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Case 19 ZARA

Nel 2008 Inditex, il retailer base della Spagna ha gestito piu di mille Zara store circa alrti 3000 in 70 nazioni.

Piette il direttore moda di LVMH descrive Zara come il piu innovativo e devastante venditore a dettaglio nel mondo. Chic si, Redditizio: si, Alti prezzi: no.

La storia di Zara è un insieme di attente strategie di risorse, merchandising, distribuzione tutte volte a creare un nuovo modello di ricavo, di margini lordi, e di capitale circolante.

Amacio Ortega: inizia a lavorare in un piccolo negozio a La Coruna, poi negli anni ’60 inizia a disegnare e produrre alcun indumenti da solo e apre un suo store nel ’63.

Obiettivo: fare e vendere indumenti piu economici degli altri.

12 anni dopo da il via a Zara ( vestiti alla moda e prezzi competitivi).

Tra il 70 e 80 si espande in Spagna e poi in Europa,America Asia negli anni 90.

Maggio 2001: Inditex alza 2 bilioni di dollari.

2006: passa i 5 mln in vendite ed era mlt redditizia.

Antilog con GAP

Gap è un gran retailer con grossi store che vende abbigliamento per uomo donna e bambino. Un quarto dello store è riservato alla vendita in scaffali dove i prezzi sono ribassati.

Zara non ha questa politica di ribasso

Primo perché i prezzi sono accettabili fin dal primo giorno e non subiscono variazioni ( anche se l’accettabili puo cambiare tra i paesi, zara cmq si accorda).

Secondo il piu importante la strategia Fast Fashion. 4 processi tutti basati sulla velocità: design, produzione, distribuzione e vendita.

2 settimane per un nuovo capo di abbigliamento per passare dal design allo store.

Si riesce a capire meglio cio che vogliono i clienti.

Il modello minimizza il rischio di avere dei capi invenduti, non c’è di extra inventory, perché prendono solo cio di cui hanno bisogno ( anche vantaggio per i prezzi competitivi).

Leap of faith:

Una parte della strategia prevede di copiare lo stile di indumenti usati alcune celebrità, metterle sul mercato in piccole quantità e vedere come procede. Se va bene allora aumentano la produzione ma non troppo in modo da aver sovrabbondanza. Se un prodotto non va invece bloccano subito la produzione. ( non c’è cosi neanche bisogno di abbassare i prezzi, cosa che di solito si fa per le cose invendute, visto che Zara non ne ha).

Un’altra cosa è che non usavo paesi low-cost come la Cina per la loro produzione ma si accordano con citta spagnole e portoghesi. Anche se spendono un po di piu hanno cmq extramargini superiori rispetto ai rivali xkè cmq loro non hanno sprechi, ne riduzioni di prezzo, ne il problema di una collezione sbagliata.

La politica Fast Fashion ha anche delle implicazioni per il modello di ricavo.

Perchè molti capi spariscono dopo una settimana dall'entrata nello store. Questo puo essere sintomo di scarsità ma c'è il risvolto positivo. Questo spinge i clienti a comprare subito il capo perchè potrebbero non trovarlo piu e li spinge anche a tornare piu spesso per vedere le novità. E anche perchè cosi non tutti indosserebbero le stesse cose ma ci sarebbe + varietà.

Modello di capitale Circolante: l'industria manifatturiera vicina e il cambio di inventory veloce è buono.

In cambio del fatto di comprare grossi volumi, i fornitori gli danno in favore 60 giorni di termine.

I clienti che pagano cash o carta di credito fanno si che Zara abbia i soldi in meno di una settimana quindi il veloce cambio di inventory accoppiato al veloce pagamento del customer e il lento pagamento per il merchandise. ( attrattivo modello di capitale circolante).

Con la politica come Gap, chi compra punta su quale potrà essere la prossima moda se un capo o un altro... (Leap of Faith).

A Gap è richiesto di pagare in anticipo i suoi fornitori. Nel 2006 ha circa 55 mln in liquidità vincolate sullo stato patrimoniale. Poi arrivano dagli usa o dall'europa e riempiono l'inventario. Molto differente da Zara.

La politica di Zara sorpassa anche H&M e di molto Gap.

La rapidità e la flessibilità contano più del prezzo.

Zara incrementa i suoi ricavi mentre Gap incontra un po di declino.

Il prezzo è importante ma arriva per secondo, per prima la giusta moda.

Case 20: Amazon

Amazon viene lanciato come un sito per vendere libri nel 95.

Si focalizza su 3 punti chiave per i clienti : migliore selezione, prezzi bassi, spedizioni veloci e convenienti.

La prima strategia è la GBF (Get Big Fast), e ha un buon ricavo per essere attivo da 4 anni. Ha un vasto assortimento perciò funziona. Aumenta in grandezza anche lo spazio dei centri di sistribuzione.

Però stava cmq spendendo troppo e incorrono in perdite raggiungendo 720 mln. Cioè il modello di margini lordi e il modello operativo non erano in sincronia. Non c'erano abbastanza margini per coprire i costi operativi ( magazzino, staff, tecnologia dell'informazione...) .

Il cash rimaneva oltretutto legato all'inventory da 21 a 49 giorni per al fine di scongiurare le denunce per lo scarso servizio che gli altri dot-commers avevano ascoltato dai consumatori.

Nel 2000 ha circa 1,4 bln di perdite. Con il GBF mentre i ricavi salivano, non si teneva conto delle spese che salivano alle stelle.

Ingaggiano Wilke come vice presidente per migliorare. Loro avevano una grande rete di distribuzione centrale con un grosso quantitativo di informazione tecnologia e su questo dovevano lavorare.

Leap Of Faith: automatizzare tutto cio che era possibile.

Bisogna ottimizzare anche gli ordini, essere al 100% perfetti senza avere degli errori da dover poi ricontrollare e rimandare tutte le merci per essere riselezionate.

Bisognava migliorare la supply chain (catena di distribuzione). Tagliare l'inventory. Avere meno inventory significava avere meno persone che se ne occupino, meno costi operativi. Una migliore supply chain rendeva i processi interni + agevoli e le persone di Amazon imparavano come si operava in un ambiente automatizzato.

Il miglioramento si ha anche sul modello di capitale circolante. Migliora l'inventory che passa da 49 a 17 giorni. (dal 99 al 2001).

Poi diventa CFO Jenson che migliora i Debiti passando sa 20 a 52 giorni. Cosi che il capitale circolante diventa negativo.

Questi miglioramenti permetto di abbassare i costi dei libri e offrire spedizioni gratuite su alcuni ordini.

Amazon si butta su altri orizzonti, non fermarsi solo alla vendita di libri e DVD ma sfruttare le potenialità che avevano. Amzon era cmq una forte piattaforma che poteva essere utilizzata.

Per prima cosa viene usata da terzi per vendere libri usati ( sul modello di Ebay che è un Analog).

Poi si appoggiano al colosso venditore di giocattoli Toys “R” Us, prendedosi la responsabilità dell'e-commerce di Toys. In cambio Toys dava una piccola parte delle vendite online ad Amazon.

Migliora cosi il modello di magini lordi ( come Ebay) e si abbassano i COGS, che sono bassi per la piattaforma online.

Quindi Amazon cambia l'ottica, sono pensati come una compagnia tecnologica e una piattaforma tecnologica no come un semplice rivenditore di libri che quindi guadagna un tot all'anno dai diversi clienti.

Ma i nuovi clienti pagano milioni di dollari per avere il servizio di e-commerce, e oltre a questo Amazon non si deve preoccupare dell'inventory o dei magazzini o dei libri o delle spedizioni

I ricavi aumentano passando da 2,7 bln nel 2000 a 3,1 bln nel 2001. Diminuiscono le perdite e i costi operativi. I margini lordi di guadagno migliorano.

2003 anno di pieno di profitto: 35 mln di profitto con ricavi di 5,3 bln. Nel 2004 588 mln con 6.9 bln.

Inoltre migliora il modello di capitale circolante introducendo un nuovo servizio: AmazonPrime, un servizio con abbonamento che permette ai membri di avere dei privilegi sulle spedizioni ( spedi in 2 giorni gratuite).

Il cash flow si era alzato del 140%.

Case 21: Celtel International

800 mln di persone in Africa di cui 600 sono dell'africa sub-sahariana. GDP da 180 a 5000 $ ( in Europa Nord America Giappone sta tra 24000 e 36000).

Con questa povertà chiaramente le infrastrutture telefoniche erano inadeguate. Solo 1% aveva accesso a una tradizionale linea telefonica. Per la maggior parte non sembrava un posto dove poter iniziare un nuovo business.

Ci crede però il Dr Mo Ibrahim, ha studiato ingengeria in UK, primi anni della carriera nella British Telecom. Lo lascia nell'89 per fondare la MSI (mobile system international), compagnia di consulenza telefonica, aiutante la crescita dei industria dei cellulari. Si focalizza sul marketplace africano perchè c'era cmq paura e preoccupazioni per gli altri ad andare in africa, lui sapeva benissimo tutta la situazione, i vari rischi

Analog con Kenya: cm tutti i lavoratori consumavano una birra a fine lavoro cosi potevano spendere una piccola parte di soldi per il telefono.

Offrire un piano con rata mensile

Leap Of Faith: i consumatori avrebbero dovuto comprare un cuffia cn microfono (Antilog con gli altri paesi visto che solitamente viene data gratis con abbonamenti) insieme ad una carta prepagata “gratta e vinci” buoni prepagati per i minuti di utilizzo. Quando finisce e hanno guadagnato credito possono comprarne un'altra.

Il modello operativo era dipendente da un sistema cellulare che dovevano costruire.

Ibrahim decide di usare una sola tecnologia wireless quella GSM in modo che potesse funzionare per tutti e mantenesse i costi operativi bassi.

Le licenza per operare un sistema cellulare doveva essere garantito dai governi cmq.

Chiaramente c'era bisogno di tutta la struttura alle spalle, le antenne,gli switch, un centro di rete operativo.

2 Leap of Faith: raggiungere un sufficiente capitale di investimento per iniziare il business sulle infrastrutture in un marketplace del genere e secondo se i clienti africani avessero contribuito a sviluppare il business model.

Ibrahim trova degli investitori e li convince al progetto e cosi MSI con questo cash inizia ad avere un po di licenze. Dal 98 acquista licenze per operare in alcuni paesi e si amplia negli anni aggiungendo paesi. ( fa cm la vodafone ha fatto negli anni 90). Rinominano la compagni in CelTel.

Il secondo leap of faith è soddisfatto anche perchè cmq gli africani sono disposti a pagare la tassa per telefonare. Sono disposti anche a pagare un po di + in rapporto rispetto ad altri paesi xkè cma loro non avevano altri servizi al di fuori di quello.

Nel 2002 il ricavo per utente era di 300$ all'anno, mentre quando si espande nelle zone piu povere si abbassava a 250$.

Cmq aumentano i sottoscriventi. E questo permetteva di coprire i costi marginali ed essere subito redditizi (nonostante L'ARPU + basso).

Ricavi forti e buoni profitti. Nel 2003 il 95% dei clienti Celtel usa il prepagato.

I debiti verso i fornitori per le nuove torri e gli switch per aumentare il loro network era di 33 mln.

No inventario quindi aveva 70 mln del cash dei suoi clienti e fornitori da poter investire per far crescere il business.

Una volta che la rete era pronta i costi per piazzare la telefonata dei sottoscriventi era praticamente zero.

2007 ha circa 27 mln di utenti e con un ricavo nel 2006 di 2,5 bln.

La società era redditizia dal 2003.

2005 viene acquistata per 3,4 bln da MTC operatori del middle-east in crescita. Ibrahim e i suoi impiegati sono diventati milionari

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...(For Course participants only) Reading Material & Work Book On Effective Noting & Drafting (Edited by Smt. Jayanthi Sriram, Asst.Director) GOVERNMENT OF INDIA INSTITUTE SECRETARIAT TRAINING & MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT OF PERSONNEL & TRAINING ADMINISTRATIVE BLOCK, JNU CAMPUS (OLD) OLOF PALMS MARG, NEW DELHI-110067 TEL. 26105592 TELEFAX: 26104183 Revised - 2005 FORWARD In responsive administration it is obvious that the response has to be meaningful. Yet, it may not be effective unless the response time is optimised. This twin objective can be achieved through streamlining of the decision making process itself. In the Central Secretariat, as in other spheres of Government, contribution by all rungs of employees particularly by those at the cutting edge level, namely the Section Officers and Assistants, generally helps arriving at the right decision. Besides collection of information, such contributions are rendered through Noting & Drafting. Effective noting & drafting at every level, therefore, is a matter of prime concern. 2. To address this concern, we in ISTM have been according utmost importance to the inclusion of 'noting and drafting' as a subject in all our foundational and refresher Courses. Besides, focussed workshops on effective noting & drafting are also organised in large numbers. To help participants team effectively, the need for practical exercises cannot be overemphasised. Similarly,...

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