...Carbon fibre reinforced polymer Name Institutional analysis Introduction Carbon Fibre reinforced polymer commonly known as CFRP is a very strong composite material that is majorly preferred for many automotive and aeronautical application due to the fact that despite their strength that still light that the traditional metallic materials. The polymers often used to make this composite material is epoxy, polyester, vinyl and even nylon. Thus in making CFRP carbon fibre is often combined with polymers such as epoxy to result in a material that has a very high strength-to-weight ratio. Carbon fibre reinforced polymers despite being relative expensive as compared to other traditional metallic materials; they have been preferred for many applications such as in the automotive industry and aeronautical industry where high strength-to-weight ratio is demanded. (Image 1: carbon fibre reinforced polymer) Advantages of CFRP over Traditional metallic material Carbon fibre reinforced polymers are very strong which has made them of interest in the field of engineering. According to Gesellschaft (1981), CFRPs is important because they can offer high strength value at a relatively low value of weight. In the construction of body parts of automobiles, it is important that the designs are very low in fuel consumption. In order to have the minimal fuel consumption then, the first issue that the automobile fields have to address is the weight of the designs. CFRPs are of interest because...
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...Carbon Fibre Composites Compared with Traditional Metallics Name Institutional Affiliation Introduction According to Elaheh Ghassemieh (2011), the automotive industry has experienced lots of changes that occurs by day through the application of composite materials in the manufacturing of motor vehicle parts and body. Several reasons have been advanced in support of this shift from the traditional use of metals. In comparison to the metallic counterparts, many composite materials exhibit relatively greater strength characteristics as compared to the metallic materials. They are also comparatively lighter than the metals and thereby reducing the fuel cost per passenger in the vehicles. It is also believed that composites exhibit higher resistance to fatigue from repetitive use and thus reducing the maintenance cost of the vehicles and increasing the usage time. In reference to Long, A. C. (2005), the composite material can be defined as a material consisting of strong carry-load materials (reinforcements) embedded in a relatively weaker material (matrix). The purpose of the reinforcement is to provide the strength stiffness, rigidity and mechanical properties needed to support the structural load. The matrix on the other hand acts to provide a fixed orientation of the reinforcement and in many cases is more brittle. Question 1 Advantages of carbon fibre reinforced polymers in over metallics Carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP is one of the classes of the composite...
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...Carbon fibre Introduction of Carbon fibre In 1963 a team of British scientists, W. Watt, W. Johnson and L.N. Phillips, working at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, U.K., developed techniques for producing carbon fibres of high strength and outstanding rigidity. These fibres were in commercial production by 1968 and have since become of great importance, especially in the field of composites in which the fibres are embedded in resins or other materials. Most of the important textile fibres in use today are derived from organic polymers, i.e., polymers in which the backbone of the molecular structure consists of carbon atoms to which are attached atoms of other elements, commonly hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. It has long been known that pyrolysis of these fibres, such as rayon, could result in the removal of the non-carbon atoms to leave a filament consisting essentially of carbon. But the carbon atoms in these filaments are arranged in more or less disordered forms; the structure is amorphous rather than crystalline, and the filaments are weak and of little practical value. To achieve high strength and modulus, it was necessary to devise a process for producing carbon fibres which would orientate the carbon atoms and...
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...access shared storage as if it were a drive directly attached to the server. When a host wants to access a storage device on the SAN, it sends out a block-based access request for the storage device.” This is great for maintaining information as it can be easily accessible and very clean but at the same time it can also be the best and safest prevention technique against hackers. The price is worth the amount of high tech options you can get with an SAN to keep your information safe from within. “Storage area networks are managed centrally and Fibre Channel SANs have the reputation of being expensive, complex and difficult to manage. The emergence of iSCSI has reduced these challenges by encapsulating SCSI commands into IP packets for transmission over an Ethernet connection, rather than a Fibre Channel connection. Instead of learning, building and managing two networks -- an Ethernet local area network (LAN) for user communication and a Fibre Channel SAN for storage -- an organization can now use its existing knowledge and infrastructure for both LANs and SANs.” If...
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...Disk Subsystems [chp 11] Block level striping with striped parity, slower write operations due to extra calculations required for parity, allows for single drive failure * RAID 5 Block level striping, evenly across all drive, faster performance of all RAID levels * RAID 0 Byte level striping across at least 3 disks, with dedicated parity disk * RAID 3 Block level striping with parity disk * RAID 4 Mirrored, least busy drive can read, writes reduce performance due to both drives having to write simultaneously. * RAID 1 Two drive failure is OK, Second distributed parity across all drives, requires a minimum of 4 drives * RAID 6 ________________ Performance increases in any striped array that have a large number of reads compared to writes can be accomplished by doing what? * adding more drives Doubling drives generally gives 50% increase in _____ performance * read Name two disk designs that use parallel cables to connect to the HBA * SCSI * EIDE How long is an EIDE cable? * 18 inches You need to memorise the Disk Array Controller operation order. Every step. * OS generates a disk I/O command that includes a LBA, or Logical Bus Address for a read command * OS generates an interrupt that is received by the Disk Array Controller * Disk Array Controller executes I/O command * Command sent to target drive * Head reads servo track to find its place on the disk * read data is transferred...
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...Refresh Telecom PBX Virtualization Project Jonathan Sullivan DeVry University’s Keller Graduate School of Management Project Cost & Schedule Control Professor Tony Kapsak March 30, 2014 Contents Refresh Telecom PBX Virtualization Project 3 Executive Summary 3 Project Scope Statement 3 Description 3 Acceptance Criteria 4 Deliverables 4 Exclusions 4 Constraints 5 Assumptions 5 Technical Requirements 5 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) 5 Cost Estimates 6 Cost Assumptions 7 Refresh Telecom PBX Virtualization Project Executive Summary This project is expected to take six months to complete with an estimated budget of $500,000. Upon completion the consolidated virtual environment will save an estimated $2,900 in monthly operational costs. The virtual environment will allow for a scalability of up to 24 additional virtual PBX servers (total capacity: 32 virtual machines) with no additional hardware costs needed. Valuable datacenter rack space will be conserved through the consolidation. Project Scope Statement Description The PBX Virtualization project will involve taking eight physical in production PBX (Private Branch Exchange) servers and putting them into a redundant virtual environment. The virtual environment will consist of four physical nodes and two redundant iSCSI SAN’s (Storage Servers) each holding a capacity of seven terabytes. The virtual environment will be powered by VMWare’s virtualization software. Acceptance...
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...Case Study 3: Carlson Companies By: _______________ CIS 505 Professor: _________________ _____________ University May 23, 2013 Assess how the Carlson SAN approach would be implemented in today’s environment. Like many IT staff faced with exponential storage growth, Norman Owens realized a few years back that his company was headed for a challenge if it did not start consolidating its storage resources onto a storage area network (SAN). Owens, a storage network engineer and consultant with Carlson Companies, spoke to an audience of his peers at Storage Decisions 2003 recently about his company's consolidation efforts. (While not necessarily a household name, Carlson Companies is an international presence behind such well-known retail and hotel chains as TGI Friday's and Radisson hotels and resorts. Before consolidating onto a SAN, Owens' shared services group supported a configuration with one mainframe and 26 servers, where most of the servers were hard at work supporting the company's Oracle Financials database under HP/UX. This arrangement handled 14TB of data, over 54 SCSI and 8 ESCON connections. "It looked like a point-to-point SCSI solution," Owens said, noting, "There were a whole lot of cables." When they needed more storage, "We'd just go buy another frame. After the company asked his group to take on more responsibilities for its global IT storage operations, Owens and his coworkers decided now was the time to look at a more consolidated approach. Enter...
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...------------------------------------------------- Jute From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the vegetable fiber. For the Germanic people, see Jutes. For plants the fiber is derived from, or their uses for other purposes such as food, see Corchorus. Jute fiber being dehydrated afterretting alongside a road Jute rope Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse, strong threads. It is produced from plants in the genus Corchorus, which was once classified with the family Tiliaceae, more recently with Malvaceae, and has now been reclassified as belonging to the familySparrmanniaceae. The primary source of the fibre is Corchorus olitorius, but it is considered inferior to Corchorus capsularis.[1] "Jute" is the name of the plant or fiber that is used to makeburlap, Hessian or gunny cloth. The word 'jute' is probably coined from the word jhuta or jota,[2] an Oriya word. Jute is one of the most affordable natural fibers and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety of uses of vegetable fibers. Jute fibers are composed primarily of the plant materialscellulose and lignin. It falls into the bast fibre category (fiber collected from bast, the phloem of the plant, sometimes called the "skin") along with kenaf, industrial hemp, flax (linen), ramie, etc. The industrial term for jute fiber is raw jute. The fibers are off-white to brown, and 1–4 metres (3–13 feet) long. Jute is also called the golden fiber for its color and high cash value. ------------------------------------------------- ...
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...Storage Concepts General Aspects - storage networks There are always different ways of transporting and saving data in company networks. From these different options the following techniques have to be pointed out, as they are significant in practical experience: (1) DAS: Direct Attached Storage – traditional solution (2) NAS: Network Attached Storage – interim solution (3) SAN: Storage Area Network - professional solution Direct Attached Storage (DAS) - traditional solution [pic] Picture 1: Direct Attached Storage (DAS) Direct Attached Storage (DAS) is just one of many options to expand the storage space of a PRIMERGY-Server. Direct Attached Storage is a storage system which is directly connected to a PRIMERGY server. There is a permanent connection between server and storage, usually made by a SCSI interface. Only the directly attached server has access to the storage system. Mostly, the first extension to a server is through a DAS connected storage subsystem. At first, the supporting medium SCSI seems to be relatively cost-effective, as the range of products of hardware and software is large, but the usage of SCSI-interfaces is limited to a few metres and it might become necessary to extend the server through possibly expensive raid SCSI-controllers. However the SCSI-interface only allows for 15 simultaneous HDD connections per controller. A further disadvantage of DAS occurs whenever different clients are used on many servers, and this happens...
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...Food and humans Food substances Food substances contain seven types of food substances that are essential to health They are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins, dietary fibre and water Lipids are organic substances made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms, but the H to O ratio is much greater than 2:1 Lipids are insoluble in water bud dissolve in organic solvents, ethanol Triglycerides are the commonest type of lipids They are formed from the condensation of three fatty acids molecules and one glycerol molecules Glycerol Lipids are stored in adipose tissues in our body These tissues are found under the skin as subcutaneous fat, or around the internal organs They act as energy reserves They act as an insular to reduce heat loss They act as a shock absorber to protect the internal organs Phospholipids are a type of lipid They are the major component of cell membranes Lipids are involved in transporting and storing lipid-soluble vitamins (A and D) in our body Lipids are involved in making some hormones Proteins Proteins are organic substances made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms (sulphur) Amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins An amino acid molecule has a carbon atom carrying an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom and a side chain Different amino acids have different side chains When two amino acids are joined together by condensation, a dipeptide is formed This process is catalysed...
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...The term "prepreg" is actually an abbreviation for the phrase pre-impregnated. A prepreg is a fiber reinforced and pre-impregnated with a resin, most commonly consists of a fabric (Carbon, Kevlar, Glass, etc.) impregnated with a resin maintained in a pre-gelled condition. The primary resin matrix used is epoxy. However, other thermoset resins are made into prepregs including BMI and phenolic resins. Carbon fiber is first developed in 1958 in Cleveland, OH, by heating rayon strands which was of relatively poor quality and strength. Then, a few years later, the Japanese developed a chemical process for manufacturing the carbon fibers which is still in use today. In 1963, at Rolls Royce in England, industrial scale production and high quality...
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...Activity 2.6 – Aerodynamics on Arrow Arrow would be my aerodynamic example. Its has a very long history, we can start from the stone age till present. Arrow from back then was made by bones or stones for the head (projectile point) and wood or bamboo for the body (shaft). Now, we have tungsten or stainless steel for the projectile point and aluminum or carbon fibre reinforced plastic or composite for the shaft. The evolution of the entire piece of arrow had changed so much, etc from the head, body to the end, every part of it had streamlined with the science of aerodynamic, to attain the expectations of being fast, far and accurate. The aerodynamic of it would be the whole piece, projectile point to cut thru the wind, aerofoil body to assist to travel further, last but not the least is the fletching. It at the end of the arrow, it provide a small amount of drag to stabilize the flight of the arrow. They are designed to keep the arrow pointed in the direction of travel by strongly damping down any tendency to pitch or yaw. The aspect of management in it, you have to be flexible and upgrade yourself to stay the fittest to stay in the market. When the senior management changes strategic planning to suit environment changes, middle management and supervisory level must also change to suit the plan. Look at it as senior management being the fletching setting the direction, middle management being the shaft ensuring the plan go on course and supervisory level being the...
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... -natural gas is used to generate about 13% of Australia’s electricity production. -natural gas provides the base ingredients for a range of products including plastics, fertilizer and fabrics. Oil: Oil shale in Australia ranges from small deposits to large reserves. Deposits, varying by their age and origin, are located in about of one-third of the country in Eastern Australia. -Oil is used mainly to produce petrol, diesel and kerosene. -Oil is also used in the production of plastics, synthetic fibres like vinyl, nylon, acrylic and polyesters as well as in lubrication oils, synthetic rubber, fertilizers, asphalt, makeup and...
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...Storage Networking Platform for Patton-Fuller Community Hospital RFP Patton-Fuller Community Hospital data center infrastructure essentially will need to evolve promptly to improve resiliency, increase business receptiveness, and keep up with the growing difficulties of new applications while reducing overall power consumption. Storage costs are growing faster than server costs, increasing the need for efficient and cost-effective storage area networks. In highly competitive environments that comply with government regulations for data recovery, 24-hour access to critical information is imperative. Cisco Storage Solutions will benefit the organization’s need for storage and security. Cisco Storage Solutions benefits and features: • Multi-protocol storage networking - Reduces business risk by providing flexibility and options - FC, FICON, FCoE, iSCSI, and FCIP • Unified OS and Management tools for reduced opex - operational simplicity, seamless interop, and feature consistency • Enterprise-class storage connectivity to support significantly higher virtualized workloads - availability, scalability, and performance • Services-Oriented SANs - to extend "Any Network Service to any Device" regardless of Protocol, Speed, Vendor, or Location Cisco solutions for storage area networks provide: • Disaster Recovery / Business Continuance You have instantaneous access to data from multiple tiers, for disaster recovery. • Virtualization IT managers can provision their storage...
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...FISCAL IMPACT OF GROUND OPERATION INCIDENT INVOLVING AIRCRAFT Tan Poh Tiong, Sherman AE6200 – Individual Project (Aircraft IEng) 27 April 2014 SUMMARY For the year 2010 to 2012, ground operation incident involving aircraft has cost the United Kingdom (UK) aviation industry an estimate of US$ 20 Million. It is estimated that each incident involving traditional aircraft (mainly metallic structure) would cost the Aircraft Operation (AO) close to US$ 1 Million in expenditure and if the aircraft is assumed to be of high composite ratio, the cost of each incident increase by 50% to US$ 1.5 Million. Do note that this cost does not include damage to the facilities, equipment, or vehicles. Which mean the overall cost could be higher than the estimate. If damage were assumed in all ground operation incident report, the estimated cost would increase 3.5 times. And with high composite ratio aircraft becoming the norm, the cost could spiral upward in excess of more than 5 times. Thus, it is important these ground operation incidents are reduced. Ground operation incident, occurs primarily due to human errors. Possible common reasons include insufficient training, complacency and environmental factors. There are also no detailed legislations in place to regulate the industry, unlike Maintenance Repair Overhaul (MRO) organisations, which is governed by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) of UK. Since human errors aren’t a new problem, many researches have been...
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