do this they must project the value of the project to see if it is going to bring them the profits they desire. For example, if a business owner is interested in acquiring a new company, he or she must look at different aspects of the company as it is now and project the value over several years to ensure that a profit will be made. In the case presented, two companies are being compared to see which would be the better company to acquire based on income statement and cash flow projections, Net present value (NPV), and Internal rate of return (IRR). This paper will go over the reasoning for the final decision based on the analysis of the projections as well as the importance and differences of NPV and IRR. Net Present Value (NPV) The NPV is the difference of the discounted cash inflows and the discounted cash outflows. The NPV...
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...Handouts for Corporate Finance 1 Capital Budgeting Introduction A logical prerequisite to the analysis of investment opportunities is the creation of investment opportunities. Unlike the field of investments, where the analyst more or less takes the investment opportunity set as a given, the field of capital budgeting relies on the work of people in the areas of industrial engineering, research and development, and management information systems (among others) for the creation of investment opportunities. As such, it is important to suggest that students keep in mind the importance of creativity in this area, as well as the importance of analytical techniques. Because a project is financially sound, it must be ethically sound, right? Well . . . the question of ethical appropriateness is less frequently discussed in the context of capital budgeting than that of financial appropriateness. Consider the following simple example: The American Association of Colleges and Universities estimates that 10 percent of all college students cheat at some time during their postsecondary education careers. You might pose the ethical question of whether it would be proper for a publishing company to offer a new book How to Cheat: A User's Guide. The company has a cost of capital of 8% and estimates it could sell 10,000 volumes by the end of year one and 5,000 volumes in each of the following two years. The immediate printing costs for the 20,000 volumes would be $20,000. The...
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...evaluates the investments by analyzing cash flows. Internal Rate of Return uses percentage that is similar to the rate of interest in comparing potential investments with other possible or existing kind of investments. The method involves dividing the expected profits from the potential investment by the expected expenditure in order to arrive at the rate of return. Evaluating capital investments is an essential task for Johnson Controls Inc. in order to understand the viability of its capital budget before venturing into the emerging markets. Evaluating investments helps the company determine if the investments in question are worthwhile. Johnson Controls Inc. may have many investment opportunities in the emerging market but it must measures the potential of each opportunity preferably in isolation and make comparison of each in order to select the a few or just one that maximizes the value of the firm and reduce the potential risk. For example, Johnson Controls Inc. might be trying to determine if venturing into the emerging market will require buying new equipment or using the existing ones. The company might also be interested in determining if there is need to invest in research and development before venturing into the emerging market with a new or existing product. The company can therefore supplement its traditional methods of evaluating investments (such as payback period) with Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) as well as Multiple Techniques. ...
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...Capital Budgeting Introduction A logical prerequisite to the analysis of investment opportunities is the creation of investment opportunities. Unlike the field of investments, where the analyst more or less takes the investment opportunity set as a given, the field of capital budgeting relies on the work of people in the areas of industrial engineering, research and development, and management information systems (among others) for the creation of investment opportunities. As such, it is important to suggest that students keep in mind the importance of creativity in this area, as well as the importance of analytical techniques. Because a project is financially sound, it must be ethically sound, right? Well . . . the question of ethical appropriateness is less frequently discussed in the context of capital budgeting than that of financial appropriateness. Consider the following simple example: The American Association of Colleges and Universities estimates that 10 percent of all college students cheat at some time during their postsecondary education careers. You might pose the ethical question of whether it would be proper for a publishing company to offer a new book How to Cheat: A User's Guide. The company has a cost of capital of 8% and estimates it could sell 10,000 volumes by the end of year one and 5,000 volumes in each of the following two years. The immediate printing costs for the 20,000 volumes would be $20,000. The book would sell for $7.50 per copy and...
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...which, if any, projects or investments opportunities the organization should undertake. The task of analyzing and comparing financials is a daunting task, but when utilizing the tools of capital budgeting, the process of this type of business decision making can be quite useful. This paper will define capital budgeting and discuss some of the components of this decision making tool. It will also discuss some of the concerns that go along with Capital Budgeting. The Basics of Capital Budgeting What is Capital Budgeting? Organizations looking to expand their business through asset acquisition create a capital budget (Paden, n.d.). Capital budgets exclusively are associated with real estate, equipment and other potential assets used to evaluate asset impact and the potential benefit to the organization. Capital Budgeting is the process in which a business determines whether a project or investment venture are worth pursuing. It is the process of analyzing investment opportunities and deciding which one to accept (Berk & DeMarzo, 2014). Potential ventures are evaluated and the potential expenditures or investments are ranked. Usually, these types of business decisions are for large purchases or investments. Steps of Capital Budgeting There are seven steps involved in capital budgeting (Hofstrand, 2013). They are: 1. Identify long-term goals of the organization 2. Identify potential investment prospects for meeting long-term goals identified in Step 1 3. Estimate...
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...Management J. Volume 2 No. 1 (January 1989) ,' CAPITAL BUDGETING PRACTICES OF INDIAN COMPANIES I. M. PANDEY ' Objective " The objectives of this study are: (a) to document the capital bud geting policies and practices of companies in India, a developing country, and contrast them with those of USA and UK, the developed countries, and (b) to ascertain how business executives look upon the linkage between corporate strategy and investment decision-making. Capital expenditure planning and control is a process of facilitating decisions covering expenditures on long-term assets. Since a company's survival and profitability hinges on capital expenditures, specially the major ones, the importance of the capital budgeting process cannot be over-emphasized. Sample and Methodology We have followed an intensive interview-cum-questionnaire method. Two questionnaires—one dealing with investment evaluation practice and second with other phases—were sent to companies which had agreed to participate in the study. In all, 14 companies were studied. The responding companies belonged to different businesses. In terms of size (sales and number of employees), capital intensity (net tangible fixed assets), volume of spending (capital expenditure incurred), and level of technology, they represent a variety (Table 1). The study relates to 1984. •-, Capital Expenditure: How Defined Strictly speaking, capital expenditure includes all those expenditures which are expected to produce...
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...the function of capital markets, the valuation of real assets and financial assets. Discounted cash flow analysis(DCF) is a tool that derived from finance theory which has been widely used. However finance theory also has little effect on strategic planning and there are three differences between financial theory and strategic planning: 1. Traditional financial theory and strategic planning might have some differences in language and culture. 2. Discounted cash flow analysis might be used in an incorrect way of strategy therefore it is not acceptable in terms. 3. Discounted cash flow analysis might fail to apply a strategic, even if it is used properly. The most relevant financial concepts in strategic planning is firms’ capital investment decisions and it is also a critical component of “financial theory”. The theory is focused on cash flow and return on the investment. The tool used in investment decisions is net present valued (NPV) which was calculated from present valued minus required investment or which was reduced to discounted cash flow formula because the net present value is a matter of cash flow that will gain in the future. [pic] The company is comprised of tangible assets and intangible assets including growth opportunities. The Intangible assets and this growth is a clear reflection of the stock prices and was used to evaluate the capital budgeting analysis will...
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...Capital Budgeting Processes and Techniques Keith A. Rossmiller Business 657 Instructor Maxwell September 3, 2012 Capital Budgeting 2 Capital Budget Processes and Techniques Investment decisions impact the long-term success or failure of a company. The capital budgeting theory assumes that the primary goal of a firm’s shareholders is to maximize firm value. The process of analyzing and prioritizing investment opportunities is capital budgeting. Capital budgeting involves three basic steps of identifying potential investments, analyzing the set of investment opportunities that will create shareholder value, and implementing and monitoring the investment projects that a firm should undertake. Managers need analytical tools to help them make the best investment decisions for their firm. This paper will explore six different methods of evaluating investment projects and their advantages and disadvantages. The six methods are the payback period, discounted payback period, net present value, profitability index, internal rate of return, and modified internal rate of return, which method is most used in business, and issues related to capital budgeting. Capital Budgeting 3 Payback Period The first...
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...CAPITAL BUDGETING: ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS. SEPTEMBER 2012 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background Study Capital budgeting is the process by which firms determine how to invest their capital. Included in this process are the decisions to invest in new projects, reassess the amount of capital already invested in existing projects, allocate and ration capital across divisions, and acquire other firms. In essence, the capital budgeting process defines the set and size of a firm’s real assets, which in turn generate the cash flows that ultimately determine its profitability, value and viability. In principle, a firm’s decision to invest in a new project should be made according to whether the project increases the wealth of the firm’s shareholders. For example, the Net Present Value (NPV) rule specifies an objective process by which firms can assess the value that new capital investments are expected to create. As Graham and Harvey (2001) document this rule has steadily gained in popularity since Dean (1951) formally introduced it, but its widespread use has not eliminated the human element in capital budgeting. Because the estimation of a project’s future cash flows and the rate at which they should be discounted is still a relatively subjective process, the behavioural traits of managers still affect this process. Capital budgeting is a process...
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...Introduction Capital budgeting decisions are the most important investment decisions made by management. The objective of these decisions is to select investments in real assets that will increase the value of the firm. (Kidwell and Parrino, 2009) Capital budgeting techniques help management systematically analyze potential business opportunities in order to decide which are worth undertaking. (Kidwell and Parrino, 2009) There are many techniques used in the process of capital budgeting. The most common methods are payback, discounted payback period, net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), accounting rate of return (ARR), and modified internal rate of return (MIRR). This paper will examine each of these techniques, weighing the pros and cons of each, and determining which technique in correct in theory. Payback Period The payback period is not a sophisticated capital budgeting technique. With using the payback period for evaluating projects, a project is accepted if the payback period is below a special threshold. (Kidwell and Parrino, 2009) The payback period is defined as the number of years that it will take a project to recover the initial investment of a company. This period can be easily calculated by adding the years before cost recovery to the remaining cost to recover divided by the cash flow during the year. It is because of the simplicity of this method is the most widely preferred tool for evaluating capital projects. Outside of its...
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...Capital Budget Recommendation By Sara Hinton ACC543 Professor Gayle Mackay July 17, 2012 Located in Sonora Mexico is a furniture company owned by one Guillermo Navallez called Guillermo Furniture Company. The Guillermo Furniture Company has had quite the success since opening, however in the late nineteen nineties this success began to waiver. The reason for such a change in success for the Guillermo Furniture Company is due to globalization. Due to the automation embraced by the company’s competitors, which has caused a reduction in profit margins as well as raise production costs for the Guillermo Furniture Company, there has been significant decline in business. Mr. Navallez is now faced with a plethora of decisions that may or may not dramatically change the way in which the Guillermo Furniture Company is operated. The accountant that has been hired by the Guillermo Furniture Company has been assigned to analyze capital budget techniques that will help determine which course of action should be taken by Mr. Navallez. This has been accomplished by not only examining capital budget techniques but through extensive research in understanding business alternatives available to the Guillermo Furniture Company as well. There are different business alternatives available to Mr. Guillermo Navallez. Like many of his competitors, Mr. Navallez has the option of merging his business with that of a larger company or he...
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...effective Investment appraisal tool? Capital Budgeting: To understand the value of NPV, the identification of its purpose in capital budgeting should be addressed beforehand, with its alternatives. This process of Capital Budgeting refers to the evaluation of potential in large scale business expenses and investments over long-term ventures. Often this step in the investment appraisal assessment, identifies the cashflows over the projects life-span, determining its generated returns in comparison to the organisations benchmark targets. (Book) Flowton’s options of replacing its older systems (Project A) or upgrading them to a centrally controlled platform (Project B) are considered such a venture. Ideally, Flowton would...
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...advantages and disadvantages of all options, we will review our results separately with every option available. Basic investment appraisal techniques that will be used in the analysis will include: • Net Present Value • Accounting Rate of Return • Internal Rate of Return • Payback Period • Profitability Index The following assumptions are necessary for our investment analysis: • Option 1: Cost of capital (in case of debt) = 1.15% • Option 2: Cost of capital (in case of equity) = 1.5% • Option 3: Cost of capital (in case of preferred shares) = 1.25% • Option 4: Weighted average cost of capital (in case of 50% debt, 25% preferred shares and 25% equity) = 1.18% Net Present Value Net present value is capital budgeting technique, which emphasizes that the bottom line net present value should be positive after all obligations are met. Option with highest net present value is the most viable one. The estimated future cash-flows are discounted today with a certain cost of capital to calculate the present value after which initial outlay is deducted from the present value to calculate net present value. | |Option 1 |Option 2 |Option 3 |Option 4...
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...Bryan Kimmell How do CFOs make capital budgeting and capital structure decisions? Introduction A comprehensive survey is gone that describes the current practice of corporate finance. The survey will give us a betting understanding of where the theory and practice of corporate finance are consistent and areas where they are not. The survey conducted is based on two parts, capital budgeting and capital structure. The survey goes deeper and tries to find out what causes capital budgeting and structure decisions in firms. The survey consists of 100 questions to explore capital budgeting and structure decisions in depth. The original sample for the survey was 4,440 firms but only 392 CFOs responded to the survey, making the response rate a dramatic 9%. The results of the survey were analyzed based on firm characteristics. The responses given by the executives are compared in relation to the firm size, P/E ratio, leverage, credit rating, dividend policy, industry, management ownership, CEO age, CEO tenure, and CEO educational attainment. Comparing the responses to all these variables gives the results a more meaningful explanation because it is able to test various finance theories. The responses to the capital budgeting portion of the survey follow academic advice and use present value techniques to evaluate new projects. But when it comes to capital structure, firms rely on practical, informal rules and pay less attention to academic advice. Survey Methodology Before the...
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...Capital Budgeting Overview The capital structure of a company is derived from portions of debt and equity. Debt can be categorized as either long-term or short-term debt. Short-term debt can be classified as notes payable and accounts payable and long-term debt can be classified under bonds. The equity portion of a company’s debt lies within common and preferred stock. Debt is used as a form of leverage to ultimately increase the overall return on an investment. The more debt and equity, capital structure, that a firm has, the more leverage it will have. By using debt, a company can increase its leverage because it can invest in business operations without increasing its overall equity. It also helps the investor and the firm to operate, but increases the added risk of default upon the firm. In the long run, leverage magnifies the overall losses and gains. The return on an investment is vital when analyzing which projects should be accepted or rejected. Return on investment measures the performance of a project that evaluates the efficiency, or compares the efficiency and performance of different projects. Evaluating return can be modified to fit the specific situation, depending on the returns and costs associated with the projects. The downfall with critiquing or manipulating the return on investment calculation is that the overall result can be expressed and translated in different contexts. The higher the ROI, the better because it will add more value for the...
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