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CASO NIKE FTS

http://www.brandemia.org/nike-la-historia-del-logo-mas-famoso-del-mundo
1. ¿Cómo definiríais la estrategia de negocio de Nike? ¿Cuáles son sus elementos clave?

Nike es una reconocida firma de una empresa multinacional estadounidense dedicada al diseño, desarrollo, fabricación y comercialización de equipamiento deportivo: ropa, calzado, accesorios, etc. La multinacional es conocida por la producción a través de contratistas y teniendo como instalaciones propias únicamente situadas en Estados Unidos y china. La mayoría de las fábricas están situadas en Asia, incluyendo Indonesia, China, Taiwán, India, Tailandia, Vietnam, Pakistán, Filipinas, Malasia, y la República de Corea. Las principales de donde proceden la gran mayoría de la producción son China, Vietnam e indonesia.
Nike cuenta con varías líneas de negocio, entre ellas Footb all Team Sports (FTS) con la que puedo percibir una factible oportunidad de incremento de ventas si cumplia el objetivo de disminuir el tiempo empleado por los clientes en efectuar pedidos.

Nike es una firma de ropa, calzado y complementos deportivos con varias líneas de negocio. Football Team Sports (FTS) es una de ellas, donde la compañía detectó una oportunidad de aumento de ventas si lograba disminuir el tiempo que los clientes empleaban en realizar sus pedidos.

Nike producía la mayoría de su ropa y calzado en más de 50 países a través de contratistas, contando solo con instalaciones propias en Estados Unidos y China. Son China, Vietnam e Indonesia los principales países de donde proceden los productos de Nike.

Nike contaba con un portal donde los empresarios minoristas gestionaban sus pedidos y otro donde los consumidores podían personalizar sus productos. Los minoristas debían realizar el pedido entre 3 y 6 meses antes de la temporada aunque contaba con algunos productos que permitan el pedido inmediato. Aquellos que realizaban pedidos futuros contaban con descuento en su pedido, hecho contrario para los pedidos inmediatos, que además estaban sujetos a disponibilidad.

Este sistema era viable hasta el momento ya que la variabilidad de las ventas era baja, lo que le permita establecer buenas previsiones de ventas.

En definitiva, la estrategia se basa en la producción de productos en países donde la mano de obra y los costes de fabricación son muy bajos y aunque haya que enviar esos productos a países europeos, el coste sigue siendo más bajo que la producción en Europa.
Esta opción ahorra costes pero también tiene sus contras como el tiempo que se emplea en el envío y que no permite gestionar altas demandas de productos que no estuviesen estimadas.

Nike intentaba que sus clientes gestionasen sus pedidos online con varios meses de antelación y lo incentivaba a través de descuentos en el pedido pero las exigencias de los clientes de querer los productos en plazos cercanos a diez días hizo plantearse a Nike la opción de fabricar en Europa a pesar de comprar materias primas en otros países para atender la pronta demanda.

2. ¿Cómo de grande/importante es el negocio de Nike FTS dentro del portfolio de negocios de Nike?

En 2007, Nike EMEA decidió incrementar significativamente su negocio de Football Team Sports (FTS, prendas y accesorios para personas que practican el fútbol aficionado), que hasta entonces había sido una parte pequeña de sus actividades. Nike tenía que afrontar un reto importante: cómo servir al creciente negocio de FTS con una cadena de suministro que tradicionalmente recurría al marketing para generar demanda.
Los clubes de fútbol aficionado, por otro lado, estaban fuertemente influidos por la popularidad de los clubes profesionales, o por los últimos resultados de la Liga de Campeones, etc.

Los clientes de FTS normalmente necesitaban sus uniformes antes de que empezara la temporada. Los minoristas tenían un espacio limitado y, por tanto, no podían almacenar más de 1.000 SKU del catálogo de productos. Otras diferencias clave entre FTS y otras categorías de ropa era la frecuencia de compra (una vez al año frente a todo el año), la estacionalidad (en el verano, frente a todas las estaciones) y la elasticidad del precio (bastante inelástico, frente a más elástico).

Para Nike, el valor del negocio de la parte de FTS era de 1.500 millones de dólares. La cuota de mercado de Nike era del 10%, ya que el mercado total movía alrededor de 15.000 millones de dólares en todo el mundo. Además, el futbol es el deporte más universal y el que es mas practicado por las personas con un total de 240 millones de personas, 1.5 millones de equipos registrados y 300.000 clubes. La mayoría de las ventas venían dadas por este deporte, debido a la venta de camisetas de equipos famosos.

Se consideraba que un 10% de las ventas de estos productos entraba dentro de la categoría de FTS. FTS estaba creciendo año a año de forma que Nike la había identificado como área de crecimiento dentro de la compañía, ya que estimaba que en todo el mercado movía alrededor de 3.000 millones de euros.

En cuanto a las prendas FTS, Nike obtenía un margen bruto del 43,9% y el margen de beneficio neto era del 9,1%.

En cuanto al tipo de consumidor de FTS, se trataba de personas pertenecientes a equipos de futbol, que solía repetir sus compras una vez al año.

En cuanto a los medios de venta, solo el 20% de las ventas de FTS se hacían por medio del programa de pedidos futuros, aunque el 80% de los ingresos de FTS procedia de pedidos inmediatos.

3. ¿Qué hace diferente a FTS del negocio "tradicional” de Nike?

Nike FTS concentraba la mayoría de sus ventas en las camisetas, pantalones y balones y destacaba por tener ciclos de vida más cortos. El target se definía como integrantes de un equipo de fútbol o entrenador que realizaba la compra de ropa de todo el equipo, una vez al año generalmente.

El 10% de las ventas de productos de fútbol entraba dentro de la categoría de FTS. En esta línea, FTS se diferenciaba de la frecuencia de compra, la temporalidad y la elasticidad del precio.

Dentro de FTS había diferentes niveles: los grandes equipos profesionales que buscaban una calidad más alta debido a que exigían alto rendimiento. Y los clubes más comunes.

Los canales de venta se dividían en grandes minoristas nacionales y pequeños minoristas independientes. La mayoría de ellos no se sentían atraídos por el modelo de pedidos a futuro a pesar de los descuentos que ofrecía y realizaban pedidos inmediatos. Los más pequeños compraban una vez por temporada. En cambio los grandes clientes empleaban la tecnología para la gestión de pedido.

En Europa, el tiempo de entrega era de seis meses y era cada país quien facilitaba a la oficina central las previsiones en febrero y julio. La producción del producto era de dos meses en los productos de temporada, y algo menos de tiempo en los productos más atemporales. La mayoría de productos se enviaban vía marítima por coste tardando hasta 2 meses. Una vez recepcionado el producto en Bélgica, entre 2 y 7 días, las tiendas recibían su mercancía y debido a la demanda de los consumidores es importante contar con stock de producto en el almacén.

Frente al modelo de Nike más tradicional, FTS demandaba productos diferentes, tanto para grandes clubes con productos más especializados a clubes más pequeños que buscaban productos más sencillos y económicos. A pesar de que compraban generalmente una vez al año, lo dejaban para el último momento, lo que planteaba un problema para Nike.

4. ¿Qué implicaciones conlleva?

Al querer diferenciarte del resto de tus competidores, muchas veces ocurre que en la cadena de suministro podemos fallar o pueden aparecer algunos problemas, los principales implicaciones son:

* Método de previsiones: Dependiendo del criterio utilizado por cada planificador puede ocurrir que el error y ese % que queremos por seguridad sea un tanto mayor del que en verdad debiésemos escoger.

* Falta de flexibilidad: Debido a que los tiempos de entrega son largos no se tiene mucho margen de maniobra.

* Equilibrio entre el exceso y la falta de existencias: El hecho de encontrar un buen equilibrio de las existencias puede provocar que en distintas épocas pudiésemos estar subabastecidos o por el contrario estar sobreabastecidos.

5. ¿Han identificado Leopold Bloom y su equipo todas las alternativas?

Las alternativas valoradas por Bloom y su equipo se centran principalmente en reducir los plazos de entrega de los productos e intentar gestionar las preferencias de los consumidores es decir realizar una gestión optima de la cadena de suministro.

Nike tiene un sistema propio conocido como futuros, en el que los distribuidores hacen sus pedidos de tres a seis meses antes de la temporada a cambio de un descuento.
En la categoría de los equipos amateur, en cambio, sólo el 20% de los pedidos se hacen con tanta anticipación. Además, los equipos amateur piden más características personalizadas, por lo que los artículos genéricos en stock sólo les valen a unos pocos consumidores. Muchos equipos amateur encargan sus uniformes a tiendas independientes que trabajan con stocks más reducidos. A pesar de que todos los pedidos se hacen al mismo tiempo, los clientes esperan que estén listos en una semana, en una amplia variedad de estilos y con la personalización deseada.

El sistema de futuros con el cual NIKE planificaba la demanda y gestionaba los inventarios deja de ser válido para los productos FTS los cuales son demandados con un tiempo de espera de una semana / 10 días con lo cual presentan grandes problemas en la cadena de suministro.

Se sopesan varias opciones para la reducción del plazo de entrega actual: * Cambio en los métodos de previsión. * Utilizando web dirigida al consumidor. * Torneos virtuales o reales. * Producir en Egipto reduciendo los tiempos de entrega aunque aumenten los costes. * Tener en stock el tejido sin teñir (greige) para poder hacer frente a pedidos de urgencia y los de temporada.

De estas alternativas descartaría la producción en Egipto por: * Costes de producción mayores. * Tecnología de producción con maquinaria más antigua. * Menor calidad en la producción, tema crítico para Nike. * Infraestructuras logísticas ineficientes. * Proveedores reacios al mercado exterior.
Aun siendo positivos en los aspectos de entrega más rápida y capacidad de respuesta a pedidos urgentes no creemos que sea una opción viable, es mejor explorar otras oportunidades de mejora.

Otras alternativas que se podrían valorar es la subcontratación de procesos: * La logística de entrega a una empresa grande y especializada especializada (DHL, MRV) y que sean los que se ocupen de todo el proceso. * Los proveedores se pueden encargar de la logística de sus procesos, así como de la mejora de competitividad y reducción de costes de producción. * Base de datos común con proveedores y clientes para la explotación y análisis de datos (hábitos de compra, necesidades de producción, inventarios de producto terminado materias primas…...)

6.¿Qué haríais si fueseis Leopold Bloom? ¿Qué plan de acción tendría más sentido desplegar? ¿Cómo podría garantizar el éxito desde su puesto de Director de Operaciones?

Dentro de un proceso de producción o maquila, cobra mucha importancia la gestión de las cadenas de suministro, ya que esta involucra todos los procesos para adquirir, transformar y distribuir los productos finales en el mercado, todo esto al menor costo.
Para Nike es importante reducir tanto los costos y como los tiempos en todos los procesos siendo un producto tan globalizado en un mercado tan competitivo es fundamental:

* Un servicio optimo a los clientes directos. * Entrega a cliente final y distribuidores el producto en cantidad y tiempo requerido. * No romper stock para evitar pérdida de clientes. * Calcular los inventarios óptimos tanto en fábricas como en distribuidores y almacenes. * Cualquier estrategia debe ser siempre encaminada a la satisfacción del cliente.

El plan que desarrollaríamos estaría basado en los siguientes puntos:

* Para que la cadena de suministro sea más efectiva NIKE debe desarrollar un sistema informático que les permita compartir conocimientos, información con sus proveedores.

* Desarrollo de la venta web como fuente de datos de criterios y hábitos de compra para usar la información para análisis de los datos e implementarlo en las planificaciones.

* Alianza con una agencia de transporte para que gestione la logística de entregas es decir externalizar dicho servicio a una empresa especializada en este campo.

* Centralizar al máximo sus almacenes con esto se conseguirá conocer los patrones de demanda para sus productos y al mismo tiempo lograr proveer de manera eficiente y efectiva los productos a las tiendas.

* Al tener numerosos proveedores realizar la cotización de los productos para obtener normalmente la más baja (siempre la cotización valorando unos criterios de capacidad de producción, calidad y responsabilidad de la empresa), con estos proveedores estrechar relaciones con contratos de larga duración, lo cual deja al proveedor como responsable de la tecnología, habilidades de mejora, asumir costos, entrega, competencia.

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Nike Case Study

...investigation is to find out how Nike has achieved it's competitive advantage, and to research into the company, to gain my own conclusion, and opinion of what I expect their future to hold. Competitive advantage is a distinctive feature about a business that makes it successful. It can be gained through: - Innovation (The introduction of new ideas, which change or create a product) Reputation Relationship with suppliers Relationship with customers Prices Advertising/Branding To maintain competitive advantage it must be difficult for other firms to copy. The business must carefully identify the people who will buy the product, and make it more appealing to them. Nike are a sports-clothing and footwear company, employing 22,000 people worldwide, from Nike World Headquarters in Oregon and Nike European Headquarters in Hilversum, The Netherlands, to nearly every region around the globe, including Asia Pacific, the Americas, and Europe, Middle East and Africa. Nike sells footwear, apparel, and equipment for men, women and kids, for a variety of sports. They are famous for their quality, and science. The company first started in 1962 by a man called Bill Bowerman. ...read more. Middle Their reputation then grew, and all athletes wanted to know about this new clothing idea. (See appendix 1) Therefore Nike has gained competitive advantage through innovation, of which Nike Sphere is an example. Nike has done some restructuring to help gain competitive advantage. Nike Inc. is very good at adapting...

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