...easily identified as Sputnik 1 with the star over the hammer and sickle, which is the USSR’s symbol, on the side of it. NASA describes Sputnik 1 as, “...a 58.0 cm-diameter aluminum sphere that carried four whip-like antennas that were 2.4-2.9 m long.”, so the Sputnik satellite’s shape in the film is historically accurate. The USSR symbol was probably not on the real Sputnik 1 and was only added in this film to help identify the satellite as Sputnik 1. This opening scene is not the only time that Sputnik 1 is brought up. A newspaper in the beginning diner scene has the headline “Russian Satellite Seen in Night Sky” and the subheading “Radio Signals Heard”. These radio signals that are talked about in the newspaper are historically correct since radio signals were actually being emitted from Sputnik (NASA). In this same diner scene, after seeing the newspaper, you see the fisherman who saw the Iron Giant land in the ocean talking to his friends about it. The fisherman says, “I called the government in Washington about it. Maybe it was a Sputnik or an invader from Mars.” In Paul Dickson’s book on Sputnik, he states, “The United States was ill prepared for the shock of Sputnik both ‘patriotically and psychologically,’ in the words of William Shelton, for many years the expert on Soviet space programs at the Library of Congress. The result was fear.” (112-113). This scene in The Iron Giant demonstrates this paranoia and fear in the United States over Sputnik 1 during the Cold War...
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...On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched the Sputnik satellite into space, putting a big question mark to the framework of American education. Sputnik incited fear in the American leaders as well as the majority of the population, but not only because of the imagined implications of being spied on or being crushed if the satellite should fall from space. The launch of Sputnik led the United States to question its position of “technological superiority to Soviet Russia, and left government officials, politicians, scientists, and educators scrambling to find way to close the gap” (Concannon & Barrow, 2011, pg. 369). The years that followed World War II had produced substantial changes in American education. Before the war, many saw education as an “engine of commercial development” (Rury, 2009, pg. 179). However, after World War II schools and schooling “increasingly were acknowledged as a primary factor in national economic growth” (Rury, 2009, pg. 179). At the end of the war, the G.I. Bill, which helped many returning servicemen go to college, and the baby boom, which began in the late 1940s, meant more Americans attended schools than in any other time period. “Enrollments climbed at all levels of the educational system… everyone was interested in going to school” (Rury, 2009, pg. 179). In addition to the increases in school enrollment and population, other significant social trends began in the 20 years following the end of the war. In 1951, a class action suit was...
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...humanity gets in a millennium. And our defenses, whether natural or artificial, make for potent selection forces. Pathogens either quickly evolve a counter defense or become extinct. Diseases such as AIDS, Ebola, Polio have shown their wrath and humans have sought to find cures and treatment options. By definition, disease is essentially “a disorder of structure or function that produces specific signs or symptoms or that affect a specific location (not just from a physical injury)” (WHO, 2007). The true boundaries and limitations of disease remain elusive. Healthcare specialists and researchers use “normal” conditions as their basis in order to understand what disease is. By understanding what disease is, one can target and identify the causes of the “abnormal” condition. The truth about diseases is that they are all relative. The question of how disease came to be remains unanswered though. Diseases are about as old as time—they have always plagued mankind. A vast majority of existing human infectious disease have their origin in other...
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...The Cold War The Cold War was a war between the United States and the Soviet Union. This war followed a war were they fought together. However, the two countries could never agree to disagree. The Soviet Union felt as though the United States was not treating them as though they were allies. The Soviet Union came into World War II after millions of Russians had already died. The Cold War caused the United States to have to create atomic bombs in order to defend the country. There was constant threat on the United States to be bombed which called for a cause for defense. However, this also forced many Americans to build bomb shelters in order to have a safe haven for defense. The Cold War was not only on earth, but it was also in space. The launch of Sputnik was a surprise to the US. Sputnik gave Russians the power over the United States not only on land, but also in space. They had a satellite atomic missile which was capable of destroying anything in the airspace of the US. This caused the United States to have to create their own space defense against the Soviet Union. The United States then launched the Explore I. During the Cold War Americans felt as though there was a threat to the country. If there was a threat to the country, this would mean that there is a threat to them. The knowledge of the other countries capabilities to bomb and attack the United States was not something that Americans were able to take lightly. They were forced to take their own precautions...
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...The Space Race was a competition between the Soviet Union and the United States for supremacy in space exploration from 1957-1975 . The Cold War rivalry between the two nations focused on being firsts in space exploration to show a sign of superiority. The Space Race involved launching satellites, suborbital and orbital human spaceflight around the Earth, and manned flights to the Moon. It first began with the Soviet Union’s launch of the Sputnik 1 satellite on October 4. 1957, and ended with the Apollo-Soyuz human spaceflight mission in July 1975. The Apollo-Soyuz project symbolized an easing in the relationship between the Soviet Union and the US. The Space Race was originally a missile-based arms race that occurred just after the end of the World War 2. The Space Race all began in Germany during the beginning of the 1930s and continued during World War II when Germany researched and built ballistic missiles. Starting in the early 1930s, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets hoping they would be capable of reaching high altitudes and going long distances. The head of the German Army's Ballistics Branch, Lieutenant Colonel Karl Emil Becker, created a team of engineers to figure out how to use rockets as long-range artillery in order to get around the Treaty of Versailles' ban on research and development of long-range cannons. At the end of the war, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany's rocket engineers...
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...accurately get a fix on your position to within 100 meters. This is where most people would say that their GPS gets them down to ten meters or less, and they would be right. But it is GPS in coordination with the Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) that gets them that accurate of a location. To understand this we must start from the beginning and go over GPS’s history. From there we will take a look at what causes some of the inaccuracies that GPS can. Then we can see how DGPS counters these and gives you the most accurate reading you can have. Differential Global Positioning System, GPS’s right hand man for accuracy. To understand how a DGPS helps a GPS we start at the beginning of it’s short history. Though made for use by the United States government, it was the Soviet Union that launched Sputnik in 1957 and gave us the idea. After the launch, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) researches observed that they could pick up the radio signal that Sputnik was producing. They also realized that the sound of this transmission varied with the proximity of Sputnik to its antenna receiver. As the satellite got closer to the receiver the strength of the signal got stronger. Likewise the satellite drawing farther away caused the signal received to decrease. This is called the Doppler shift or effect. It was these increases and decreases that allowed the United States scientists to be able to track the satellite and its exact...
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...the space programs was able to discover what so many of the people that came before and after them could only dream of. It was an endeavor that all of humanity was invested in at the time. It was a testament to the power of the human spirit and it showed how nothing was impossible if we persevered and strived to be better. The space race did not start as one would expect with the respective American and Soviet space agencies. But rather it began with the German V2 missile launches towards the end of World War 2. The V2 missile was designed by Wernher Von Braun a German scientist who had dreamed of traveling to the moon for many years; however this dream had to be secret as it was considered to be treasonous and not helpful to the German cause. Von Braun and many other amateur rocketeers were drafted into the German war machine in order to help build a super weapon and their base was Peenemünde. When the war was nearing its end the Third Reich unleashed its secret weapon, the V2 missile. It could hit anywhere within its target range and there would be no warning. When it hit, it caused scenes of mass destruction. The V2 missiles were to be Hitler’s ace in the hole. However by then it was far too late the war had already been lost with Soviets advancing from the East and the other Allies from the west and when the Allies discovered the German’s V2 missile they knew that they would have to have it as it was decades further than what they had on their own. So when truce was declared...
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...1. The object of Lexicology. The main lexicological problems. Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, the science of language. The term Lexicology is composed of two Greek morphemes: lexis meaning ‘word, phrase’ (hence lexicos ‘having to do with words’) and logos which denotes ‘learning, a department of knowledge’. Thus, the literal meaning of the term Lexiсolоgу is ‘the science of the word’. The literal meaning, however, gives only a general notion of the aims and the subject-matter of this branch of linguistic science. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics has its own aims and methods of scientific research, its basic task being a study and systematic description of vocabulary in respect to its origin, development and current use. Lexicology is concerned with words, variable word-groups, phraseological units, and with morphemes which make up words. Distinction is naturally made between General Lexicology and Special Lexicology. General Lexicology is part of General Linguistics; it is concerned with the study of vocabulary irrespective of the specific features of any particular language. Special Lexicology is the Lexicology of a particular language (e.g. English, Russian, etc.), i.e. the study and description of its vocabulary and vocabulary units, primarily words as the main units of language. Needless to say that every Special Lexicology is based on the principles worked out and laid down by General Lexicology, a general theory of vocabulary. There is also a close relationship...
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...America is a very competitive country, they always have to be number one in everything they do. During the twelve year space race, if the Soviet Union would have been the first to put a man on the moon, then America would have had to retaliate by spending more money, doing endless research on going to Mars and possibly starting a settlement. The space race would descend, but America would never settle being in second place for long. “President Kennedy was convinced that with a strong commitment of a free people, America could get there first. He appealed to the spirit of adventure, to patriotic pride, and to the cause of freedom. America responded with one of the greatest mobilizations of resources and manpower in U.S. history.”1 The love for...
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...There are natural satellites and there are artificial satellites. An example of a natural satellite would be the Moon. Coincidentally, the Moon was the first satellite used for data transmission when the United States Navy successfully conducted Operation Moon Bounce in the 1950s. Since this success, we have created artificial satellites that we can place in strategic locations and use satellite communications to its full power. The first artificial satellite ever produced and launched was Sputnik 1. Sputnik 1 was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. The satellite orbited the earth for 92 days, completing 1440 orbits. The satellite was outfitted with radio signal broadcasters that were able to be picked up by receivers across the world, including amateur radio operators and U.S. Government stations. It was this event that really launched the Space Race. The U.S. realized that the Soviet Union was actually capable of launching satellites into orbit. A harmless satellite like Sputnik...
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...it would be like to go into space. Man would look through telescopes and make theories on how the universe worked. During the mid-1900s, mankind finally was able to send a man into space and explore the wonders of space first hand. So why do humans explore space? Well, it is our fascination with the unknown. At first, all mankind did was look up and wonder how things became what they are now. We started to think that all celestial bodies revolved around the Earth, and the Earth was the center of the entire universe. Galileo Galelie later disproved this theory. Even with growing knowledge in the field, it was not until 1957 when the first Earth orbiter, the Soviet’s Sputnik 1, was sent into space and placed in orbit at an altitude of 1,370 miles and weighed ! 184 pounds. Later in that year, the Soviets sent Sputnik 2 into space with a dog named Laika. Laika was the first animal to venture into space. Then in 1985, the United States successfully sent their very own satellite into space. In 1960, the Soviets launched to dogs into space and successfully returned them to Earth. From this point started the space race. The space race was a challenge between the USSR and the United States to see who could land a man on the moon first. In 1961, the first man in space was cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin who was in space for 60 minutes before returning to Earth in Vostok 1 and was sent by the USSR. Astronaut Shepard flew the first manned sub-orbital space-flight by the Americans. The first true...
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...How far do you agree with the view that the Cold War came to an end because of Mikhail Gorbachev’s new approach to US-Soviet relations in the mid- to late 1980s? The ascension of Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985 had a strong impact on the Cold War as well as the US-Soviet relations. Gorbachev new political thinking brought about new reforms for the Soviet Union and a much less hostile approach towards the US which lead to a relaxation in the tension between the two great superpowers. It can be argued that other factors such as the pressure from the West and People Power had a much more profound effect in the Cold War and that these factors lead to the end of the war. It can be agreed that Gorbachev’s new approach towards the US had an impact on ending the Cold War up to a point but other factors mentioned previously also had a huge part to play in ending the Cold War. The emergence of Gorbachev brought a great change to the Soviet’s foreign policy both towards the US and eastern Europe. In source 1 the ascension of Gorbachev is said to be the most critical turning point in the cold war’s final phase as Gorbachev himself was a unique individual who deprived the US of the enemy they were fighting. Gorbachev saw that the Russian people could not continue living in the terrible conditions they were in due to the arms race and thus believed that concessions with the West were needed. Just like the source states these concessions changed the US-Soviet relations and eventually lead to...
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...of Communist expansion, American’s enmity and distrust launched a policy to halt the possibility of the Soviet’s attempts at world dominancy. With American’s refusal to acknowledge the Soviet as a legitimate power only fueled the tension that arose. Although it was termed “The Cold War” only three wars arose during this time, The Korean War, Vietnam War, and the Afghanistan War, and never shaped an actual armed conflict. The succession of the advancement of technology lent its part to shape the cold war and the possession of nuclear warheads led to espionage and constant threats. Although many events led to the tension that constant escaladed between the two powerhouses two major events climaxed the tension. One being the launching of Sputnik Crisis in 1957, in which the US mounted themselves as the successor in space technology and therefore the leader in the forefront of missile construction, suddenly realized that the Soviet Union had surpassed them, which begun the space race, the Apollo mission, and eventually the moon landing in 1969. Not only was the space race a climatic point but in March 1947, Harry Truman devised the Truman Doctrine, which stated that the United States would aid Greece and Turkey with economic and military efforts to prevent the Soviet Union’s possession of this area and to allow the people a regime of freedom. Despite the fact that complete nuclear destruction and war...
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... Now do not get me wrong, when I think of a more suitable and relatively bankable actor to play Aguinaldo, I can't really think of anyone save for Ejercito himself (as of the moment, that is). Except for his bulldog-ish cheeks, Ejercito nicely fits the title role specifically because of his relative mass appeal and sense of authority. But then, somebody has seemingly forgotten to remind him that "El Presidente" is, after all, a film and not a theatrical play. With his repetitively oratorical hand gestures and monotonous line deliveries, despite of the stature of the person he's playing, E.R. is easily dwarfed by his co-actors in the film, specifically Cesar Montano, whose brief but strong turn as Andres Bonifacio is a mild cause for celebration. Except for his hair that's anachronistically gelled upwards, Cesar Montano's Bonifacio is so well-portrayed that I wouldn't bother for him to have more screen time than Aguinaldo himself. Granted, "El Presidente" is quite sophisticated with its cinematography and action...
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...The Arms Race Arsenal A-Bomb (US 1945, USSR 1949) H-Bomb (US 1952, USSR 1953) ICBM (US 1957, USSR 1958) 1957 : USSR launch first satellite “Sputnik”into space. “Missile Gap” paranoia in USA ABM (Anti-Ballistic Missiles intercept & destroy nukes in theory)(USSR 1968, USA 1972) MIRV (USA 1970, USSR 1975) -Stockpiling of nuclear weapons seen as necessary by both parties -Technological advances made both USA & USSR feel vulnerable -Secrecy, need to catch up or to be one step ahead = fuelled arms race -This (building increasingly powerful & sophisticated weapons) continued until 1980s Key Ideas : Nuclear weapons have crucial impact on US foreign policy during Cold War : -gave rise to arms race (essential feature of CW, maintains CW hostility) -revolutionized military strategy -imposed great economic strain (hence end of CW? Debatable) Brodie (1946) “The Absolute Weapon” Main idea : before nukes the purpose of military = win wars after nukes the purpose of military = avoid wars Military victory in total war impossible for either side US Presidents develop different strategies on what to do with their nuclear arsenal Eisenhower & “Massive Retaliation” = the US will use every weapon if attacked, despite the consequences = the threat of an all-out nuclear war used to make sure it wouldn’t happen ? Kennedy & “Flexible Response” =exploring wider options beyond military forces Sec of State McNamara’s belief in possibility of limited, controlled and rational (...
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