...Revolution to Civil War By Maya Bhardwaj Abstract: social movements and regime change across the Middle East and North Africa. While interconnected, uprisings in each nation took different forms and reached out distinctions and interactions between uprisings, revolution, and civil war. standing scholarly debate. The presence or absence of civil war is examined in examinations of civil war: the nature of the governmental regime, territoriality complete understanding of what constitutes civil war and provides a framework 76 Introduction the Middle East, authoritarian regimes thought invulnerable to protest and impossible to oust began to cede to massive protest. Attacks on governmental institutions and elite leaders ensconced from public opinion developed divergently in each nation, employing tailored strategies to mobilize the public and reap key support. This paper focuses on the nature and development of these Arab Spring further use these distinctions to illuminate the conceptual, instrumental, and semantic nature of civil war in general. - exacerbated the grievances felt by rebel forces and smoothed over ethnic, religious, and tribal ten- trastingly, in Syria, instances of mild reform under Bashar al-Assad, popular concerns for security, kept civil war at bay. Conceptual Isolation of Civil War presence or absence of civil war. However, the scholarly distinction between civil war and other insurgency and counter-insurgency, uprisings, genocide or genocidal...
Words: 4840 - Pages: 20
...Although the war in Syria begun over 6 years ago, it continues to fill the headlines of news reports around the world. This civil war, a conflict between citizens of the same country, started in 2011. Syrian citizens took to the streets, demanding democracy and opening showing their disapproval of the government and president, Bashar al-Assad. The Assad family has held power in Syria for generations, many citizens blamed them for their lack of freedom, high unemployment rates, and economic woes. When President Bashar al-Assad succeeded his father in 2011, the citizens of Syria started a peaceful uprising to show their discontent and insisted on change. Their protests and demonstrations quickly turned violent. Assad’s government used deadly...
Words: 1400 - Pages: 6
...into power in February 1936. The coup was ordered by General Mola on this date because of the assassination of a leading monarchist, Jose Calvo Sotelo by the Assault Guard. However the outbreak of civil war also had underlying long-term causes such as social divisions in Spain and more short-term ones such as a lack of political consensus during the time of the Second Republic. This essay will consider the extent to which the different factors were responsible for the outbreak of civil war in 1936. The assassination of Calvo Sotelo, a leading monarchist who opposed the Popular Front, by the Assault Guard was responsible for General Mola ordering his instructions for the coup to go ahead that ultimately led to civil war. On 13th July 1936, in reprisal for the murder of a Jose Castillo, a left-wing member of the Assault Guard, his colleagues drew up a list of prominent right-wing targets, arrested Sotelo and later murdered him. The assassination made up Mola’s and the other army general’s minds over whether to launch the coup and on the 17th July 1936, just five days later the coup was launched in Morocco. The assassination of Sotelo was partially responsible for the outbreak of civil war because it gave Mola the justification he needed to launch the coup and thus plunge Spain into civil war. Mola could now argue that the army had a responsibility to step in and restore peace and order to an increasingly violent situation. Also the fact that the assassinations were carried out by the...
Words: 1592 - Pages: 7
...My definition of rebel forces is a group of inidividuals who are strongly against the laws of a country and devoted to over throw the ruling government of that country. Rebel forces are led by rebel leaders who's words are rules and and are treated as semi-gods by fellow group memebers. Such rebel groups ususally have little or no tolerance for citizens that are not in favor of their ways because any such citizen is by deemed against them and by default in support of the regime they detest. THe Revolutionary UNited Front, a famous rebel army in Sierra Leone started a civil war that lasted over 9 years and was characterized with a rampaged of amputations and rape. Another example I quickly think of is in the movie "Beasts of No Nation" where...
Words: 297 - Pages: 2
...Emancipation Proclamation, and signed many other laws that have improved the infrastructure of the United States. These tasks were all done in adversity, notably taking the form of financial problems during his upbringing, strong opposition from the American public during times at office, and a violent and drawn out Civil War. Abraham Lincoln was born from a farming family, who had struggled through significant property losses during Lincoln's early childhood. This resulted in a period of transience, which would limit Lincoln's early formal education. Lincoln was however self motivated and resilient, and was able to truly self educate himself in basic school subjects. This drive is important for the development of leadership. An effective leader should be able to take care of himself, so that his subordinates can follow his practice from example, and develop greater motivation and resilience. Later in his presidency, Lincoln passed the Morril Land Grant Colleges Act. This law provided federal funding for agricultural colleges in each state, showing his value on education and self reliance. From this foundation, Lincoln joined an Illinois militia group and became a militia captain very early in his volunteer time. During this time, he participated in the Black Hawk War, a conflict among militia groups, and Native Americans led by Black Hawk over territorial disputes in Illinois and Tennessee....
Words: 1129 - Pages: 5
...that period it faced intense opposition from a bewildering array of political, military, social and national groups. By the time of Lenin’s death, in January 1924, the regime was, despite all the odds, still in power – but at what cost was this success achieved and to what extent was it superficial rather than real? Political Opposition: Constituent Assembly to ‘Red Terror’ Politically, the Bolshevik party faced massive opposition following its seizure of power in 1917. The Social Revolutionaries (the party of the peasants) had more support in the countryside, whilst the Bolsheviks (the party of the proletariat) did not command the overwhelming support of the Soviets. Nevertheless, having made so much political capital out of the Provisional Government’s failure to call a Constituent Assembly throughout 1917, Lenin had no choice but to call elections immediately. For the Bolsheviks, the results were depressingly predictable: they gained barely a quarter of the available seats, whilst the SRs gained almost half. Given his precarious position, Lenin’s response to this setback at first sight appears reckless: he contemptuously dissolved the Assembly, calling his action ‘true democracy’ because he knew the needs of the proletariat better than they did themselves. He then set up Soviets throughout the country in a desperate attempt to break the power of the SR-dominated Zemstvos. By the end of May 1918 Lenin felt confident enough to expel opposition parties from the Central Executive...
Words: 3113 - Pages: 13
...survival can also be attributed to the weakness of their opposition, who displayed a lack of organisation and unification. There were other reasons for the Bolsheviks' remaining in power after the revolution, such as the efficiency and strong leadership of the Bolsheviks, and their geographical advantages; but these were ultimately not as significant as the weaknesses of their opposition, as their survival was dictated by how they exploited their enemies' flaws. The brutal methods of violence employed by the Bolsheviks certainly helped the Bolsheviks to remain in power. The use of the Cheka was one such brutal method; it ensured that the Bolsheviks remained the dominant authority, by suppressing their opponent’s activity through the use of terror. However the Bolsheviks were only able to do this because their opposition was too weak to rebel; the Bolsheviks had gained dominance, while all others were clearly weak and submissive. This meant that the Bolsheviks use of terror only had the effect of making a weak opposition even weaker, therefore this form of brutality was only successful due to an already weak opposition. Violence was also seen as key for maintaining power as the freely elected Constituent Assembly was dissolved at gunpoint in January 1918. This showed that the Bolsheviks were prepared to go to brutal means to stay in power and fight off any of those, which would oppose them. The Bolsheviks faced opposition from some left-wing SRs who were conspiring within Cheka...
Words: 861 - Pages: 4
...intervene in the Syrian civil war? Hypothesis- Intervening in Syria would only cause more harm than good. Aims- Find out the pro’s and cons of the UK involving itself in Syrian matters. * Find out the negative effects involving ourselves would cause. http://www.savetheroyalnavy.org/10-good-reasons-uk-should-not-take-military-action-in-syria/ * We have no common cause with either side in the conflict. We do obviously not want to support Assad’s murderous regime backed by Russia, Iran and Hezbollah but more importantly we do not want to assist rebels some of which have with links to Al-Qaeda who want to create a militant Islamist state. This is not a simple case of ‘goodies’ and ‘baddies’ and there are also sectarian issues we don’t even fully understand. We cannot even be sure the chemical attack was carried out by the regime – it could be a desperate ploy by rebels to produce exactly this response. * Whatever level of action we take, whether it’s firing off a few Tomahawk missiles or sending in troops it will result in further civilian deaths. Although we may aim at ‘military’ targets there is always ‘collateral damage’ in fact the regime may even force civilians into military installations as ‘human shields’. Will the long-suffering people of Syria welcome yet more ordnance raining down on their country, however carefully targeted? * The most obvious lessons from the tragedies in Iraq and Afghanistan is that we should not get involved in a war without a planned exit...
Words: 1307 - Pages: 6
...total population) has exercised monopoly over the political leadership of the country for almost four decades with notable support from the Christian community that is anti- Islamist. The Baath government has seen authoritarian rule at home and a strong anti-Western policy abroad, particularly under President Hafez al-Assad from 1970 to 2000. In 1967 Syria lost the Golan Heights to Israel after the Arab defeat in the Six Day War. Civil war in neighbouring Lebanon in the 1970s allowed it to extend its political and military influence in that country. Syria pulled its forces out of Lebanon in 2005, having come under intense international pressure to do so after the assassination of Lebanese former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri. A UN report implicated Syrian and pro-Syria Lebanese officials in the killing, although Damascus still denies any involvement, (CBC News). BBC News reported that in 2011-12 the Syrian Government, run by Bashar al-Assad tried to crush anti-government street protests inspired by the Arab Spring in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya. The opposition began to organise political and military wings for a long uprising against the Baath government. In 2012, the clashes were declared by the International Committee of the Red Cross a...
Words: 3505 - Pages: 15
...“Analyze the causes of either the Spanish Civil War or the Korean War.” The Spanish Civil War is a classical example of a country changing from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy to a republic. This process was done through many different phases and most importantly through corruption and appealing speeches. I will throughout this essay closely examine some of the most important causes of the Spanish Civil War. Write about the weaknesses of the government and the unstructured Spanish army: • Explain why the why the elections in Spain were corrupt o The rich had the power o The party leaders were easily manipulated by the wealthy. • The government was also weak because the king was allowed to interfere in the progress of electing a new prime minister o Builds on the corruption part above o King had a lot of power • No difference between the Conservatives and the Liberals o No difference means it was only a matter of the party leader to convince other to support them o Weakness is that Spain could only go in one direction with two parties with the same goals and ideology. • Explain how the army had lost support o Army known to be violent o Too many officers and people with power o They changed the system in Spain from a absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy The powerful Catholic Church linked to the weaknesses of the government • Explain the how the Catholic Church influenced the education o They were against modernization and...
Words: 526 - Pages: 3
...• The seed that planted the Chinese Civil war lies in its social, political and economic instability within the Chinese society. The Chinese civil war was an armed conflict between two ideologically opposed forces - the Nationalists Guomingdang (GMD) and the Communists People Liberation Army (CCP) – to see who could ultimately restore power and regain central control over China. As Historian Jonathan Spence argues, the Chinese Civil War should refer more narrowly to this latter conflict between 1946 and 1949, as this produced a decisive result. Although there are many causes to the outbreak of the war, the main long term, mid-term, immediate and catalyst causes will be discussed. The overthrow of the Manchu Dynasty coupled with the Warlord era, followed by the ideological divide between the CCP and the GMD during the First United Front led to the catalyst cause during the Sino-Japanese war, in which the two parties truly showed the extent to which they will go to, to become the leader and unifier of the country, unleashing the ultimate trigger to the outbreak of the Chinese Civil War. The most significant long term cause of the civil war in China was the collapse of the Qing Dynasty, as it played a fundamental role in creating the conditions for the event. The Qing government became weakened economically, socially and politically from internal and external threats by the end of the 19th century. European imperialist powers and Japan forced their way into China to take advantage...
Words: 2371 - Pages: 10
...society during difficult social times. The subject of this paper will examine the specific problems or ideas both of these famous thinkers sought to solve, and the solutions they came up with for implementation. The ideas and solutions met with interference from people opposing the change, and many of the solutions were is a constant state of refinement, but their individual solutions all met the test of logic, enabling them to overcome the difficulties and opposition to resolutions. The thinking of these two men went a long way in changing the way people thought, and shaped the outcome of their individual issues for the better. Russell for analytical philosophy based in realism, and King in defeating the injustice of segregation and inequality. Both men looked at the problem in different ways to find different perspectives that no one else had visited. They both were able to visualize that produced ideas and solutions to issues. They both had the patience to refine their ideas and solutions to overcome opposition. Contribution to Society Bertrand Russell made many different contributions to society including establishing the basis of contemporary mathematical logic, the founder of analytical philosophy, and providing controversial views in political theory,...
Words: 1231 - Pages: 5
...could be put into two sectional categories known as: Northern and Southern. These categories inherited regional differences, consequently living life different from another section. These differences got worse when the government of the United States kept expanding, domestic trouble, and furthermore meeting foreign complexities. The war of 1812 which is known as the second war for american independence ended up...
Words: 1080 - Pages: 5
...The purpose of this paper is to examine the Disney’s America controversy through the lens of public policy process. I first analyze the core issues of the case. Second, I identify predominant actors and stakeholders. Third, I point out policy instruments and processes germane to the case. Finally, I discuss the outcome and lessons to be gleaned from the case. Issues Haymarket, a community with a population of 375, is located approximately 30 miles southwest of Washington D.C., in Prince William County, Virginia. It is situated in an area characterized by farmland in view of the Blue Ridge Mountains to the west. Nearby is a Civil War battlefield site, now a National Battlefield Park administered by the National Park Service, where 20,000 Union and Confederate soldiers died during two battles fought at Bull Run: the first land battle of the Civil War in 1861, and in 1862, when Robert E. Lee defeated Union forces as he led the Confederate toward the Potomac River. In the early 1990s, Chairman Michael Eisner of Disney, envisioned an American history theme-park to be called Disney’s America. Colonial Williamsburg in southeastern Virginia initially provided inspiration for Disney executives. Prior to 1993, Disney officials surreptitiously acquired land-options in Prince William county using false names in order to avoid increases in land prices in anticipation of the project. The theme-park, estimated to cost $650 million, would be constructed on 3,000 rural acres close to Haymarket...
Words: 1840 - Pages: 8
...The Edexcel International GCSE in History Schemes of work We are happy to provide these new enhanced schemes of work for you to amend and adapt to suit your teaching purposes. We hope you find them useful. Practical support to help you deliver this specification Schemes of work These schemes of work have been produced to help you implement this Edexcel specification. They are offered as examples of possible models that you should feel free to adapt to meet your needs and are not intended to be in any way prescriptive. It is in editable word format to make adaptation as easy as possible. These schemes of work give guidance for: * Content to be covered * Approximate time to spend on different key themes * Ideas for incorporating and developing the assessment skills related to each unit. Suggested teaching time This is based on a two year teaching course of five and a half terms with one and a half hours of history teaching each week. This would be a seventy week course with total teaching time of approximately 100 hours. The schemes suggest the following timescale for the different sections: * Paper 1: 20 hours for each of the two topics: Total 40 hours. * Paper 2 Section A: 20 hours for the topic: Total 20 hours. * Paper 2 Section B: 25 hours for the topic since it covers a longer period in time. Total 25 hours. * Revision: 15 hours. Possible options for those with less teaching time * 20 hours for Section Paper 2 Section B ...
Words: 19278 - Pages: 78
