...2 AQA BIOL5: The synoptic essay AQA A2 Biology: Writing the Synoptic Essay by Dr Robert Mitchell CT Publications Copyright © Dr Robert Mitchell 2010 www.ctpublications.co.uk 0800 040 7901 Dr Robert Mitchell A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-907769-02-3 First published in May 2010 by CT Publications Copyright © Dr Robert Mitchell 2010 The right of Robert Mitchell to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright and Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher at the address below. Published in 2010 by CT Publications* 40 Higher Bridge Street Bolton Greater Manchester BL1 2HA Edition 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 *CT Publications is owned by Chemistry Tutorials located at the same address. Copyright © Dr Robert Mitchell 2010 www.biologytutorials.co.uk 0800 040 7901 3 4 AQA BIOL5: The synoptic essay CONTENTS 1. Be aware of the task you face ............................................................................ 6 What is Synoptic? ........................................................................................... 6 Will I have to learn everything? ..............
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...enzymes possess two essential properties. First, enzymes accelerate the rate of chemical reactions without being consumed and/or changed by the reaction. Second, enzymes accelerate reaction rates without changing the chemical equilibrium among reactants and products. Each enzyme has a receptor site, and they are very specific to which molecule (substrate) it will interact with. When a substrate is captured, it will either be combined to create a product or it will be broke down. Fructose is primarily metabolized in the liver. Fructose alone cannot be used as energy. It has to be broke down for use. Enzymes in the liver aid fructose metabolism. Fructose binds to the receptor site on the enzyme fructokinase. This enzyme uses ATP and ADP cycle (energy) to speed up the chemical reaction to convert fructose into Fru-1-p. Next, Fru-1-p will undergo the next reaction and will produce either DHAP or glyceraldehyde by way of the enzyme Aldolase B. (Wikipedia, 2015) As stated above, Aldolase B is active specific to the substrate Fructose-1-Phosphate. Fructose-1-phos is derived from fructose. It’s produced by fructokinase which is available in the liver. It’s converted by aldolase B into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde. A deficiency in this enzyme (Aldolase B) caused a disorder called Hereditary Fructose Intolerance. This is a genetic mutation of chromosome 9 which is an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning that the trait must be passed from both parents. The mutation...
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...before they can cause any damage. So, they also play a role in preventing some chronic diseases that can be caused by free radicals as well. 2. How do free radicals affect our health? Free radicals are not equally paired in electrons and they bind to substances that can potentially cause a reaction in our normal body cells. These changes can occur in DNA which can cause our cells to function poorly or not function at all. 2. What are some foods that you like and would be willing to incorporate in your diet as a result of your readings? Im interested in incorporating vitamin A into my diet since I have vision problems. I found that I already eat most of these foods, but not as much as I used too. Foods that include vitamin A are: carrots, dark leafy greens, romaine lettuce, tuna fish, and melon. 4. Now write a 300 word short essay about ONE specific antioxidants (herb, mineral, or vitamin), make sure to choose one that interests you. Many of us have or had grandmas that took care of our sicknesses with a tea or an herb blend, research that herb for healing properties (you may use the sites I gave you or choose another credible source). In this short essay try answering the following questions: a) How does this natural supplement, vitamin, or mineral contribute to health? Does this herb, vitamin, or mineral have other important functions in our body? Please explain. Like I stated above, I am interested in Vitamin A. I’ve used glasses for as long as I can remember...
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...1. Write an essay on protein structure and synthesis Protein synthesis is a cellular process leading to the production of proteins. This term is also synonymous to protein translation. It begins with a sequential process of transcription of DNA into mRNA, which is then used as input for translation after exon-intron splicing. The addition of successive tRNA molecules based on the code of mRNA matched up by base-pairing through their anti-codons in the ribosomes creates the nascent protein. After the protein chain has been synthesized, post-translation modification occurs, e.g. phosphorylation, motifs added to the protein. This may happen at various levels: secondary (alpha-helix, beta-sheets, turn, random coiling), tertiary and quarternary. Protein synthesis is also the process wherein peptide bonds between two amino acids whose formation is controlled. The synthesis begun when the mRNA combines in a little subunit of ribosomes close to an AUG sequence in mRNA. Start codon which is the AUG codon is being such because it does the coding of the first amino acid to be made of protein. “The AUG codon base-pairs with the anticodon of tRNA carrying methionine. A large ribosomal subunit binds to the complex, and the reactions of protein synthesis itself can begin. The aminoacyl-tRNA to be called for next is determined by the next codon (the next three bases) on the mRNA. Each amino acid is coded for by one or more (up to six) codons” (Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis...
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...TEACHING BRIEF Spreadsheet Modeling of (Q, R) Inventory Policies Barry R. Cobb Department of Economics and Business, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA 24450, email: cobbbr@vmi.edu, phone: (540)-464-7452. Abstract This teaching brief describes a method for finding an approximately optimal combination of order quantity and reorder point in a continuous review inventory model using a discrete expected shortage calculation. The technique is an alternative to a model where expected shortage is calculated by integration, and can allow students who have not had a calculus-based statistics course to better understand how uncertainty affects inventory decisions. Barry R. Cobb is a professor in the Department of Economics and Business at the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) in Lexington. He teaches operations management, managerial economics, and management science. His research in the areas of decision analysis, applied probability, and probabilistic graphical models has been published in such journals as Decision Analysis, Decision Support Systems, INFORMS Transactions on Education, and the Journal of the Operational Research Society. Spreadsheet Modeling of (Q, R) Inventory Policies Abstract This teaching brief describes a method for finding an approximately optimal combination of order quantity and reorder point in a continuous review inventory model using a discrete expected shortage calculation. The technique is an alternative to a model where expected shortage...
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...and finally, relatively low salaries. But these strands lead to new questions, wider causes which have nothing to do with social yarn. These new questions have to do with rhetoric and the enduring association of nursing with “women’s work” and “femininity.” Matthew has the audacity to ask how the rhetoric of femininity actually functions. How and why are we compelled to accept images and tropes as ‘normal’ or ‘natural’ when they are anything but normal and natural? Is it possible that the rhetoric of nursing is responsible for the shortage? Or perhaps it is the rhetoric of femininity and masculinity as such? But how did such a crime take place, right under our noses, when so many of us never noticed that an injustice ever took place? This essay is brilliant and provocative because it will not stop until the crime...
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...INTERMEDIATE VOCATIONAL COURSE Second Year NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES For the Course of Rural Engineering Technician State Institute of Vocational Education Directorate of Intermediate Education Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad. 2005 Author Sri Shali Habibulla M.Tech (Ref & A/c), Hons. C.H.E. M.I.S.T.E. Department of Rural Engineering Technician Govt. Junior College (Boys) New, Town, ANANTAPUR - 515 001. Editor Sri K. Jagadish Junior Lecturer in R.E.T. Govt. Junior College Vmedugula - 531027. Vizag (Dist.) PREFACE The main objective of vocational education is to train the students at +2 level for meeting the demands for the skilled manpower in both organised and unorganised sectors and also to provide an alternative channel for those who aimlessly persue higher education and to prepare them for self reliance. The State Institute of Vocational Education (SIVE) in collaboration with the Board of Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh has developed curriculum for 43 vocational courses in the field of Engineering & Technology Agriculture Health & Paramedical Business & Commerce Home Science and Humanities Accordingly the text books have been developed by SIVE as per the restructured curriculum by utilizing the services of various professional teachers in the respective fields. I am sure that this book will be immensely useful to the vocational students and teachers in understanding the concepts. I wish to place my sincere thanks on record...
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...two groups’ Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. These microorganisms are very small and invisible and are known as the most dominant species on the earth’s biosphere as they are found almost everywhere on earth, they are predominately, found in our body’s immune system, and they are mainly responsible for the decomposition of dead matter which in return benefits both plants and animals. They are found in the air that we breathe, in the food that we eat, in deep seas, in cold and hot temperatures, sea corals, in salt water, fertile soils and in short, they are so diverse in their form of habitation and adaptation, as different types of bacteria adapt to different types of environments in different forms of life. However, bacteria are grouped according to their uniqueness, features, structure, functions, and contribution to human life. Prokaryotes are so beneficial to us because they act as defences to protect us from various diseases. The essay will examine the significant impact of prokaryotes to human life. The word bacteria may be frightening to most of us; in many cases it is often associated with many negative and harmful aspects such as infectious diseases, dental decay, mould and smell. But bacteria provide us with both positive and negative aspects which can contribute significantly to our human life. Prokaryotes are very important to the biosphere, as a great deal of life depends on them directly or indirectly. They share different types of relationships with other forms...
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...Biology 119, Spring 2015 Review sheet for Exam 1 The exam is worth 100 points total. It will consist of approximately 47 multiple-choice questions worth 2 point each and 3-4 short essay questions. Bring a scantron and pencil to the exam. The best way to study is to review the posted lecture notes. I suggest printing of a blank copy and filling them in referring to your book and notes as little as possible. Continue this process until you can fill them in without assistance. Exam 1 will cover chapters 1-3 and 6. 1. How long have microbes been on the planet? How has this affected the evolution of more complex species? a. Microorganisms are the foundation for all life on earth b. They have existed on this planet for about 3.5 billion years c. Over time plants, animals, and modern microorganisms evolved from them 2. Describe some of the negative impacts of microbes. d. Disease epidemics- an infectious disease that affects large numbers of people in a given area e. Chronic disease caused by bacteria i. Many disease once thought caused by environmental stressors actually caused by bacteria 1. Example: gastric ulcers a. Causative agent – Helicobacter pylori f. Examples: ii. Black Plague (Yersinia pestis bacterium)- killed 25 million Europeans between 1346-1350 iii. Influenza 1918-1919 killed more than all the wars combined iv. Cholera-vibrio cholerae ...
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...rushes into the lungs (inspiration). The tidal volume that enters the body is 500mL, 150mL of this fills the anatomical dead space (trachea and conduction bronchioles, bronchioles 1-17). The remaining 350mL enters the respiratory bronchioles (bronchioles 18-23) where gas exchange occurs. Air enters the one cell thick alveoli where partial pressure of oxygen is 100torr, there are 300 million alveoli in the lungs which creates a cross sectional area of 70m2 (where gas exchange can occur). The alveoli are in direct contact with the 1 cell thick pulmonary capillaries where erythrocytes travel one at a time, creating a diffusion length of 20 microns. The partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary capillaries before reaching the alveoli is 40torr. Due to the partial pressure law, oxygen diffuses from its high partial pressure in the alveoli (100torr) to its low partial pressure in the erythrocytes of the pulmonary capillaries (40torr), where the oxygen molecules bond to the iron molecules of the heme units in hemoglobin. The erythrocytes then transport the oxygen through the cardiovascular system (pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, arteries, then capillaries) to the cell of the body. The oxygen enters the body...
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...Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The summary equation for photosynthesis is A) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6 O2. B) C5H12O6 + 6 O2 + sunlight → 5 CO2 + 6 H2O. C) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + sunlight → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O. D) the same as the equation for glycolysis written in reverse. E) 6 CH2O + 5 O2 + sunlight → CO2 + 2 H2O. Answer: A Topic: Opening Essay Skill: Factual Recall 2) Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis and carbon dioxide is false? A) Plants require carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make glucose. B) Burning fossil fuels release carbon dioxide that was removed from the atmosphere millions of years ago. C) Because of their short growth period and self-regeneration, willows are more viable as a source of potential power than the trees in most natural forests. D) Most of the food humans eat can be traced back to photosynthetic plants. E) Burning wood contributes more to acid rain than burning fossil fuels. Answer: E Topic: Opening Essay Skill: Factual Recall 3) What is the name given to organisms that can make their own food and the food for the biosphere? A) chemotrophs B) heterotrophs C) manufacturers D) synthesizers E) producers Answer: E Topic: 7.1 Skill: Factual Recall 4) Photoautotrophs A) make sugar by using organic raw materials. ...
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...Essay: Male and Female Reproductive System Do you know how you were born? Do you know how you came to be? The reproductive system is the system that made that all possible. Without the reproductive system you wouldn’t have been born. In order to produce offspring, the male and female reproductive systems have to be different. Each system has different parts, problems and care. Each system have different purposes, the male reproductive system’s function is to produce sperm, while the female reproductive system’s function is to produce ova, store ova and house a fertilized egg. The male reproductive system is divided into two categories: internal and external reproductive organs. External organs are outside the body and internal organs are inside the body. The external reproductive organs are the penis, testes, scrotum, epididymis, and somniferous tubules, which are in the testes. The penis allows liquid waste and semen to leave the body. The testes, which are comprised of somniferous tubules, produce sperm. Sperm mixes with seminal fluids to produce semen. Semen is released through the penis and sperm in the seminal fluid has the ability to fertilize an egg. The scrotum protects and holds the testes and epididymis. The epididymis stores sperm. It also allows them to mature The internal reproductive organs are the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, Cowper’s gland, and the prostate gland. The vas deferens extends from each epididymis. They allow the sperm to leave the scrotum...
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...Please do not plagiarize. Only use these study questions for study purposes, and to check your own work. Answers are NOT guaranteed to be correct. Biology 141, Spring 2012 Exam 1 Study Questions The questions on the first hour exam will be based on those given below. Questions on the exam will be in multiple choice form, but if you can answer the questions here, you will have no trouble with the exam. [Notes: 1. These questions are meant to provoke thought and study. Do not ask the instructors or the TAs to provide you with the answers. 2. Crossed out study questions will not be use as the basis for exam questions.] 1. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a scientific Theory? Between a hypothesis and a prediction? What kinds of hypotheses are useful for scientific investigations that try to explain the natural world, and which are not? Give one or more examples of hypotheses that are and are not scientifically useful. The difference between a hypothesis and a scientific theory is that a hypothesis is a proposed ‘theory’ and a scientific theory is theories that explain and predict any observable occurrence therefor the scientific theory is testing the hypothesis. The difference between a hypothesis and a prediction is that a hypothesis is used as an explanation to theory, and is proposed at the beginning of an experiment, while a prediction is the result of an experiment based on the hypothesis that is being tested. The kind of hypotheses’ that are...
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...Lecturer Name : Prof Linda De Vries Compulsory Plagiarism Declaration I Shauna Windvogel, declare that the work attached is my own work. I acknowledge that copying someone else’s assignment or essay, or part thereof is wrong. All sources used in this work have been correctly referenced, using the Harvard system of in-text referencing. The work does not contain any sections that can be regarded as cut-or-paste technique, as a mere translation, or as “mono-phrasing” (work taken from a single source). I realise that a research argument has to be constructed, and declare that my text is a reflection of the integration of relevant sources. Further, I know that plagiarism is wrong. Plagiarism is to use another’s work and pretend that it is your own. Additionally, I have not allowed and will not allow anyone copy my work with the intention of passing it off as his/her own work. Signed: [pic] Date: 12 March 2012 Table of Contents Topic question: Given the reading of 2 marketing classics articles (13+17) and your understanding of marketing strategy processes consider recommending a specific market strategy for Adidas. Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Market Objectives of Adidas 4 2.1. Branding 4 2.2. Positioning Strategy 5 3. Segmenting Adidas 5 4. Considering the Family Life Cycle 8 5. Conclusion 9 THE BRAND IN THE HAND: MOBILE MARKETING AT ADIDAS Introduction In entering the US market Adidas realised that the conventional methods used Europe will not...
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...Essay Nonheritable Cellular Variability Accelerates the Evolutionary Processes of Cancer Steven A. Frank1,2*, Marsha Rich Rosner3 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America, 2 Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America, 3 Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America Summary: Recent cancer studies emphasize that genetic and heritable epigenetic changes drive the evolutionary rate of cancer progression and drug resistance. We discuss the ways in which nonheritable aspects of cellular variability may significantly increase evolutionary rate. Nonheritable variability arises by stochastic fluctuations in cells and by physiological responses of cells to the environment. New approaches to drug design may be required to control nonheritable variability and the evolution of resistance to chemotherapy. Cancer progression is a series of evolutionary changes. Those changes include enhanced cellular proliferation, reduced cellular death by abrogating normal apoptotic mechanisms, greater invasiveness by increased expression of proteases, and improved colonizing ability to achieve metastasis [1]. In response to drug treatment, cancer cells often evolve resistance and continue to spread. Each evolutionary step typically proceeds by acquisition of genetic or heritable epigenetic changes...
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