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Case Study 10

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Submitted By amberpeck
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Ryan and Megan’s Story

A. Ryan mentioned a semen discharge. What four glands contribute to semen?
a. Seminal fluid is a liquid that consist of secretions of the seminiferous tubules, seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands.

B. One reliable birth control method that Ryan is unlikely to select at this time in his life is a vasectomy. What is a vasectomy and what happens to a man’s sperm after the procedure?
A vasectomy is a surgery that cuts the vas deferens, which is the tube that carries sperm from the testicles to the urethra. After a successful vasectomy sperm is unable to travel out of the testes.

C. Why do sperms have at most 48 hours to live after ejaculation?
a. The middle piece contains mitochondria arranged in a spiral, which provide ATP for locomotion of the sperm to the secondary oocyte and for sperm metabolism. Seminal fluid is alkaline and the inside of the female vagina is acidic causing destruction of the sperm. They are usually unable to live in the acidic environment for more than 48 hrs.

D. Megan is hoping to become pregnant someday. When the day comes, in which part of her body would fertilization of her secondary oocyte likely occur?
a. Fertilization usually occurs in the uterine tubes after ovulation has occurred. This usually takes place in the ampulla of the uterine tube.

E. How could damage to Megan’s uterine tubes complicate fertilization or pregnancy?
a. If there is scar tissue as a result of infections, sperm could possible not reach the oocyte for fertilization. If it does, and scar tissue is present the oocyte could implant with uterine tube or pelvic cavity.

F. The Pap smear that Megan mentions is a routine exam of the female reproductive tract through biopsy of the vagina and cervix. Why is the cervix an important location to test?
a. The cervix is vulnerable to several health concerns such as chronic inflammations, polyps, and dysplasia. And cancer. Unfortunately cervical conditions rarely present with symptoms the early stages.

G. Megan and Ryan purchase and ovulation detection kit, which uses hormone levels to help determine when Megan is ovulating, so the can avoid sex until they are ready to start a family. What hormone is the detection kit looking for? Explain why levels of that hormone would indicate that ovulation was occurring.
a. The test is designed to detect Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in the urine. A rise in the hormone signals the ovary to release an egg.
H. Ryan’s family has a history of dizygotic twins. Are dizygotic twins likely to be produced if Ryan and Megan start a family?
a. Dizygotic twins come from and independent release of two secondary oocytes and the subsequent fertilization of each by different sperm. This is solely dependent on Megan and has nothing to do with Ryan’s family history.

I. Which hormone is most likely responsible for the premature births in Megan’s family? Explain your answer.
a. High levels of estrogen increase the number of oxytocin receptors on uterine muscle fivers and cause uterine muscle fibers to form gap junction with one another. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and relaxin from the placenta increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and helping dilate the cervix. Prostaglandins produce enzymes that digest collagen fibers in the cervix causing it to soften.

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