...| | | Cancer Stem Cell Vaccine in Development Shows Antitumor Effect ScienceDaily (Apr. 2, 2012) — Scientists may have discovered a new paradigm for immunotherapy against cancer by priming antibodies and T cells with cancer stem cells, according to a study published in Cancer Research, a journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. "This is a major breakthrough in immunotherapy research because we were able to use purified cancer stem cells to generate a vaccine, which strengthened the potency of antibodies and T cells that selectively targeted cancer stem cells," said Qiao Li, Ph.D., a research assistant professor in the department of surgery at the University of Michigan. Cancer stem cells are tumor cells that remain present, and ultimately resistant, after chemotherapy or radiation treatment. Scientists disagree on whether these cells have unique properties, but those who support the uniqueness idea have argued that these cells regenerate the tumors that lead to relapse. Despite the similar name, cancer stem cells are distinct from embryonic stem cells, and the two avenues of research are separate. For the current study, Li and colleagues extracted cancer stem cells from two immunocompetent mouse models and used them to prepare the vaccine. "We found that these enriched cancer stem cells were immunogenic and far more effective as an antigen source compared with the unselected tumor cells normally used in previous immunotherapy trials," said Li. "The mechanistic...
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...that react with antigens present on cell surfaces or in the extracellular matrix. The antigenic determinants may be intrinsic to the cell membrane or matrix, or they may take the form of an exogenous antigen, such as a drug metabolite, that is adsorbed on a cell surface or matrix. In either case the hypersensitivity reaction results from the binding of antibodies to normal or altered cell surface antigens (Fisher, 2012). The antibody-dependent mechanisms that cause tissue injury and disease are illustrated in the figure below 2.0 Antibody- Dependent Mechanism The antibody-dependent mechanisms that cause tissue injury and disease are illustrated in the figure below; 2.1: Opsonization and Phagocyctosis The depletion of cells coated with antibodies is due to phagocytosis. The phagocyte Fc receptor recognizes the IgG antibodies as they are specific for the Fc portions of some IgG subclasses. In the event of IgM or IgG antibodies being deposited on the surfaces of cells, they activate the complement system by the classical pathway. The by-products of the complement activation are C3b and C4b, which are deposited on the surfaces of the cells and recognized by phagocytes that express receptors for these proteins. This results in phagocytosis of the opsonized cells and their destruction .The membrane attack complex is formed by complement activation on cells , this disrupts the cell membrane forming minute holes that eventually lead to the cell being lysed due to the imbalance of...
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...Freeman Developmental Biology Lab Video A dozen eggs, time-lapse microscopy of cell development Society of developmental biology The Video reviewed early development, and migration in different species of animals and plants. Early development was discussed in the video, with narration to the time-lapse microscopy. 1st cleavage involves nuclear envelope breakdown, spindle formation, nuclear division formation, and cytokines. Cleavage is synchronous occurring approximately every 30 minutes. Then there is blastocoel formation, and the blastomeres move to the periphery. Also basal blebbing of the cells can be seen. Primary mesenchyme cells migrate from inner cell mass, and the vegetal plate invaginates. Archencheron cell formation, primitive gut tube elongates, and contact the blastoceal roof. Spicule grows from primary mesenchyme, and the sea urchin embryo advances. Individual amoebas migrate on an agar plate. In a chemo tactic response to migration individual amoeba migrate to form large aggregates. They form moving streams, which flows into what appears to be one clump of amoeba. Migration of pseudoplasmodium, or crawling slug, leaves a visible slime trail. A large pseudoplasmodium splits, to form two pseudoplasmodia. When the pseudoplasmodium ceases migration it differentiates into a fruiting body, the posterior portion forms a stalk and the anterior form spore cells. When cut into pieces each differentiates and rearranges into a complete fruiting bodies...
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...embryo twinning, involves separated an embryo into individual cells in a Petri dish. These embryos are placed in a surrogate mother for their development and are identical because they all had the same fertilized egg. The other method of entire organism cloning is called somatic cell nuclear transfer or SCNT. SCNT involves isolating a somatic cell, or any cell that is not a reproductive cell, and removing the nucleus and DNA from an egg cell. The nucleus is then transferred from the somatic cell to the egg cell. Now, the egg cell with a new nucleus develops like...
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...There are two key processes of cell division in the human body. (A) Mitosis and this is where a one celled organism divides into two individuals one growth and the other replacement of body cells. (B) the Meiosis, this is the production of sex cells, which are located in the testes and the ovaries and that cell is called the Gametes. The gametes is the sex cell produced by the meiosis which contains a reproduction of the 23rd chromosome set. Within the gamete process, the production of spermatogenesis or sperm production begins at the average age of 12 or 13 years of age in American males. The production of sperm produces throughout life and can vary from populations and the male can produce millions sperm cells at a time. Now on the other hand, the female go’s through a process called Oogenesis, which produces Ova. This division phase meiosis occurs within the ovaries during fetal development and conception around the fifth or seventh month. This is usually triggered by stimulation or certain hormones around about thee age of puberty to complete there development. Now when it comes to the polar bodies, the cells develop within the Oogenesis process, which contains little cytoplasm and does not develop until the Ova is mature. Once maturity is met and the proper cycle time is right, the embryo attaches to the wall of the Uteri's between the ages of 20 to 40 years old. Now at the midpoint of the cycle, the Ovum has matured enough to breakthrough the wall of the ovary, this is called...
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... All living creatures and organisms have the same basic characteristics and/or functions, sensitivity, response or order to their environment, development and growth, reproduction, homeostasis, regulation and processing energy. When we view these together the eight items define life. Organisms and creatures are organized and coordinated structures that consist of one or more cells. Even the very simple, single-celled organisms and creatures are complex. Inside each cell atoms make up molecules, these atoms and molecules in turn make up organelles and other inclusions. In a multicellular organism or creature similar cells from tissues. These tissues in turn work together to form organs. Organs collaborate to form organ systems. Organisms respond to different stimulus. A good example of this is that plants grow toward the light they also climb on walls and fences or respond to the touch. Even the smallest bacteria can move away or toward chemicals. Movement toward this is considered a good response, while movement away from this is considered a negative response. The single celled creatures or organisms multiply by duplicating their DNA. They then divide equally as the cell prepares to divide to form two new cells. The multicellular creatures or organisms produce reproductive germline cells that form new individual cells. When the reproduction...
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...Cells Biology- the study of life and living organisms Living- uses energy, maintains itself, capability to reproduce, and development/growth; also part of a population that evolve (each generation differs from the ones before and after) Cells- basic unit of life Prokaryotic- lacking nucleus Bacteria “archaea” Eukaryotic- nucleus Plants Animals Fungi Eukaryotic Nucleus- surrounded by a double membrane; contains DNA Linear chromosomes Cytoplasm contains everything outside of the nucleus Cytoskeleton crisscrosses the cell- holds shape and allows for cell movement Cytoplasm contains organelles- each plays a role in the functioning of the cell Organelles are surrounded by membranes Ribosomes- assemble proteins, only organelle not surrounded by membrane; some are suspended in cytoplasm and some are attached to Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum- assembles proteins for the cell membrane or outside of the cell Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum- assembles membranes Golgi Apparatus- “post office of the cell” Lysosomes- “garbage disposal of the cell” eats organic waste/ damaged organelles; some used to destroy bacteria Vacuoles- sacs surrounded by membrane used to store/expel nutrients or other materials such as pigments and hormones. Mitochondria- organelles that break down molecules to obtain energy for the cell Chloroplasts- plant cell structure that captures energy from sunlight to build molecules Cell membrane- defines...
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...Another Route to Treating DND Jagged 1 rescues the Dunchenne Muscular Dystropy Phenotype Golden Retirever Muscular Dystropy -mutaiton in the same gene -found out that these escape routs have a mutation in the second genge -if you make a lot of that protein made in jagged one ? -for some reason, overexpression of jagged one prevents the tearing down of the muscles. -Correction of a genetic disease by CRISPR-CAS 9 mediated gene editing in mouse spermatogonial stem cells -went into the disease mouse. -cataract disease (Genetic disease) -they did with spermanigal cells (exists within the sperm cells?) mice like males can produce sperm throughout most of their lives. The stem cells have to constantly regenerate. They generate stem cells first. They have the mutation. They can go through manipulation and once they can go through the protein. Once they do that they can pick single colonies they can check for off target affects (when you program a nucleaus to a certain site but it is also possible it will cut at a related site) -not possible with humans. QUESTIONS Current laws surrounding the manipulations of germlines? -considered unethical (we don’t have enough intelligence to do that kind of manipulations). We are making decisions for people who haven’t been born yet. Prohibigted by law (laws against it in the US) much of the research is funded by NIH which has strict regulations that you can’t intentionally modify the germline. You can’t get NIH funding. Can you get any...
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...Imagine cloning a cell 37.2 trillion times until there’s a whole person. Today, scientist have come extremely close to making this possible. Scientist haven’t been able to clone an adult human yet, but some have managed to successfully been able to clone a human embryo. Cloning will allow people to increase the amount of livestock and crops key to mankind’s survival, cure who knows how many diseases and even bring people back to life from a simple DNA cell. But even though all these things could be possibly, people are still against it. The idea that is going to change the world all started in 1885 by a German scientist named Hans Spemann. According to Utah Genetics, Spemann was the first person to split an embryo and went on to win a Nobel...
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...are born with down syndrome every year. That is 1 in every 800 babies. A average person is born with 23 pairing or 46 total chromosomes. A person born with down syndrome usually has 47 chromosomes. When down syndrome occurs the reason is because of an extra copy of the 21st chromosome in every cell. In medical terms “trisomy” refers to having an extra copy of a chromosome. The proper name for down syndrome is Trisomy 21 because of the extra copy of the 21st chromosome ("Facts about Down Syndrome”). Mosaicism occurs when a child is born with an extra chromosome in some but not all of their cells. Mosaicism normally has less severe symptoms than trisomy 21. Translocation down syndrome occurs...
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...respondents believed that cloning was against God’s will, and when asked if they would clone themselves, if presented with the opportunity, 91 percent responded with a “no”. However, when asked to define human cloning, an estimated 95 percent of them couldn’t describe it correctly. As a matter of fact, in a personal interview with Miss. Weber, T.A. (personal interview, November 7,1998) when asked, “What do you think about human cloning?” responded, “I don’t know a lot about it, but I know it’s scary”. Opponents of human cloning argue that it is immoral and unethical to clone human beings for both religious and humanitarian reasons. Moreover, other opponents describe human cloning as a luxury for wealthy people or as a tool for organ market development. Conversely, I believe that human cloning can have many benefits for the human race in terms of helping infertile couples and people with genetic problems. In addition, it can be really helpful for a person with diseases such as kidney and liver defects or cancer. First of all, it seems logical that one needs to know what the process of cloning involves. It is not enough to simply say that it is the creation of another person, which is what many...
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...activities of a cell is the production of proteins that fulfill major roles in the cell--structural, enzymatic, hormonal, and more. The instructions for building all the proteins an organism needs to make are located in the DNA molecules of the chromosomes which never leave the nucleus of the cell. However, the actual synthesis is carried out by the ribosome’s, small structures which either float freely in the cytoplasm or are attached to membrane networks that snake their way through the cell--in either case, outside the nucleus. Gene mutations occur in two ways: they can be inherited from a parent or acquired during a person’s lifetime. Mutations that are passed from parent to child are called hereditary mutations or germ line mutations (because they are present in the egg and sperm cells, which are also called germ cells). This type of mutation is present throughout a person’s life in virtually every cell in the body. Mutations that occur only in an egg or sperm cell, or those that occur just after fertilization, are called new (de novo) mutations. De novo mutations may explain genetic disorders in which an affected child has a mutation in every cell, but has no family history of the disorder. Acquired (or somatic) mutations occur in the DNA of individual cells at some time during a person’s life. These changes can be caused by environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation from the sun, or can occur if a mistake is made as DNA copies itself during cell division. Acquired...
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...3D Bioprinting Benjamin S. Harrison once said, "The impossible can be possible." Bioprinting was once just an idea in Charles W. Hull's mind, but it has now become a reality. Everybody in the late 1900s was looking for alternate methods for transplants that can reduce risks of a patient dying. With 3d bioprinting the possibilities are limitless. Bioprinting will revolutionize the world of medicine by reducing the number of patients on a waiting list, raising the life expectancy of patients, and lowering the cost of transplants. Firstly, 3D bioprinting will allow doctors to use a patient's own cells to print 3d organs, which will drastically lower the chances of the transplant failing. "At least one child in 12,500 is born with microtia,...
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...Photosynthesis and Solar cells In order for humans to live, as well as all living organisms, photosynthesis used by plants to create solar energy is essential. The way cells are created and regenerated is fascinating and we are still making new discoveries each and every day. A solar cell converts light energy from the sun directly into electricity. Plant cells contains chloroplasts and absorbs light energy from the Sun. Plant growth and development are driven by continuous generation of new cells. (Inze, D. &DeVeylder, L. The plant cycle Annu.Rev Plant Biology, 54 235-236, 2006). There are several similarities in both cells. ATP in common in both plant cells and solar cells. ATP synthase is a ubiquitous membrane enzyme that plays a key role in biological energy metabolism. This enzyme interconverts two major "energy currencies" of a living cell: adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and transmembrane electrochemical proton potential difference. ATP synthase is found in bacteria, plants, and animals. In most organisms the primary function of the enzyme is ATP synthesis from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. The energy needed for this process comes from the proton electrochemical potential difference generated by respiration or photosynthesis. (Boris A. Feniouk, 2002-2010) Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar. This process occurs in plants and some algae (Kingdom Protista). Plants...
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...non-living things according to: Organization All living organisms have a definite shape and size as well as physical and chemical composition inherited from their parents. This is possible because of a high degree of organization. The molecules of which an organism is made up are organized into cells, which in turn are organized into tissues, organs and organ systems making the whole individual. This kind of complex organization is not found in non-living things. Metabolism Green plants obtain their nourishment from the environment in the form of water, carbon dioxide, and certain minerals which are utilized to synthesize carbohydrates during photosynthesis. Carbohydrates are in turn broken down during respiration and the energy thus released is used to synthesize other organic compounds like lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, etc. which make up the body. Animals, bacteria and fungi, on the other hand, obtain nourishment in the form of organic compounds and utilize them to synthesize compounds they need. Such reactions do not occur in non-living objects. Growth and Development Living organisms often arise from a single cell which divides and re-divides to form a large number of cells that differentiate into the various organs of the body. These kind of phenomena are not known in the non-living world. Reproduction Living organisms, unlike non-living, are universally recognized by their capacity to multiply their own types by means of asexual or sexual reproduction. Utility All...
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