...Informed consent Name Course Date Informed consent Informed consent is the procedure of getting permission to take part in a research study or medical procedure founded on access to all vital and easily understandable information about the consequences of participation in terms of benefits and harms (Dolgoff et al, 2009). A healthcare provider may demand informed consent from a patient before providing care or a researcher may request it from a participant before enrolling the individual into a research trial. Informed consent is based on guidelines provided by research and medical ethics. To give informed consent, the person involved must have sufficient reasoning faculties and have all the relevant facts. However, not all individuals may have capacities for informed consent due to impairments to reasoning and judgment such as mental immaturity, severe intellectual disabilities, mental illnesses, high stress levels, being in a coma, Alzheimer’s disease, and severe sleep deprivation. Medical and research actions may be carried out due to lack of informed consent. When a person is considered unable to give informed consent, another person can be authorized to give consent on behalf of that person (Manson & O'Neill, 2007). For instance, legal guardians or parents may give informed consent for young children and the mentally ill. In case a person is given insufficient information to make a reasoned decision, severe ethical issues may arise. In clinical trials...
Words: 2720 - Pages: 11
...the led to major disabilities and loss of life for many of the children involved. The development, marketing, and sale of pharmaceutical products are part of a multi-billion dollar industry. When a pharmaceutical company conducts unethical practices, the potential dangers to living things cannot be ignored. Pfizer allegedly conducted an unethical drug study in Nigeria. During a meningitis outbreak, in 1996, Pfizer used an untested drug on 200 children while failing to receive proper consent from their patients. The unethical drug trials led to the deaths of 11 children. The trials also left other children brain damaged, blind, deaf, or paralyzed (Stephens, 2007). The families of the victims affected by the drug study filed a two billion dollar lawsuit against Pfizer. Pfizer was accused of failing to obtain proper parental consent, and using drugs during the study that were unfit for human use. The court settlement awarded an undisclosed amount of money to the families of the victims which are rumored to be in excess of $35 million (Beach, 2011). When a pharmaceutical company’s ethics come into question, such as in this case, the public image of the business suffers scrutiny. The unethical drug trials, which resulted in loss of 11 lives, would have easily been avoided...
Words: 517 - Pages: 3
...Abortion Consent Laws Since almost the beginning of time, abortion has been something that is considered very taboo in our society. Many people do not like to discuss it or share their views on it to spare the feelings or judgement of others. However, it is a very important topic that deserves to have more light shed on it as well as have more supporters be open and outspoken about it. Nowadays, it is fairly simple for someone wanting an abortion to receive the proper medical care that they need in order to maintain their health; however, it was not always like this. Under common law, abortion was legal in the United States leading up to the 19th century. Early laws only banned the use of toxic substances to cause miscarriages after a woman...
Words: 852 - Pages: 4
...Question 1 Question : Which of the following studies is linked most directly to the establishment of the National Research Act in 1974 and ultimately to the Belmont Report and Federal regulations for human subject protection? Your answer : Stanford Prison Experiment (Zimbardo). Correct Answer : The Public Health Service Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male. Comment : Points Earned : 0 Question 2 Question : The Belmont principle of beneficence requires that: Your answer : Potential benefits justify the risks of harm. Correct Answer : Potential benefits justify the risks of harm. Comment : Points Earned : 1 Question 3 Question : Humphreys collecting data for the Tearoom Trade study under the pretense that he was a lookout is an example of a violation of the principle of: Your answer : Respect for persons. Correct Answer : Respect for persons. Comment : Humphreys collecting data for the Tearoom Trade study while posing as a lookout is an example of a violation of the principle of respect for persons. Respect for persons requires that subjects freely choose to participate in research (voluntariness) and that they are adequately informed about a study (informed consent). Points Earned : 1 Question 4 Question : According to the Belmont Report, the moral requirement that there be fair outcomes in the selection of research subjects, expresses the principle of: Your answer : Respect for persons. Correct Answer : Justice. Comment : Points Earned...
Words: 3242 - Pages: 13
...data she has and will collect about the children for a case-based research project. Which of the following statements about parental permission is correct? Your answer : The parents of the children might feel pressure to give permission to the therapist to use their children's data so that she will continue to provide services to their children. Correct Answer : The parents of the children might feel pressure to give permission to the therapist to use their children's data so that she will continue to provide services to their children. Comment : When a care provider becomes a researcher, both the child clients and their parents may not feel free to choose not to participate in the provider's study. A researcher who is also a care provider needs to be very clear that a decision not to participate in a study, or to allow records to be used, will not affect the care provided in the future. The fact that the therapist has access to her clients' records as a clinician does not entitle her to use information in the records for research purposes without parental permission and child assent. A school authority's permission to conduct the research does not replace the need for permission or assent. Finally, the children's right to choose cannot be overridden in the pursuit of an indeterminate community interest. Points Earned : 1 Question 2 Question : A general requirement for informed consent is that no informed consent may include any exculpatory language. Exculpatory language...
Words: 942 - Pages: 4
...Abortion In the past thirty years, the issue of abortion has prevailed as possibly the most controversial health issue facing our nation. Within the issue clear sides can be drawn. Activists on either side are highly organized, pummeling the public with proof that abortion is either wrong or right. Stripped down, the abortion argument becomes a dispute between those who perceive the unborn fetus to be viable human life and likewise abortion as murder, and those who prioritize the rights of the living mother over those of an unborn fetus. The anti-abortion campaign is one based almost exclusively on religious notions and ideals. In contrast, those who support a woman's right to an abortion draw support from a combination of scientific evidence as well as moral and political issues. As a nation of reason and one that prioritizes the rights of its citizens above all other things, the right to an abortion must be protected. Pro-Life activists contend that a fetus is a human life and to end that life is murder. This belief is one based solely on religious philosophy. Scientific evidence is attestation to the fact that a fetus, especially one early in development, does not exhibit qualities marked by a human life. One of the most controversial issues of the abortion debate is the question of when life begins. Many anti-abortionists argue that life begins at conception. Therefore they contend that any process that terminates a pregnancy after a sperm has fertilized an egg...
Words: 1676 - Pages: 7
...importance of informed consent in research. Most people have the expectation that they will be treated with respect and as autonomous individuals. They also expect that they have the right to make decisions about what will and will not be done to them and about what personal information they will share with others. However, researchers also are aware that there are circumstances in which obtaining and documenting consent in social and behavioral research may be a complex, and often challenging process. For instance, potential subjects may be fluent in a language but not literate. Researchers may need to deceive research subjects in order obtain scientifically valid data. Asking subjects to sign consent forms linking them to a study about illegal activities could put them at risk of harm. The federal regulations provide sufficient flexibility to address some of these concerns, particularly for research posing no more than minimal risk of harm. For example, the regulations allow waivers of and alterations in the requirements for the consent and documentation processes. Learning Objectives By the end of this module you should be able to: • Distinguish between consent as a process and the documentation of consent. • Recognize the elements of consent. • Determine when waivers are appropriate. • Identify methods for ensuring comprehension of consent. Overview of Informed Consent Federal regulations require researchers to obtain legally effective informed consent from the subject...
Words: 2868 - Pages: 12
...The historical cases of Humphrey’s “Tea Room” study (Sieber, 1977), Milgram’s “Obedience” study (Blass, 2007), Zimbardo’s “Prison Study” (Zimbardo, 2015) and Tuskegee study (Tuskegee University, 2015) showed the unethical research on human subjects. The studies were never reviewed by the Institutional Review Board (IRB, 2014) because it was not around at that time. Today, the consideration of ethics needs to be a critical part of the substructure of the research process. In my study an informed consent would be covered with the range of procedures that must be implemented throughout the research. I have been tossed on two studies; I am doing this assignment with one of them. The ages involved in the study of the effects on health with social media, are ages 10 to 18, therefor, need parental or legal guardian consent. I don’t expect to anticipate any harm done to the participants since the participants will go about their normal routine day and would be studied by monitoring how often they use any form of social media and the effects of any metal or physical health concerns related to it. All the information you provide will be strictly confidential, and the participants name will not appear on the questionnaire. Instead, their questionnaire will contain an identification number only known to the researchers involved in the study. To satisfy the requirements of the IRB, I would have to assure that the following requirements’ are met: 1. Risk to subjects are minimized 2....
Words: 518 - Pages: 3
...Shaping Parental Authority over Children’s Bodies ALICIA OUELLETTE* INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 956 I. SCULPTING, SHAPING, AND SIZING CHILDREN: FOCUS CASES.............................. 959 A. WESTERNIZING ASIAN EYES..................................................................... 960 B. HORMONES FOR STATURE ........................................................................ 961 C. LIPOSUCTION ON A TWELVE YEAR OLD.................................................... 963 D. GROWTH STUNTING ................................................................................. 964 II. THE LAW, MEDICINE, PARENTAL RIGHTS, AND CHILDREN’S BODIES ................. 966 A. BACKGROUND LAW ................................................................................. 966 B. APPLICATION IN SHAPING CASES .............................................................. 969 C. ROOM FOR REGULATION .......................................................................... 971 III. WHAT IS REALLY WRONG WITH MEDICAL AND SURGICAL SHAPING OF CHILDREN? ............................................................................................................ 973 A. THE NONSUBORDINATION PRINCIPLE AS A LIMIT ON INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS 974 B. CHILDREN AS PERSONS, PARENTAL RIGHTS ............................................. 977 C. MEDICAL AND SURGICAL SHAPING OF CHILDREN IS DIFFERENT ............... 981 IV. CONCERNING...
Words: 28185 - Pages: 113
...Teenage Abortion and How Parental Involvement Affects Risk Kenneth F. Cyrus Over the past several decades, the issue of abortion has evoked controversy, hostility and even violence. The church, State and special interest organizations expound on the pros and cons of abortion rights. Often these abortion rights are fueled by moral, ethical, religious and legal arguments both in favor of Right to Life, as well as Pro-Choice. The issues become more complex where abortion involves a teenager, as the teenager's rights vs. parental involvement contributes to the hot debate on who has the legal right to choose. The woman has every right to decide whether she wants to carry the pregnancy to full term or to have an abortion. However, since unprotected sex results in unplanned pregnancy, parents should have a say in abortion decision. The physical health risk of abortion is very low when done in the early stages of pregnancy and in qualified abortion clinic. Ninety Seven percent of women who have abortion in their first trimester have no complications, and the risk for adolescents is low if done in the first trimester. (O'Keeffe & Jones.) The physical risks of abortion for teens is greater than that of their adult counterpart because teens have a longer approval process that increase the risk of the abortion been done in the second trimester. If the parents are a part of the decision then the approval process maybe shorter, eliminating the complications associated with late...
Words: 1960 - Pages: 8
...Act which was set in place to hinder websites from collecting identifying information from children under the age of 13. This paper will examine the Act, the need to have such an Act and will also seek to identify any loopholes in the Act and possible solutions to address these loopholes. I. Introduction The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998, and effective in 2000, applies to the collection of personal information from any child under the age of 13 on the internet. The Act dictates requirements in an online Privacy Policy, the requirements of seeking parental consent and how to go about it, and also includes operator responsibilities of protecting those under the age of 13 with regard to their privacy online. II. Content A . Purpose of the Act and a Brief History. In today's age, many minors are comfortable using computers and the internet and recent studies show that 90% of children over the age of three use computers and almost 60% use the internet. Because they are so apt at using the equipment, they increasingly do not need to be int he company of an adult and can now go online at school, libraries, internet cafes, or at the home of a friend or relative. Minors under the age of 13 are a highly sought-after market for many companies and as such, are a highly marketed segment of the consumer population. Using websites designed to attract this audience, it was common practice to target these minors for marketing purposes. The...
Words: 2806 - Pages: 12
...Families Background of the study In our epoch, divorces are among the most important social problems of modern society. According to recent studies, almost every second marriage in the United States ends with separation of the partners. Of course, many of such families have one or more young children and teenagers, who must learn to live with the problem of divorced parents. Actually, everybody who is involved in divorce has to suffer a lot, because the majority of the divorces are connected with scandals, constant confrontations, misunderstandings, humiliation and other negative effects. Of course, there are some situations when separation of the parents becomes a happy end of their relations and a relief for everybody in the family. But, unfortunately, those situations are very rare and not typical. That is why it is possible to say that the effects of the divorce on families are more likely to be negative and destructive than positive. The children are the ones that is affected through divorce they experience different emotions the way how they accept things. Children have those negative thoughts about divorce that can lead to misunderstanding and other quarrels. The emotional state of the children will be most affected by this the way they see their parents that not in good terms affects their emotional state. A lot of struggle will be happen when divorce came the different aspects of a family will be affected. There are different studies about this topic that i want...
Words: 4959 - Pages: 20
...medical part of his, her, or hirtransition, allowing the individual to continue living his or her life in a body congruent with his or her gender expression. The psychiatrist’s recommendation for SRS and hormonal treatment is imperative in the process and this paper will examine the ethical implications of the essential causal diagnosis of Gender Identity Disorder (GID) and the recommendation of surgical treatment in order for patients to fit into the Western gender binary. A brief examination of co-morbidity of mental disorders and their affect on consent and provider views on competence and capacity are also warranted. Adolescent transgendered patients under the age of eighteen experience more difficulties with the sex reassignment process due to emerging autonomy and complications with adolescent assent, consent, and parental permission.The physician's consent has more weight in the absence of parental permission and in many cases transgender foster children and homeless teens must rely on recommendations from physician and mental health professionals.A discussion of the use of puberty-blockers in...
Words: 5990 - Pages: 24
...Teenagers, the article seem to bear relevance for our proposal towards supporting the CSR investment to the organization under consideration. The essay analysis the laws permitting teenagers to go for abortion and how it affects the lives of the teenagers. The author has concluded that parental consent should be taken in such cases before taking any decision. However, on deeper examining of the reasons, it appears that there is a...
Words: 984 - Pages: 4
...Public Health Nutrition: 9(7), 889–895 DOI: 10.1017/PHN2005917 Parental concerns about childhood obesity and the strategies employed to prevent unhealthy weight gain in children David Crawford1,*, Anna Timperio1, Amanda Telford2 and Jo Salmon1 1 Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia: 2Division of Exercise Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia Submitted 8 June 2005: Accepted 21 November 2005 Abstract Objectives: To describe parental concerns about their child’s weight, to determine the proportion of parents taking preventive action to avoid obesity in their children and the predictors of taking preventive action, and to describe the strategies adopted by parents. Design: A cross-sectional survey was conducted. Children’s heights and weights were measured, and parents completed a questionnaire that included measures of their own weight status, perceptions of their child’s weight, concerns about their child’s current weight and future weight as an adolescent and adult, and the strategies used to prevent obesity. Setting: The study was conducted in Melbourne, Australia. Subjects: A total of 291 families of children aged 5–6 years and 919 families of children aged 10–12 years participated. Results: Eighty-nine per cent of parents of overweight 5–6-year-olds and 63% of parents of overweight 10–12-year-olds...
Words: 5061 - Pages: 21
