...Nucleophilic Carbon-Formation and Reaction of a Grignard Reaction 03/03/2014 Nucleophilic Carbon-Formation and reaction of a Grignard reagent Abstract: In this experiment, phenyl benzoate was made in order to react it with methyl benzoate in order to produce the compound triphenylmethanol via a grignard reaction. There was a 37.2% yield of triphenylmethanol, and the melting point obtained was 161-163°C. Introduction: Grignard reagents are usually formed when alkyl halides and magnesium react together. The carbon and magnesium have a very large difference in electronegativity. This allows the carbon to withdraw the electron density from magnesium through the process of induction.1 Grignard reagents are related to organolithium reagents which are useful and contain carbon atoms that are strongly nucleophilic. They react with a range of carbonyl compounds to make new carbon-carbon bonds. In this lab, phenyl magnesium bromide will be reacted with methyl benzoate to obtain triphenylmethanol which is a grignard reaction. Mechanism: Experiment: Place 0.5g of crushed magnesium turnings into 50 mL round bottom flask; add the stir bar, and 5mL of anhydrous ether. Construct an apparatus for slow addition of reagents and also so the reaction can go into reflux. Make up a solution of 2.4mL of bromobenzene in 5mL of anhydrous ether in a dry flask then add it to the separatory funnel. Add about 0.5mL of bromobenzene of the bromobenzene solution to the mixture of magnesium...
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...The plant photosynthesis process and semiconductor-based solar cells processes are very similar in their functions and creating an end product as well as there are a variety of differences between them. First we need to look at photosynthesis, which is the process by which plants, algaes and cyanobacteria absorb sun light and convert it to sugar. In the photosynthesis processes, the plant absorbs the sun light then in complex processes converts the intake of carbon dioxide to the end results to sugar (carbohydrates) and releases water and oxygen. The oxygen is what humans and all living animals use to survive and breathe in. Humans and animals release the carbon dioxide which is what the plants absorb in with as well as the light rays from the sun. According to Mader, “if the amount of carbohydrate were instantly converted to coal, and the coal loaded into standard railroad cars (each car holding about 50 tons), the photosynthesizers of the biosphere would fill more than 100 cars per second with coal” (2010, p.86). During my research on semiconductor-based solar cell energy, I found that the solar cell energy is capture in about the same means that the plants absorb light rays and carbon dioxide. The solar cells are made up of usually silicone. In 2010, Heindl stated, “the second most abundant element in earth`s crust, silicon has the advantage, of being available in sufficient quantities, and additionally processing the material does not burden the environment” (e.g., Heindl...
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...need food, water, air and shelter in order to survive. The Earth has the resources needed to sustain life. The resources are air, water, soil, minerals, fossil fuels and living things. Air is needed by all living things to survive. The atmosphere is a layer of air that envelops the Earth. Air is a mixture of gases. Air contains gases such as oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are two very important gases that support life on Earth. a. Oxygen i. Used for respiration by living things ii. Used in combustion of materials iii. Used in industries iv. Released during photosynthesis. b. Carbon dioxide i. Used by green plants to carry out photosynthesis ii. Used in fire extinguishers iii. Released during respiration and combustion. Water covers a total of about three quarters of the Earth. The sources of water are oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, rainfall and ground water. Importance of water a. To animals/human i. It provides a medium for chemical process and body metabolism ii. It is the main component of the blood iii. It transports nutrient to all cell in the body iv. It caries excretory products to the kidneys for excretion. v. It helps to control the body temperature. b. To plants i. It helps to maintain the turgidity of plant cells. ii. It is used in photosynthesis. iii. Need for the germination of seeds. Water 1. 2. 3. Science Form 1 note GOOD LUCK Teacher zaidi@maher2010 iv. Dissolves minerals slats in the ground for absorbtion by the root...
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...can be more than just fibers. It also ends up as other everyday things like rope, tents, and toothbrush bristles. Sometimes nylon is used to make the belts that reinforce tires. Most passenger car tires have steel belts, but reinforcement for tires for aircraft, trucks and off-road vehicles are often made of nylon. Nylon-clay composites are used to make under-hood automobile parts. Nylon is used for self-lubricating gears and bearings. One of the most important kinds of nylon is nylon 6,6. It was invented in the late 1930s in the United States by Wallace Carothers who was working for DuPont. Nylon can be synthesized by polycondensation. Polycondensation is polymerization in which monomers combines and a small molecule by-product is produced. The by-product is usually something like water, HCl, or once in awhile NaCl. The simplest polycondensation for making nylons is the reaction of a diamine and a diacid: O O ║ ║ H2N-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH2 + HOC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-COH ↔ This reaction might not normally go to high conversions: H O O │ ║ ║ ↔ H2N-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-N-C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-COH + H20 Removing water (usually by carrying out the reaction under vacuum and/or at elevated temperature so the water evaporates), makes the reaction go to high conversion thanks to LeChatlier's Principle: H HO O H H O O H H O O │ │║ ║ │ │ ║ ║ │ │ ║ ║ -N-(CH2)6-N-C-(CH2)4-C-N-(CH2)6-N-C-(CH2)4-C-N-(CH2)6-N-C-(CH2)4-C- + H20 Because two different...
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... II. Introduction Organometallic compounds are substances with a carbon-metal bond (structure 1); these metals may be Li, Na, Mg, Cu, Hg, Pd, or any other transition metal (Gilbert, Martin 639). Organometallic compounds with M representing MgBr are organomagnesium compounds, or more commonly Grignard reagents. Grignard reagents are unique due to their polarization. The carbon atom in the Grignard reagent is made electron-rich by the electropositive metal giving the carbon atom a partial negative charge (δ-), and the metal a partial positive charge (δ+). This unique charge distribution allows carbon to act as a nucleophile in chemical reactions. However, when carbon is bonded to a more electronegative atom, such as a halogen (structure 2) or to oxygen (structure 3), it acts as an electrophile in chemical reactions (Gilbert, Martin 639). Figure 1. Structure of an organometallic reagent (structure 1), an alkyl halide (structure 2), and a carbonyl compound (structure 3). * Due to the nucleophilic properties, organometallic compounds are commonly used in reactions to form new carbon-carbon bonds. Equation 1 is a general example of a reaction between an alkyl halide and an organometallic compound. Equation 2 is an example of a reaction of a carbonyl and an organometallic compound. In both reactions the nucleophilic carbon atom of the organometallic compound bonds to the electrophilic carbon of the other reagent (Gilbert, Martin 640). Equation 1 Equation...
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...a good buffer. It takes a lot of energy to change temperature of water. When water freezes the ice that is form is denser than the water and that allow the ice to float to the top. The ice can thus provide protection from hunters and predators. Royal Society of Chemistry (n.d.) Citing Website. Chemistry for Biologists. Last updated November 2004 Retrieved form http://www.rsc.org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/water.htm The carbon atom is very adaptable. Carbon is the sixth most plentiful component in world. The in the periodic table the carbon atom is in Group IV which means that the atom has four electrons in it outer shell. Carbon can share or lose electrons making it very diverse. The more carbon bond the strong the molecule become, this covalently bonding allow carbon to bond with elements. Carbon can form multiples bonds. When carbon bonds with oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen helps form vital elements of life. Nearly all living organisms obtain carbon in their molecules such as protein and nucleic acids. There are pure forms for carbon like...
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...1. Pollan means that with so many contradicting facts being thrown at people, instead of doing what is right people want to be told what to buy. So if a commercial or someone tells us a fact about a certain food to make it seem healthy people will buy it. People will hesitate from just doing what is right like eating balanced will let someone pursued them into buying something that actually isn’t that healthy for them. This is how the question has become confusing. 2. Pollan means that nationwide we are obsessed with the fact of looking healthy instead of actually being healthy. I completely agree with this because people base what they buy off of what it is supposed to make them look like instead of just plane eating right and exercising. 3. Pollan thinks this because “it never would have happened in a culture in possession of deeply rooted tradition of food and eating”. We are more vulnerable because we are so ethnically and culturally different. We as Americans have no massive religious and cultural ties to food so it makes us more vulnerable to be persuaded into eating no necessarily healthy things. 4. The American Paradox is the people here that are unhealthy and are obsessed with the idea of being or becoming healthy. The French paradox is a healthy group of people that live and eat in ways that we look at as unhealthy. 5. An omnivore eats both other animals and plants. 6. The omnivore’s dilemma is that as omnivore’s we have such a huge selection of possible items...
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...U2 mod 1chem. Halogenoalkanes page1 of 4 Introduction Halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides are derivatives of alkanes. General formula = CnH2n+1X or simply R—X where R represents an alkyl group They can be classified as primary, secondary or tertiary alkyl halides. Primary alkyl halides have either 1 or no alkyl groups attached to the central carbon atom. Secondary alkyl halides have 2 alkyl groups (circled) attached to the central carbon atom. Tertiary alkyl halides have 3 alkyl groups (circled) attached to the central carbon atom Aryl halides are compounds in which the halogen atom is attached directly to the aromatic ring. U2 mod 1chem. Halogenoalkanes page2 of 4 Reactions of alkyl halides The point of attack would be the electron deficient carbon atom (due to the difference in electronegativity in the C-X bond) attached to the halogen atom , thus the attacking species would be a nucleophile. All reactions need the present of heat i.e. reflux 1. Alcohol formation (R represents any hydrocarbon chain) R—X + OH- R—OH + XPrimary and secondary alkyl halides undergo alkaline hydrolysis to the alcohol while tertiary alkyl halides can be hydrolysed by water. Aryl halides do not undergo hydrolysis except under VERY SEVERE conditions. Industrially chlorobenzene is reacted with NaOH(aq) at 360 °C at a high pressure then adding dilute HCl. 2. Amine formation R—X + NH3(alc) heat in a sealed tube R—NH2 + HX Note (alc) means an alcoholic solution as opposed to an aqueous...
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...Steven Velasquez Page 1 Chemistry has been around since before time these element have existed since before time. It was only up to us to find each and every one of them. Every element is unique in their own way. Each have different amounts of protons and electrons, have different masses, and are in different states of matter. Sodium, Oxygen, and Carbon each have different components and different ways that they react with other elements. Sodium Sodium is the eleventh element on the periodic table of elements. This means it has 11 protons and 11 electrons. Its symbol is Na and has an atomic weight of 22, 9898. It’s a soft metal, and even though sodium is the sixth most abundant element on earth, it is a very reactive element and is never found free in nature. Sodium was first made pure by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807 by the electrolysis of caustic soda. Sodium is so reactive it can ignite on contact with water forming sodium hydroxide which is highly irritating to skin, eyes, nose and throat. This can cause coughing and sneezing but very intense exposures can result in difficult breathing, and chemical bronchitis. Contact to the skin may cause itching, tingling, and permanent damage due to burns. Contact with eyes may result in permanent loss of sight. So because of this it has to be kept in a moisture free environment. Titanium, sodium peroxide, sodium hydride, and sodamide are produced by sodium. Sodium is also used as coolants for nuclear reactors. Sodium...
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...FORMS OF CARBONS ✓ APPLICATIONS Carbon from Latin: carbo "coal" is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. There are three naturally occurring isotopes, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity. There are several allotropes of carbon of which the best known are graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon. The physical properties of carbon vary widely with the allotropic form. For example, diamond is highly transparent, while graphite is opaque and black. Diamond is among the hardest materials known, while graphite is soft enough to form a streak on paper (hence its name, from the Greek word "to write"). Diamond has a very low electrical conductivity, while graphite is a very good conductor. Under normal conditions, diamond has the highest thermal conductivity of all known materials. All carbon allotropes are solids under normal conditions with graphite being the most thermodynamically stable form. They are chemically resistant and require high temperature to react even with oxygen. The most common oxidation state of carbon in inorganic compounds is +4, while +2 is found in carbon monoxide and other transition metal carbonyl complexes. The largest sources of inorganic carbon are limestones, dolomites and carbon dioxide...
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...by the apprehension in detail of its classification by the determination of its physical and chemical properties. The obtained results of data evaluated show that all the end-products were accurate and precise. The written report highlighted the data about Hydrocarbons and the information ascertained such as the macroscopic properties of Hydrocarbons based on distinctive tests. Experiment No.: 3 Experiment Title: Properties of Hydrocarbons Submitted by: Group No.: 3 Course/ Year/ Section: Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Science/ Second Year/ 2MT-L Group Leader: Dandoy, Chessa Members: De Castro, Kevin Desuyo, Glodene Dumallay, Arlene Mae Encarnacion, Rei Escalante, Joyce Estrella, Sheila Fabros, Lia Angeline Inhumang, Emman I. Introduction Hydrocarbons are the simplest class of organic compounds and are composed solely of hydrogen and carbon. This class can be further divided into two groups: aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. Aliphatic hydrocarbons can be classified based on the structure and bonding of the carbon skeleton into three groups: alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Alkanes, or saturated hydrocarbons, are compounds that consist entirely of single bonds, so that each carbon atom is connected to four other atoms (either another carbon within the skeletal structure or a hydrogen atom). They can be described by the formula CnH2n+2. One simple example is methane, where n=1 and therefore...
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...including national security cost to protect foreign sources of oil. This pricing system hides the true costs of fossil fuels which results in damage to human health, the environment, and the economy (Payne, Dutzik, & Figdor, 2009). This paper will examine each hidden cost and evaluate their effects to enlighten individuals on the true cost of America’s dependency on fossil fuels. America’s dependency on fossil fuels began innocently enough with the start of the Industrial Revolution. These changes were small at first with the invention of machines that replaced the hard labor of hand tools. Next were new sources of energy to power the new inventions which replaced the muscle of man and horse. Last were the factories which could produce products at a faster rate and required a smaller labor force. The industrial revolution grew slowly as each year brought new inventions and better manufacturing process. As these changes...
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...in small quantities in plants and foods. It is slightly soluble in water and very soluble in ethanol, acetone and carbon disulfide. Its rate of polymerization is low at room temperature but increases at higher temperatures. Figure 3....
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...does have a sweet odour. It is also highly flammable and is formed in human activities and natural processes. It evaporates in to air very quickly and dissolves slightly in water. Natural sources of benzene include forest fires and volcanoes. Benzene is also a component of crude oil, petrol and cigarette smoke. Structure of benzene • Benzene is a flat molecule with 6 carbons atoms bonded together in a Planar ring so is also a cyclic hydrocarbon. • Each carbon is covalently joined to two other carbons and one hydrogen. So there are 3 covalent bonds all together. • The remaining outer electron of each carbon is shared with the other carbons in the ring. The six electrons are delocalised around the ring this gives stability to the structure and hold it in place. • All bond lengths are the same. • IT ALSO IS COLOULERLESS SO IS NOT VERY USEFUL AND IS EXTREMLY EXPLOSIVE AND HAS LOW FLAMIBILITY Kekule structure of benzene Kekule was the first to suggest a sensiSSble structure for benzene. The carbons are arranged in a hexagon, and he suggested alternating double and single bonds between them. Each carbon atom has hydrogen attached to it. However the problem with this model is that it could not explain why benzene had low reactivity because if a double bond is present then it will react in a similar way to alkenes. Uses of benzene Benzene is also used to make some types of rubbers,...
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...the end of this topic, students should be able to: c) Show the preparation of alkenes through: i) dehydration of alcohols ii) dehydrohalogenation of haloalkanes d) Write the mechanism for c(i) e) State Saytzeff’s Rule. f) Deduce the major product of elimination reaction. 3 Alkenes - General formula CnH2n , n 2. - Functional group C=C double bond - Unsaturated hydrocarbon - C═C 1 σ bond and 1 π bond A B C=C A B Restricted rotation of carbon-carbon double bond causes cis-trans isomerism 4 Alkenes Cycloalkenes - General formula CnH2n-2 - Isomeric to alkynes CnH2n-2 Example : C4H6 CH2 CH CH2 Functional group isomerism CH CH3C – CCH3 5 Alkenes Common Names Of Alkenes Many older names for alkenes are still in use … example: CH2 CH3 CH2 ethene ethylene CH2 CH CH3 CH2 2–methylpropene isobutylene CH3 CH3 propene propylene C CH3 C CH CH2 2–methylbut-1,3-diene 6 isoprene Alkenes IUPAC Nomenclature 1. Determine the parent name by selecting the longest chain that contains the double bond and change the ending ‘-ane’ in alkane to ‘-ene’. 2. When the chain contains more than three carbon atoms, numbering is needed to indicate the location of the double bond. 3. The chain is numbered starting from the end closest to the double bond. 4. Indicate the position of the...
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