...Assignment: SCIE207 Phase 2 Lab Report Title: Animal and Plant Cell Structures 1. Animal Cell: [pic] |Number |Cell Structure |Description and Function | |1 |Nuclear Pore |Nuclear pores are large protein structures that cross| | | |the nuclear envelope, which is the double membrane | | | |inclosing the eukaryotic cell nucleus. The function | | | |of a nuclear pore is to control the way of molecules | | | |between the nucleus and cytoplasm, allowing some | | | |material to go through the membrane. | |2 |Chromatin (DNA) |Chromatin is the combined material of DNA and | | | |proteins. Chromatins are what make up the entire | | | |nucleus of a cell. The function of a chromatin is to | | |...
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...illuminated by electron. Electron microscope is expensive and not portable compared to the light microscope. The Electron microscope is then of two types. We have the Scanning Electron microscope and the Transmission Electron microscope. Features Light Microscope Electron Microscope Comments Cell Components Seen Animal Cell:- Nucleus, Nucleolus...
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...processing of food materials. a. Ingestion: taking in food b. Egestion – removal of undigested food c. Digestion – breakdown of food d. Photosynthesis 2. Transport: the intake and distribution of materials throughout an organism. 3. Respiration: the release of energy from food by oxidation a. Breathing 4. Excretion: the removal of metabolic wastes from an organism. 5. Synthesis: the combining of simple substances to form more complex substances, thereby forming more living matter. 6. Regulation: the coordinated response of an organism to a changing environment in order to maintain stability. 7. Growth: the increase in size of an organism that results from the synthesis and organization of materials into new substances and structures. 8. Reproduction: the ability of living things to produce more of their own kind. It is essential to species, but not individual organism. Organelles | Functions | Cell wall | Protects and supports plant cell and maintains shape. | Cell membrane | Controls transport of materials into and out of cell | Nuclear membrane | Controls transport of materials into and out of the nucleus | Cytoplasm | Provides an organized watery environment in which life functions take place by means of organelles contained in it. | Endoplasmic reticulum | Provides channels through which transport of materials occurs in cytoplasm. | Golgi bodies | Packages secretions for discharge from the cell | Ribosome...
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...function of animal cells In this assignment, I will be producing a report discussing and analysing the movement of materials in and out cells using different methods. These include passive transport. This is a process which doesn’t require energy, diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis are included in this. Active transport is a process which does need energy to function. Endocytosis and exocytosis are examples of this. Diffusion and the factors affecting how well it can occur will also be talked about. http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/@api/deki/files/26918/=17.6.new.jpg?revision=1 The phospholipid bilayer is a structural component that makes up all cell membranes. The lipid bilayer is named so because there are two layers of fat cells within the membrane. They are made up of a glycerol backbone with a phosphate group and two fatty acid chains attached to it. The phosphate group is polar while the fatty acids are no polar. Phospholipids are the main molecules found in the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane protects the interior of the cell which also has selective permeability. Most of the cell membrane is impenetrable to water soluble substances as it’s made up of lipids. Those water soluble substances and other molecules can pass through the membrane when it is made up of proteins. They can pass through by a channel protein or carrier protein. Cells need a membranes in order to control what substances go in and out. It also compartmentalises individual cell processes by...
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...mineral ions, containing raw materials and energy for growth and tissue repair, absorbing and assimilating them. 2. Excretion: Removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism and substances in excess. 3. Respiration: Chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy. 4. Sensitivity: The ability to detect or sense changes in the environment and to make responses. 5. Reproduction: Progresses that make more of the same kind of organism. 6. Growth: The permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in number of cells, cell size, or both. 7. Movement: An action by an organism or part of an organism that changes position or place. The seven characteristics could be memorized by the term “Mrs. Gren”. Definitions: Metabolism: Chemical reactions taking place in cells. Stimuli: Changes in the environment which organisms response to. Characteristics of living things There are seven activities which make organisms different from non-living things. These are the seven characteristics of living organisms. 1. Nutrition Living things take in materials from their surroundings that they use for growth or to provide energy. Nutrition is the process by which organisms obtain energy and raw materials from nutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates and fats. 2. Respiration Respiration is the release of energy from food substances in all living cells. Living things break down food...
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...The structure and functions of Cell The purpose of this report is to explain the structure and functions of Cell. Cell is the basic unit of life and it contains other membrane-bound organelles structures that carry out specific functions necessary for normal cellular operation. Organelles have a wide range of roles and functions that include everything from producing hormones and enzymes to providing energy for Cells. Organelles Location Structure Functions Nucleus Centre - Nucleus is spherical in shape - Nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope - Nucleus is separated from cytoplasm by double membrane - It functions as an intermediary when DNA replication is taking place during cell cycle. - It contains hereditary materials DNA and RNA - It directs activities of the cell such as growth, metabolism and reproduction. - It create different type of RNA from DNA in the process called Transcription - It is control centre of the cell Nucleolus Inside the Nucleus (Centre) - It is spherical in shape - It is made of Protein and RNA - It helps in synthesis of Ribosome - It helps in assembly of signal recognition particles in the cell - It helps in sensing stress in the cell Golgi body They are found in Cytoplasm of the cell - It is sac-like - It comprises stacks of membrane structure - It is involve in movement of Lipid molecules around the cell - It helps in process and package of macromolecules e.g. Protein - It modifies protein after Endoplasmic Reticulum prepared ...
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...also outline the facts about Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic tails. Additionally, it will look at different types of movement in and out the cell. It will also explain the affect cholesterol has on the lipid bilayer. The phospholipid bilayer is two layers of phospholipids that make up the membrane. It confines the cell organelles from the extracellular area. The cell can manage its own environment. The phospholipid bilayer controls what enters and exits the cell, with the aid of transporter proteins and channels. However if the internal cell environment is not performing correctly then the channels will...
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...3 Cells and Tissues Concepts of the Cell Theory A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. The activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cells. According to the principle of complementarity, the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by the relative number of their specific subcellular structures. Continuity of life has a cellular basis. Chemical Components of Cells Most cells are composed of the following four elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things. Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function. Anatomy of the Cell Cells are not all the same. All cells share general structures. All cells have three main regions Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma membrane The Nucleus (p66) Control center of the cell Contains genetic material (DNA) Three regions Nuclear envelope (membrane) Nucleolus – are sites where ribosomes are assembled. Chromatin – when a cell is not dividing, it’s DNA is combined with protein and forms a loose network of bumpy threads called chromatin. (see below) CHROMOSOMES – when a cell is dividing to form two daughter cells, the chromatin threads coil and condense to form dense, rodlike bodies called chromosomes. The Nucleus Nuclear envelope (membrane) ...
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...(290) There are two major types of cell: eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Eukaryotic cells have many membrane-bounded organelles within the cell. Whereas prokaryotic cells do not have any membrane-bounded organelles. The only membrane in prokaryotic is plasma(cell)membrane. Prokaryotes with the size of 5㎛(1-10㎛) are much smaller than eukaryotic cells with the size of 10㎛(10-100㎛). They both have a cell wall but with different composition. Prokaryotic cell walls are combined of peptidoglycan, a single large polymer of amino acids and sugar. Whereas the cell wall in plant is cellulose and fungi’s cell wall is made of chitin (the cell wall are not present in animals cells). Both cell types have many ribosomes, but the ribosomes of the eukaryotic are more complex and larger(80S) than ribosomes in the prokaryotic cell(70S). The ribosomes makes protein in both and can be found floating within the cytoplasm and RER (only in eukaryotic cells). Both cells have DNA as their genetic material, but the DNA of eukaryotes is held within its nucleus.Eukaryotic DNA is linear and is associated with histones (proteins). Hence the nucleus is absent in...
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...Chapter 1: Introduction to Zoology Concept of Science • Frings and Frings - defined science as an organized body of knowledge that is gained and verified by exact observation and experimentation and organized by logical thinking. • Schafersman - defined science as a method of discovering reliable knowledge about nature. • Science is factual. • Science is not merely compiled. • Science is a way of asking questions about the natural world. • Guided by natural laws (physical & chemical). • Questions must be testable. Always open to new evidence. • Falsifiable. • It applies scientific and CRITICAL THINKING. When is scientific thinking applied? 1. When one uses the scientific method 2. When one investigate nature or the universe 3. Practice by all scientists 4. Not reserved solely for scientist, anyone can think like a scientist Fields of Science 1. Social Science – deals with human relationships 2. Abstract science – deals with abstract ideas 3. Natural sciences • Physical Science – deals with non-living entity • Biological Science – deals with the living entity The Scientific Method - The most important tool in search for truth - An organized method of gathering information based on observation and controlled testing of hypothesis 1. Observation and/or Review of Literature 2. Problem 3. Hypothesis Formulation 4. Testing of hypothesis 5. Conclusions or generalizations Theory Scientific fact/principle/law Theory – is...
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...structure units are cells, tissues, organs and systems which, all working together make the human body function. The cells are the core structure that make up the human body, although there are many different shapes, sizes and types they consist of three main parts, the cell membrane which maintains the shape of the cell and separates and controls the movement of material into and out of the cell, the nucleus which contains the cells DNA and determines its structure and function and the cytoplasm which is the fluid in the cell that contains the organelles which perform its specific functions. There are many cell functions dependant on the cell type but the generalized functions are molecule transport, reproduction and protein synthesis. Molecule transport is the transfer of material through the cell membrane, there are two ways this happens, diffusion and active transport. Diffusion is when molecules such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and water move from areas where there are many of the particles to areas with less. Active transport is when substances are at lower concentration and require energy to be transferred. There are two means of active transport, endocytosis which is the movement of molecules from outside to inside the cell and exocytosis which is movement of molecules from inside to outside the cell, both performed through the formation of vesicles which package the molecules then fuse with the cell membrane to transfer them into or out of the cell. Cellular reproduction...
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...www.asbiology101.wordpress.com An introduction to the microscope and magnification MAGNIFICATION AND RESOLUTION Because cells are too small to be seen with the naked eye, the light microscope was developed to produce enlarged and more detailed images of cells. The magnification of an image is how much bigger it appears under the microscope than it is in real life, and is worked out using the following formula: magnification = image size ÷ actual size unit metre decimetre centimetre millimetre micrometre nanometre picometre symbol m dm cm mm μm nm pm metres 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.000 001 0.000 000 001 0.000 000 000 01 However, magnification on its own does not increase the level of detail seen, it just increases the size. The term resolution refers to the ability to see two distinct points separately. For example, if the resolution of a light microscope is 200nm (0.2μm), this means it can see any two different points as separate objects if they are 200nm apart or more; but if they are any closer than this amount, they appear as one object. THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE Light microscopes use a number of lenses to produce an image that can be viewed directly at the eyepiece. Light passes from a bulb under the stage, through a condenser lens and then through the specimen. This beam of light is passed through an objective lens and then the eyepiece lens. The light microscope usually has a number of objective lenses which can be rotated into position...
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...Outline the roles of membranes at the surface of cells and within cells (10 marks) Both the cell surface membrane and the membranes surrounding certain organelles have the same basic structure and similar functions. There are 5 major roles of membranes including separating cell contents from the outside environment; separating cell components from cytoplasm; cell recognition and signalling; holding the components of some metabolic pathways in place and regulating the transport of materials into or out of cells. The phospholipid bilayer is the basic structural component of all biological membranes. A bilayer is formed when phospholipid molecules are completely surrounded by water. The hydrophilic (water-loving) heads stick in the water, while the hydrophobic (water-hating) fatty acid tails point towards each other in a mirror image. The formation of the tails creates a barrier to many molecules, separates the cell contents from the outside world and gives stability. Mechanical stability is supported by cholesterol in the bilayer. This steroid molecule fits between fatty acid tails and helps make the barrier more complete, so substances like water molecules and ions cannot pass easily and directly through the membrane. The structure of the membrane is called the fluid mosaic model because the membrane is fluid (the phospholipid molecules are not actually bonded) and because of the mosaic arrangement of the protein molecules. Inside the fluid mosaic model are various protein...
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...Introduction There are two different types of cells, prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes, such as bacteria, lack a nuclear membrane and other membrane bound organelles. Their genetic material consists of a single molecule of singular DNA. Eukaryotes, such as plant and animal cells, have a nuclear membrane and other membrane bound organelles. Their genetic material consists of one or more linear strands of DNA. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm, and a plasma membrane surrounding the cell. The typical plant cell has in addition a cell wall, a rigid structure made up of cellulose that surrounds the plasma membrane. Most animal cells are mostly filled with cytoplasm, whereas the plant cell has much of its volume taken up by a central vacuole containing water, salts, sugars and other compounds. The purpose of this experiment is to differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Also to distinguish among plant, animal, and protest cells and identifying the organelles that are evident in them. Materials and Methods A wet mount with a sample of Elodea (a common pond weed) was prepared. The wet mount is prepared by placing a drop of water on a glass slide. A very small piece of the Elodea is placed in the water and covered with a slip cover. The slide was then placed under the light microscope and observed for cell shape, and identifying the different organelles evident in the plant. The slide was kept on the microscope stage until it became warm. After a few minutes...
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...Animations Title: Renal Absorption and Secretion Introduction 1. Where does renal absorption and secretion occur? Renal Tubules 2. Define what happens during these processes. a. Absorption: Returns materials to the bloodstream thereby conserving those materials. b. Secretion: Moves materials from the blood stream into the tubule for eventual disposal. 3. Because of very high glomerular filtration rates, nearly the entire volume of the blood enters the renal tubules every 30 minutes. Obviously, most of it must be reabsorbed to avoid dehydration. a. What part of the tubule achieves most of the reabsorption? In the proximal convoluted tubule. b. Where does further reabsorption and “fine tuning” occur? In the rest of the nephron. 4. a. Describe paracellular reabsorption. Paracellular reabsorption is the mechanism where substances diffuse between cells. b. Describe transcellular reabsorption. Transcellular reabsorption is the mechanism whereby the substances pass through the cell. c. What kind of transport mechanisms are used for reabsorption? Transcellular reabsorption is the mechanism whereby the substances pass through the cell. 5. a. Identify two reasons that make secretion important. * Secretion of hydrogen ions help regulate PH. * Secretion of other substances eliminates them from the body. b. What kind of transport mechanisms...
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