...Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia...
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...Introduction Feminism can be simply defined as the study of and movement for women not as subjects but as subjects of knowledge. During the 1980s, feminism and the role of gender have gained entry in the study of international relations. Prior to this feminism was greatly ignored. However, over the last decade, feminism has emerged as a key critical perspective within the study of international relations. The initial thrust of this critique was to challenge the fundamental biases of the discipline and to highlight the ways in which women were excluded from analyses of the state, international political economy, and international security. According to O'Callaghan (2002) feminism in international relations can be framed in two main domains. The first wave of feminist scholarship in the 1980s is now called feminist empiricism; in which international relations scholars have sought to reclaim women’s hidden voices and to expose the multiplicity of roles that women play in sustaining global economic forces and state interactions. For example, women’s participation and involvement facilitate tourism, colonialism, and economically powerful states’ domination of weak states. The maintenance of the international political economy depends upon stable political and military relations among states. O'Callaghan’s discussion on feminism clearly explicates how the creation of stable diplomatic and military communities has often been the responsibility of women (as wives, girl friends, and prostitutes)...
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...technologies have proven over time to create communities, both real and imagined. Although there are many different kinds of technology that have helped developed the nation and the world, one tool especially useful in disseminating this community-building information is the newspaper. Benedict Anderson, Professor Emeritus of International Studies, Government and Asian Studies at Cornell University first created the term “imagined community”. Originally, the phrase was mostly used when referring to nationalism, but now it can be used to describe any group of people who share a common passion or interest. There are several different types of information that newspapers distribute; therefore, there are many kinds of imagined communities that they have created in the past and have the potential to construct in the future. By definition according to Anderson, a nation is “an imagined political community”—a widespread consciousness shared by its members who may never come into contact with one another. Consequently, the first way newspapers built an imagined community was by sparking the emergence of a national identity amongst American citizens. Alexander Ziegler conducts a study on the involvement of newspapers in the development of an American national identity in which he states: “The hypothesis of this study is that colonial newspapers, the primary media for mass communication, must show some evidence of the emergence of American national identity.” Furthermore, waking up each...
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...Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders: Defining, Diagnosing, Correlation with Insomnia and Nightmares as well as The Treatment and Recovery Processes in War Veteran’s Tammy L. Egan Fulton-Montgomery Community College Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders 2 Abstract Post-traumatic stress disorder or most commonly known as PTSD, is a common problem for veterans returning from war all over the world. It can often be misdiagnosed as a traumatic brain injury or overlooked altogether because of the similarities in their symptoms. This paper will define what post-traumatic stress is as according to the Diagnostic Manual of Mental Disorders, its correlation with insomnia and nightmares, traumatic brain injuries and rare heart conditions, and it summarizes various treatment options including virtual reality, the Recover process, cognitive processing therapy, clinical programs, the use of the drug propranolol, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Lastly, it will review problems with those treatments, involving flaws in the research studies, ethical issues and gender issues. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders 3 Defining, Diagnosing, Correlation with Insomnia and Nightmares as well as The Treatment and Recovery Processes in War Veteran’s Wars have been fought for centuries, and the soldiers fighting these wars often come home scarred, either physically, mentally, or both. Soldiers who exhibit a variety of symptoms complain about having difficulty...
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...bachelor’s degree in liberal studies at North Carolina A&T State University. Included are an overview of the project, the rationale for choosing this topic, the design of this project, and the methods that will be used to conduct the research. This proposal also includes resources needed to complete this project, and an annotated bibliography that will be used as the core sources for the literature review I will write for the final paper. Overview and Purpose of the Research Project The role of women in combat has changed drastically over the years. Their inclusion in the military has increased followed by their involvement. However, the women are still limited in terms of what roles they are allowed to take. The general stigma against women depicts them as homemakers and their place in combat cannot exceed certain levels such as allowing them in the front line. There are other factors that have been linked to their limitation including their capacity to handle emotions, their need for extended leave when they get pregnant and their overall performance as compared to the men. People are constantly advocating for equal rights in men and women. In a bid to achieve that, women should be encouraged to uptake military positions while the policy makers are urged to set room for this. This research project will dwell on the inclusion of women in the military and their capacity to take up more definitive roles in combat. The position of this project is that women, whose gender roles have...
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...requirements of successful political action." He argues that state actors must think and act in terms of power and must do whatever it takes to defend the national interests of their state. J. Ann Tickner, commenting on the primacy of power in Morgenthau's writings, explains that what he considers to be "a realistic description of international politics is only a picture of the past and therefore not a prediction about the future", and proposes what she considers to be a feminist alternative: a world in which state actors think of power in terms of collective empowerment, not in terms of domination over one another, could produce more cooperative outcomes and pose fewer conflicts between the dictates of morality and the power of self-interest (Art & Jervis, 2005). Emergence of Feminism Most of the early feminists in IR were IR theorists, researchers, and policy practitioners, who read syllabi full of scholarly articles by mainly or only men, and seen IR as a scholarly place often hostile to women and femininity. Feminist scholarship came into the discipline of International Relations(IR) around the 1980s and 1990s. It was not IR that produced the feminist insight, for feminism is, according to Daddow (2009), "a wider social and intellectual movement that has had a big impact in politics, society, and education" (p. 145). IR Feminist scholars began looking for...
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...“Women in Law Enforcement” Introduction For the last twenty years it has been proven that women in law enforcement bring a unique perspective to policing. Women in law enforcement have struggled to become accepted and respected at federal, state and local levels. Women that enter law enforcement need to prove their emotional and physical strength. There are many reasons why women want to be part of law enforcement, from financial and job security, to prestige and reward. The truth is that a woman that knowingly steps into a world where she is expected to fail will have to work harder as she seeks equality. History In the early 1820s Quaker women were paid to provide religious and secular training to women and juvenile inmates. The importance that women had in these positions was crucial. In cities of over twenty-thousand, such as New York and Massachusetts, legislature was passed requiring to hire paid police matrons. However, the police matrons had no police powers. In 1845 the first “matrons” were appointed by the New York Police Department, but it was not until 1878 that they became police department employees. (Vila & Morris, 1999) In the late 1800s some women were unofficially appointed to complete the positions of their late sheriff husbands, such as Ms. Latty , the wife of Sheriff James Latty, from Iowa. In 1918 Ms. Banister, from Coleman County, Texas, was officially known as the first woman Sheriff in the country. She performed...
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...Religion and Peace 22 indicative hours ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The focus of this study is the distinctive response of religious traditions to the issue of peace. Syllabus Outcomes: H1 explains aspects of religion and belief systems H2 describes and analyses the influence of religion and belief systems on individuals and society H5 evaluates the influence of religious traditions in the life of adherents H6 organises, analyses and synthesises relevant information about religion from a variety of sources, considering usefulness, validity and bias H7 conducts effective research about religion and evaluates the findings from the research H8 applies appropriate terminology and concepts related to religion and belief systems H9 coherently and effectively communicates complex information, ideas and issues using appropriate written, oral and graphic forms. Incorporating a Catholic emphasis: In approaching the teaching of this unit within the context of a Catholic Religious Education program it is expected that: 1. Each lesson would begin with prayer that is meaningful for students and pertinent to current local...
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...Women, Development, and the UN From a contemporary vantage point, it seems extraordinary that there were just four women among the 160 signatories to the UN Charter at San Francisco in 1945. Two other women were present at the world body’s founding conference but were not signatories. However, this handful of women established a sound foundation for the UN by making sure that women’s issues were included. As Devaki Jain explains in her UNIHP volume, Women, Development, and the UN: A Sixty-Year Quest for Equality and Justice, “the simple act of inserting the word ‘women’ in the text made sure that the principle of equality between the sexes was part of the founding ideas of the organization” (2005, 12). Subsequently, the UN’s ideas, language, and activities have fundamentally altered the situation of women in country after country, especially through its promotion of human rights and the mobilizing influence of the four global women’s conferences held in Mexico, Copenhagen, Nairobi, and Beijing between 1975 and 1995. These raised awareness, spread ideas, built confidence, and created alliances that changed gender politics and policy worldwide. In turn, the conferences—and the women participating in them—also changed the structure and attitudes of the UN, providing the mandates for CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women), UNIFEM (the UN Development Fund for Women), and INSTRAW (the UN International Research and Training Institute for the...
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...Leadership: Women Make Better Leaders than Men Jay Wilson April 7, 2013 Leadership: Women Make Better Leaders than Men Abstract Men still run the world, but many recent studies indicate that the world might be in better shape if women were more often in charge. Women’s approach to leadership may be more effective than men’s. Several literatures prove that women behave differently as leaders because of the demands society places on them and their internalization of those demands. Because people tend to be less willing to tolerate a tough, authoritarian, and unfeminine style in women, they tend to take a more democratic and collaborative approach. Although women continue to face immense challenges in getting to the top, there is empirical evidence that suggest considerable progress being made toward gender parity in both the private and public domain. Toward this end, his paper agues that though men continue to hold a supper majority of leadership positions, women being both transformational and transactional leaders, make better leaders than men. Keywords: women leadership; gender; transformational; transactional INTRODUCTION For a long time now, men have held every major leadership role in the world than women. Does society ever pause for a moment to wonder what the world would look like if women were in position of leadership? Although this concept may seem far fetched, indeed the world and time is changing considerably...
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...1968 massacre in Tlatelolco; the Corpus Christi massacre on June 10, 1971; and Mexico’s Dirty War that occurred from the early 1970’s through the 1980’s; and the genocide of women that has been occurring since the Dirty War. Research indicates that the first three episodes of genocide were the responsibility of corrupt government leaders and the army and police that carried out the genocide under government orders (Krauze 725-752). Luis Echeverria, a leading figure in the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) during the 1960’s and Mexico’s president from 1970 to 1976, was charged with genocide related to these events in 2004. However, the charges were dropped due to a judge ruling that the events took place too long ago (BBC 1). The fourth episode of genocide against women is due to the drug cartels and the corrupt government officials that are involved in crime in Mexico (Ramirez 1-2). From 1945 to 1964, Mexico was booming and prosperous because the Second World War had just ended and modernization and industrialization were priorities for the three Mexican presidents during those years. The presidents in office from 1946 until 1964 were Miguel Aleman, Adolfo Ruiz Cortines and Adolfo Lopez Mateos. During this time, Mexico had good relations with the United States. Many new millionaires emerged as a result of the industrialization. However, society was split into two different classes—the very poor, and the very rich people with the mansions and yachts. Corruption...
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...Women at War Women have faced multiple struggles to gain equality. When it comes to women trying to fight for our rights in the country, the struggle is even tougher. Throughout history, women being involved in the military seemed to be more of a burden than anything. Even though women can help with military readiness, social change throughout the military and get the career advancement they have been dreaming of for so long, they have had a hard time convincing others differently. Others would see women being a part of the military as a risk factor, as they are not as physically strong as men or that women are to compassionate compared to men. Even with the extra stress from maternal and post-traumatic stress disorder, to being sexually assaulted, women did all they could to be a part of the military. Women may not be as physically strong and capable as men but having them in the military can strengthen intelligence operations. Throughout history women have been doing all they can to be a part of the military, even to the extent of dressing as men and creating a fake identity. Support for women being a part of the military was nonexistent until recent years when women have been accepted for roles in the military. Women have been a part of the war effort since the Revolutionary War, but in the early days of our nation they had to disguise themselves to serve alongside men. Deborah Samson Gannett, from Plymouth, Massachusetts, was one of the first American women soldiers. In...
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...WOMEN IN COMBAT AN INDISPENSIBLE ARMY 21 COMPONENT OR A SIMPLE CASE OF EQUAL OPPORTUNITY? Your mission remains fixed, determined, inviolable – it is to win our wars. Everything else in your professional career is but corollary to this vital dedication. All other public purposes … will find others for their accomplishment; but you are the ones who are trained to fight; yours is the profession to arms. General Douglas A. MacArthur to the West Point Graduating Class of 1962 INTRODUCTION Like the United States military, the infusion of women into the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) was announced with great fanfare and the proclamation of the politically-correct notion that “women have as much a role to play in the Nation’s defence as the men”. Thankfully, unlike the US military, the inclusion of women into SAF did not result in controversies and scandals that the US military faced in recent years as exemplified in the Tailhook[1] and Aberdeen[2] scandals. Amidst continued declining birth rates and greater economic opportunities, the participation of women in the SAF has been generally accepted as an inexorable development within the organisation without much ado, trusting that the authorities have performed the necessary analysis. Is this naturally the case? Are there larger issues that we need to grapple with, given our unique circumstances, noting that up till today, the US military is still debating on the wisdom of opening up military career opportunities...
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...include amateur and professional competitions in virtually all sports[->0]. Female participation in sports rose dramatically in the twentieth century, especially in the last quarter, reflecting changes in modern societies that emphasized gender parity. Although the level of participation and performance still varies greatly by country and by sport, women[->1]'s sports have broad acceptance throughout the world, and in a few instances, such as tennis[->2] and figure skating[->3], rival or exceed their male counterparts in popularity. An important aspect about women's sports is that women usually do not compete on equal terms against men. Historically, it has been understood that the "natural order of the universe" consisted of man to the marketplace, woman at home with her family, woman the mistress of domesticity, man the master of all else, man the rational thinker, woman the guardian of morals, man dominant, and woman subordinate. The injection of equality between the two genders challenged the foundation of the social order. Women's sports in the late 1800s focused on correct posture, facial and bodily beauty, and health.Few women competed in sports until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as social changes in Europe and North America favored...
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...1301 The Tears of Korean Comfort Women After Chosun (the former name of Korea) was invaded by Japan in 1910, Korean women were forcibly sent to Japan as comfort women: sex slaves of the Japanese military. ‘Comfort woman’ is a euphemism for a female sexual slave to the Japanese Imperial Army before and during World War II. The Japanese military recruited young and unmarried Asian women to join the military, then sent them to brothels in China and other Asian and Pacific countries in order to “comfort” Japanese soldiers. One of the few surviving Korean comfort women, Soon-duk Kim, gave the following testimony to Sangmie Choi Schellstede, the editor of the book, Comfort Women Speak: Testimony by Sex Slaves of the Japanese Military: “I was promised a job as a military nurse…[however, the Japan military took us to] a ruined village of Shanghai. Rooms were divided into tiny cubicles. Each of our fifty girls was divided to one of these cubicles. Now this house became a brothel, and we were sex slaves in it” (38). Kim was wounded due to numerous rape. She explained about the horrible remedy she received: “One day our manager gave me packets of black powder to take once a day…[But] after I used it several times, he then told me the powder was made from a leg of a Chinese soldier’s corpse” (38). This experience is not limited to Kim. Approximately 200,000 Korean women suffered as sex slaves of Japan’s military system before and during the World War II. Today, however, not many people...
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