...Capital Budgeting: Capital budgeting is the process of determining whether or not an investment is worthwhile. Often companies will have several opportunities and must measure each one's potential in order to make a comparison and choose just one or a few. It is the process in which a business determines whether projects such as building a new plant or investing in a long-term venture are worth pursuing. Oftentimes, a prospective project's lifetime cash inflows and outflows are assessed in order to determine whether the returns generated meet a sufficient target benchmark. Ideally, businesses should pursue all projects and opportunities that enhance shareholder value. However, because the amount of capital available at any given time for new projects is limited, management needs to use capital budgeting techniques to determine which projects will yield the most return over an applicable period of time. On the other hand capital budgeting is the planning process used to determine whether an organization's long term investments such as new machinery, replacement machinery, new plants, new products, and research development projects are worth the funding of cash through the firm's capitalization structure (debt, equity or retained earnings). It is the process of allocating resources for major capital, or investment, expenditures. One of the primary goals of capital budgeting investments is to increase the value of the firm to the shareholders. Capital budgeting involves allocating...
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...statement analysis are useful to any corporations. The ratio analysis is a useful tool for managers and investors that would like to evaluate the company’s financial health. By using this analysis companies are able to identify opportunities for growth and areas of weakness to determine where corporations can put in place corrective measures in order to rectify their areas of weakness. Financial statements are used in order to predict trends of cash flow within the business as well as predict the potential of a business and if they are capable of financial growth. Ratio analysis allows companies to analyze the future revenue of a company’s profit or a company’s loss. This paper will examine the benefits and limitations of ratio analysis, explain what factors impact the meaningfulness of such measures and what new practices or theories may be emerging regarding the application of ratio and financial statement. The paper concludes that ratio and financial statements is an essential tool used in analyzing a company’s profit. Close your eyes and think about all of the products you have consumed today. You purchased lunch from McDonald’s, used Google to help you find directions, drove your Toyota to work and grabbed your Nike sneakers as you headed to the gym. What do all of these brands have in common? They are well known market leaders and multinational organizations. Consumers are unaware of how many multinational brands they come into contact with...
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...The Finance Function in a Global Corporation Historically, the finance functions in large U.S. and European firms have focused on cost control, operating budgets, and internal auditing. But as corporations go global, a world of finance opens up within them, presenting new opportunities and challenges for CFOs. Rather than simply make aggregate capital-structure and dividend decisions, for example, they also have to wrestle with the capital structure and profit repatriation policies of their companies’ subsidiaries. Capital budgeting decisions and valuation must reflect not only divisional differences but also the complications introduced by currency, tax, and country risks. Incentive systems need to measure and reward managers operating in various economic and financial settings. The Globally Competent Finance Function The existence of what amounts to internal markets for capital gives global corporations a powerful mechanism for arbitrage across national financial markets. But in managing their internal markets to create a competitive advantage, finance executives must delicately balance the financial opportunities they offer with the strategic opportunities and challenges presented by operating in multiple institutional environments, each of which has it own legal regime and political risks. There is also a critical managerial component: What looks like savvy financial management can ruin individual and organizational motivation. As we’ll see in the following pages, some...
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...MANAGING TECHNOLOGY FINANCE & ACCOUNTING ORGANIZATION & CULTURE MARKETING STRATEGY & COMPETITION HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGING TECHNOLOGY MARKETING STRATEGY & Honing Your HUMAN RESOURCES ORGANIZATION & CULTURE FINANCE & ACCOUNTING HUMAN RESOURCES COMPETITIONCompetitive Edge Finance Function in a Global Corporation The H 108 Harvard Business Review | by Mihir A. Desai HISTORICALLY, the finance functions in large U.S. and European firms have focused on cost control, operating budgets, and internal auditing. But as corporations go global, a world of finance opens up within them, presenting new opportunities and challenges for CFOs. Rather than simply make aggregate capital-structure and dividend decisions, for example, they also have to wrestle with the capital structure and profit repatriation policies of their companies’ subsidiaries. Capital budgeting decisions and valuation must reflect not only divisional differences but also the complications introduced by currency, tax, and country risks. Incentive systems need to measure and reward managers operating in various economic and financial settings. The existence of what amounts to internal markets for capital gives global corporations a powerful mechanism for arbitrage across national financial markets. But in managing their July–August 2008 | hbr.org John Hersey Honing Your Competitive Edge FINANCE & ACCOUNTING internal markets to create a competitive advantage, finance executives must delicately balance...
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...Chapter 17 Multinational Financial Management Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, students should be able to: ◆ Define the term “multinational corporation” and identify 7 primary reasons why firms go international. ◆ List 5 major factors that distinguish financial management in firms operating entirely within a single country from those that operate in several different countries. ◆ Briefly explain the following terms: international monetary system, exchange rate, spot exchange rate, forward exchange rate, fixed exchange rate, floating exchange rate, devaluation/revaluation of a currency, depreciation/appreciation of a currency, soft currency, and hard currency. ◆ Identify the different types of exchange rate systems. ◆ Distinguish between direct and indirect quotations, and American and European term quotations, and calculate cross rates between any two currencies. ◆ Differentiate between spot and forward rates, and explain what it means for a forward currency to sell at a discount or premium. ◆ Briefly explain the concept of interest rate parity and write the corresponding equation. ◆ Briefly explain the concept of purchasing power parity and write the corresponding equation. ◆ Explain the implications of relative inflation rates, or rates of inflation in foreign countries compared with that in the home country, on interest rates, exchange rates, and on multinational financial decisions. ◆ Distinguish between foreign...
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... | |FIN 5001 OR FINP 5008 and ACTP 5001 | | | |IV. LEARNING OUTCOMES | |Entrance Competencies: | |1) Construct and analyze the financial statements of corporations....
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...student should have an understanding of 1. governance issues of the firm [chap. 1 & lecture] 2. valuation concepts and processes [chap. 3, 5, 8, 9, 29] 3. capital budgeting estimation and decision methods [chap.6, 7] 4. debt, equity and lease financing issues [chap. 14, 20, 21] 5. risk defined and measured in a CAPM setting [chap. 10, 11] 6. variations in the calculation of cost of capital [chap. 13, 18] 7. capital structure and dividend policy decisions [chap. 15, 16, 17, 19] Suggested Other Courses: FIN 644 concerns of short-term financial planning and financing FIN 625 concerns of risk management with derivative securities FIN 620 concerns of multinational financial management Required Text: Ross, S., R. Westerfield, and J. Jaffe, Corporate Finance, current edition, Irwin. Recommended Supplemental Reading: The Wall Street Journal Barron's Value Line Investment Survey Financial Times Major Units of Instruction: Weeks Topics 1 Corporate Governance (extension of concepts from MBA 550) chap. 1 & lecture (Students review Chap. 2 Accounting Statements and Chap. 4 Time Value: these concepts are assumed) Goals and Conflicts Ethical Issues -- The Corporation and Society 2 & 3 Valuation concepts and processes chap. 3, 5, 8, 9, 29 Long-Term Financing and Valuation...
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...CAPITAL BUDGETING FOR MULTINATIONALS 13.1 INTRODUCTION Although the original decision to undertake an investment in a particular foreign country may be the outcome of combination of strategic, behavioural and economic considerations, choice of a specific project within a particular product-market posture calls for evaluation of its economic feasibility. For this purpose, capital budgeting exercise has to be done. A firm should deploy funds in a project if the marginal revenue obtained there from exceeds the marginal cost. For an MNC, capital budgeting involves economic analysis of the firm's direct investment opportunities. Whatever be the motive for Direct Foreign Investment (DFI), an MNC's very survival and sustainable competitive position depends on its ability to identify and choose the most profitable investment opportunity. Capital budgeting technique provides the mechanism to identify opportunities and evaluate their economic viability. This is why MNCs evaluate international projects by using capital budgeting techniques. Proper use of capital budgeting techniques can help the firm in identifying the international projects worthy of implementation from those that are not. 13.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF EVALUATING FOREIGN PROJECTS Once a firm has compiled a list of prospective investments, it uses capital budgeting techniques to select from among them that combination of projects that maximizes the firm's value to shareholders. The theoretical framework involved in evaluation...
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...Monday Time 14:30 – 17:15 14:30 – 17:15 Venue CKB UG04 WMY 406 C. Course Overview Businesses are operating in an increasingly competitive environment. Managing businesses either directly or indirectly exposed to international competition requires an understanding of currency markets, foreign exchange derivatives, exchange risk, exposure and risk management. This course assumes the viewpoint of the financial manager of a multinational corporation (MNC) with investment or financial operations in more than one country. Managers encounter new opportunities as they extend their operations into international markets, as well as new costs and risks. The challenge facing the multinational financial manager is to successfully develop and execute business and financial strategies in more than one national business environment. The aim of this course is to provide you a framework for analyzing financial decisions relating to risk management, financing and investments. These issues cannot be viewed in isolation. For instance, a U.S. corporation may be unwilling to accept a positive-NPV EUR export contract or to borrow JPY unless the exchange risk can be hedged; or a corporate loan can simultaneously serve as a hedge. Hedging is even used to facilitate asset valuation and NPV-analysis. Because the issues are linked, we...
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...exclusive projects. It has inspired many research scholars and is primarily concerned with sizable investments in long-term assets, with long term life. The growing internationalization of business brings stiff competition which requires a proper evaluation and weight age on investment appraisal issues viz. differing project life cycle, impact of inflation, analysis and allowance for risk. Therefore financial managers must consider these issues carefully when making capital budgeting decisions. Inflation is one of the important parameters that govern the financial issues on capital budgeting decisions. Managers evaluate the estimated future returns of competing investment alternatives. Some of the alternatives considered may involve more risk than others. For example, one alternative may fairly assure future cash flows, whereas another may have a chance of yielding higher cash flows but may also result in lower returns. It is because, apart from other things, inflation plays a vital role on capital budgeting decisions and is a common fact of life all over the world. Inflation is a common problem faced by every finance manager which complicates the practical investment decision making than others. Most of the managers are concerned about the effects of inflation on the...
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...Article Review – Finance Function In a Global Corporation Learnings from Article Review – Finance Function in a Global Corporation As companies globalize, they face new financial challenges. Here, the major challenge faced by the Global CEO is giving companies a powerful mechanism for arbitrage across national financial markets as capital markets open up within them. CFO has to balance the traditional question with new questions which arises due to the globalization. By exploiting their internal capital markets, CFO can create value in 3 functions: 1. Financing the internal capital market. 2. Managing Risk Globally, 3. Global Capital Budgeting. 1. Financing the internal capital market – A CFO can significantly reduce a groups overall tax bill by borrowing disproportionately in countries with high tax rates and lending the excess cash to operations in countries with lower rates. But the global CFO needs to be aware of downside of getting strategic about financing in these ways. Saddling the mangers of subsidiaries with debt can cloud their profit performance. 2. Managing Risk Globally – The existence of an internal capital market also broadens a firms Risk management options. Instead of managing all currency exposures through the financial market, global firm can offset natural currency exposures through their worldwide operations. Given this potential for minimizing risk, it might seem perverse that many multinationals let local subsidiaries and regions manage their...
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...Learnings from Article Review – Finance Function in a Global Corporation As companies globalize, they face new financial challenges. Here, the major challenge faced by the Global CEO is giving companies a powerful mechanism for arbitrage across national financial markets as capital markets open up within them. CFO has to balance the traditional question with new questions which arises due to the globalization. By exploiting their internal capital markets, CFO can create value in 3 functions: 1. Financing the internal capital market. 2. Managing Risk Globally, 3. Global Capital Budgeting. 1. Financing the internal capital market – A CFO can significantly reduce a groups overall tax bill by borrowing disproportionately in countries with high tax rates and lending the excess cash to operations in countries with lower rates. But the global CFO needs to be aware of downside of getting strategic about financing in these ways. Saddling the mangers of subsidiaries with debt can cloud their profit performance. 2. Managing Risk Globally – The existence of an internal capital market also broadens a firms Risk management options. Instead of managing all currency exposures through the financial market, global firm can offset natural currency exposures through their worldwide operations. Given this potential for minimizing risk, it might seem perverse that many multinationals let local subsidiaries and regions manage their risks separately. Doing so, however, can obscure the performance...
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...s. company a large multinational firm with several plants in each division , uses a comprehensive budgeting system for planning operation and measuring performance.The annual budgeting procces begins in August. five months prior to the begenning of the fiscal year.At this time , the divisional managers submit proposed budgets for sales, production and inventory.levels,& expenses. Capital expenditure request also are formalised at this time. he expense budget include direct labour and all factory overheads items, separated into fixed and variable componets.Direct materials are budgeted seperatly in developing the production and inventory schedules.The expense budgets for each division are developed from each plants results, as measured by the % variation from an adjusted budget in the first six months of the currrent year and at arget expense reduction % established by the corporation to determine plant % the plant budget for just completed half year period is revised to recognise changes in operating procedures and cost outsid the control of management(eg labour wage rate changes & product sytle changes).The difference between the revised budget and thee actual expenses is controllable variance , expressed as a % of the actual expenses if un favourable , this expense is added to the corperate target expense reduction %.A favourable plant variance % is subtracted from the corperate target. if a plant had 2% unfavourable contrallable variance the corporate target reduction...
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...Chapter 07 Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk Multiple Choice Questions 1. According to the World Trade Organization, what was the size of international trade in 2008? A) $7,000,000,000 (7 billion dollars) B) $70,000,000,000 (70 billion dollars) C) $37,000,000,000 (37 billion dollars) D) $16,000,000,000,000 (16 trillion dollars) Answer: D Level: Easy LO: 1 2. In the years between 1990 and 2001 when global gross domestic product rose 27%, what was the growth in global exports? A) 25% B) 75% C) 35% D) 50% Answer: B Level: Medium LO: 1 3. What is a “foreign exchange rate?” A) the price to buy a foreign currency B) the price to buy foreign goods C) the difference between the price of goods in a foreign currency and the price in a domestic currency D) the cost to hold all monetary assets in a single currency Answer: A Level: Easy LO: 1 4. Why was there very little fluctuation in the foreign exchange rate in the period 1945-1973? A) This was a period when the world economy was very stable. B) There was very little growth in the world economy between 1945 and 1973. C) Countries linked their currency to the U.S. dollar, which was backed by gold reserves. D) Most currencies were pegged to the British...
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...| | |FACULTY OF ACCOUNTANCY AND MANAGEMENT | | | | | |Bachelor of International Business (Hons) | | | | | |Unit Code & |UKFF4024 | | |Unit Title: |MULTINATIONAL FINANCE | | |Course of Study: |Bachelor of International Business (Hons) | | |Year of Study: |Year Three, Trimester Two | | |Trimester Year |Jan 2016 | | |Credit Hour: |4 credit hours | | |Lecturing hours and |3 hours lecture per week for the...
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