...THE EVOLUTION OF THE CELLULAR PHONE Presented by: Student ID No: 1415618/1 To: Anglia Ruskin University Dated: May 16, 2014 ABSTRACT This assignment seeks to examine the evolution of the mobile phone in which improved technology has changed history by converting them from a stone-aged looking block to the modern ultra, sleek and trendy smartphones. It seeks to highlight how the mobile phone evolved over a period of time with changes to its features as a result of integrating new technologies, causing a shift from a communication device to a multimedia device. Due to current competitive market conditions, companies are forced to develop strategies to maintain their competitive advantage. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract…………………………………………...………..……………………….....…….i List of Figures.................………………...…..………………......................................iv List of Tables.................……………………..………………........................................v 1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 Influence 2 3.0 Critique 3 3.1 Invention and Innovation 3 3.2 Fast Follower/Defensive Innovative Strategies 4 3.3 Technology and the S-Curve 5 3.4 The Gestalt Rules of Perception 7 3.5 Intellectual Property – Registered Trademarks 8 3.6 The Golden Ratio 9 3.7 Failure – Pearson’s Uncertainty Map 10 3.8 The Battle of Trafalgar and Dynamic Capabilities 11 3.9 Drucker’s Seven Sources for Innovation 12 3.10 Marketing 13 3.10.1 Differentiation/Products Attributes...
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...and Osmosis Feb 16 Ch. 5 Dynamic Activities of Cells Review 18 Ch. 5 Dynamic Activities of Cells Lab Practical 1 Feb 23 Ch. 6 Photosynthesis #5 Enzymes 25 Ch. 6 Photosynthesis #6 Photosynthesis Mar 2 Lecture Exam 2 (Chs 4-6) #7 Cellular Respiration 4 Ch. 7 Cellular Respiration Group Project Case Study Mar 9 Ch. 8 Cellular Reproduction #8 Mitosis 11 Ch. 9 Sexual Reproduction #8 Meiosis Mar 16-19 Spring Break! Mar 23 Ch. 10 Genetic Inheritance #9 Mendelian Genetics 25 Ch. 10 Genetic Inheritance #9 Mendelian Genetics Mar 30 Lecture Exam 3 (Chs 7-9) Review Apr 1 Ch. 11 Molecular Biology of Inheritance Lab Practical 2 Apr 6 Ch. 11 Molecular Biology of Inheritance #10 Human Genetics 8 Ch. 12 Regulation of Gene Activity #11 DNA Biology Apr 13 Ch. 13 Biotechnology #11 DNA Technology 15 Ch. 13 Biotechnology #12 Evidences of Evolution Apr 20 Lecture Exam 4 (Chs 10-12) #12 Evidences of Evolution 22 Ch. 14 Evidence of Evolution #13 Natural Selection April 20th Last Day to Drop Apr 27 Ch. 15 Speciation and Evolution Designing Experiment on Natural Selection 29 Ch. 16 Evolutionary History of...
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...Essay Nonheritable Cellular Variability Accelerates the Evolutionary Processes of Cancer Steven A. Frank1,2*, Marsha Rich Rosner3 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America, 2 Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America, 3 Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America Summary: Recent cancer studies emphasize that genetic and heritable epigenetic changes drive the evolutionary rate of cancer progression and drug resistance. We discuss the ways in which nonheritable aspects of cellular variability may significantly increase evolutionary rate. Nonheritable variability arises by stochastic fluctuations in cells and by physiological responses of cells to the environment. New approaches to drug design may be required to control nonheritable variability and the evolution of resistance to chemotherapy. Cancer progression is a series of evolutionary changes. Those changes include enhanced cellular proliferation, reduced cellular death by abrogating normal apoptotic mechanisms, greater invasiveness by increased expression of proteases, and improved colonizing ability to achieve metastasis [1]. In response to drug treatment, cancer cells often evolve resistance and continue to spread. Each evolutionary step typically proceeds by acquisition of genetic or heritable epigenetic changes...
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...Scientific Understanding Evolution How our understanding of evolution has changed over time. Our scientific understanding has changed over time. • Early cultures explained the natural world through myth, ritual, and tradition. • Initial attempts at science included the establishment of a uniform calendar or efforts to curb disease through non-supernatural elements. • Simple observation and mathematical understanding (ie. Pythagoras) created concise reasoning on why things happened it wasn’t just about the whims of a god anymore. Early evolutionary thought… • Aristotle suggests a type of evolution, in that in all things there is a constant desire to move from the lower realms to the • Jean-Baptiste higher, from the ordinary to the divine. Lamarck proposed • Charles Darwin’s grandfather a theory of acquired Erasmus suggests we are all characteristics, that derived from a common would inherently be ancestor. He further suggests provided to the the use or disuse of parts of descendent as a our bodies contribute to their continued effort to selection in our descendants. adapt to the environment. Scientific discoveries helped to define Evolution. • Charles Darwin proposes “natural selection” in his theory of evolution by observation in the Galapagos Islands. • Darwin’s theory is further aided by molecular biology, which states that there are complex processes of change occuring at the cellular level - constantly changing -...
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...Modern day science and technology allow us to make theoretically correct assumptions about the past. According to research, it is evident that the earth’s environment and life have been evolving since the beginning of time, which is still evident today as ecosystems and environments continue to change. Three theories that help explain the evolutionary history of our natural world and ongoing environmental change include natural selection, neutral theory of molecular evolution, and the transition into the Anthropocene epoch. Natural selection theory argues that life forms evolve in response to the changes in the environment. Neutral theory of molecular change argues that changes occur in organisms at a constant rate over time without the influence of the environment. Anthropocene is a relatively new term that suggests we have transitioned from the Holocene era to the Anthropocene, which is characterized human dominated activity. These theories are presented in various works, but this paper will focus on Life and the Evolution of Earth’s Atmosphere by Stephen J. Mojzsis, The Anthropocene: a new epoch of geological time? by Jan Zalasiewicz, Mark Williams, Alan Haywood, and Michael Ellis, and The Modern Molecular Clock by Lindell Bromham and David Penny. According to most scientists including Stephen Mojzsis (2001), the earth’s atmosphere and oceans appeared 4.5 billion years ago. The planet’s conditions were predominately anaerobic for 2.2 billion years; greenhouse gases such as carbon...
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... |College of Natural Sciences | | |SCI/230 Version 7 | | |Introduction to Life Science | Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course applies a broad, conceptual understanding of biology. Students are introduced to scientific ideologies and concepts that not only shape our biological world, but also shape us as humans. Students examine the scientific method, evolution and biodiversity, the biology of cells, energy systems, the dynamics of inheritance, and the effect humans have on the environment. The text emphasizes methods and the theoretical foundations of ideas, while minimizing isolated facts. It stresses the integration of ideas, making connections that form our understanding of the living world. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the...
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...Creationism vs. Evolution It is an interesting phenomenon to me when I think of how public schools are mandated to teach evolution in their classrooms and not creationism. It not only seems discriminatory to one view of thinking but when compared scientifically, the theory of creation seems to offer far more logic than its counterpart. Here are some of the basic views for each category: Evolution • Life forms came about from a big bang • Creatures are ever evolving beings • Man evolved from an ape Creationism • A higher being, (God) created all life forms • Mankind was made in the image of God • God sustains all life forms. From the time I was in kindergarten I have always heard compelling arguments about the pros and cons of each belief but it was not until I took a class in Human Anatomy and Physiology, (A&P) that I was truly able to confirm that we are complex creatures made and sustained by a higher being. When one considers how organs work in perfect harmony with each other, maintaining a state of equilibrium, it is mind boggling. I will attempt to portray why I believe the theory of Creationism makes more sense than the theory of Evolution. One of the many studies I embraced in my A&P class was the contraction of a muscle. Sounds like a simple, non-complex activity right? That is until you find out what actions have to take place in order for a contraction to take place. The first activity that has to take place in order for a muscle to contract...
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...Darwin's Theory Of Evolution - A Theory in Crisis You are here: Science >> Darwin's Theory Of Evolution Darwin's Theory of Evolution - The Premise Darwin's Theory of Evolution is the widely held notion that all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor: the birds and the bananas, the fishes and the flowers -- all related. Darwin's general theory presumes the development of life from non-life and stresses a purely naturalistic (undirected) "descent with modification". That is, complex creatures evolve from more simplistic ancestors naturally over time. In a nutshell, as random genetic mutations occur within an organism's genetic code, the beneficial mutations are preserved because they aid survival -- a process known as "natural selection." These beneficial mutations are passed on to the next generation. Over time, beneficial mutations accumulate and the result is an entirely different organism (not just a variation of the original, but an entirely different creature). Darwin's Theory of Evolution - Natural Selection While Darwin's Theory of Evolution is a relatively young archetype, the evolutionary worldview itself is as old as antiquity. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Anaximander postulated the development of life from non-life and the evolutionary descent of man from animal. Charles Darwin simply brought something new to the old philosophy -- a plausible mechanism called "natural selection." Natural selection acts to preserve...
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...Session 1.3: The Evolution of Cellular Life Exam review view in a separate window In this session we focus on the natural history of cells and the evolutionary timelines of their appearance. The modern phylogenetic classification of domains is used to categorize the different types of cells: bacteria, archea, and eukarya. The names of periods and organisms and certain dates are often helpful in remembering or understanding events that occur in the natural history of evolution. However, we do not expect you to know the names of all organisms mentioned nor all dates (you may find some of the sound attachments on complicated figures useful for review). Those names and dates mentioned below are the ones to key on. The focus in this session is macroevolution which looks broadly at the time lines and changes over long intervals of time. Remember that small changes over millions of years are the framework for evolving complexity from simplicity. Summary of concepts and idea An initial step in covering this material is an understanding of the different types of cells (prokaryotic, eukaryotic animal and plant), their differences, and their place in the phylogeny of life. 1. Information from pre-class reading, Bioflix animations and briefly summarized in class discusses the fundamental components of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. You need to know the differences and understand the basic functions of the cellular components as cells as they are the fundamental...
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...extended hominid human family. The unique fossils, concrete interactive displays and recreated sea and terrestrial landscapes help the compelling story of evolution- the single process that connects everything that has ever lived on earth. Evolution of life on Earth occurred 4.5 billion years ago, the Precambrian Eon. This Eon makes up ninety percent of Earth’s history. Organic compounds were the building blocks on Earth; two theories exist of how these forms came to be; they may have formed on Earth, through underwater thermal vents, or carried to Earth through meteorites. What followed, were prokaryotes, single celled organisms, and eukaryotes, multi-cellular organisms. The development of prokaryotes caused transformations to Earth, through the process of photosynthesis, which allowed for the development of oxygen in our atmosphere. Through Eukaryotes, natural selection was possible, due to genetic variation. During the Paleozoic era, which occurred 543 million years ago, there was an explosion of life, which led to the wide variation of life that we see today. Throughout this period there was a significant outburst in marine life. As time evolved, skeletons had evolved structurally, which allowed for larger bodied organisms to grow. Their chemical composition includes the minerals calcium and phosphate. Although evolution allowed for new adaptations, they weren’t significant enough to withstand the first extinction on Earth, which wiped out 70% of species, known as the ice...
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...Evolution and Australian Species Evolution can be described as process of organisms developing from there earlier forms of life of life. Evolution firstly became an idea from a group of ancient Greek thinkers. But when trying to introduce these ideas to the residents of Europe, they believed this must be false, as they already believed in the interpretation of the bible. This idea of evolution only began to rise again when Jean-Baptiste Lamarck the French naturalist came up with a theory how organisms evolved, he believed that they evolved through their efforts to the response of the demand of their environment “Australia is home to many interesting phenomena, amongst them its weird and wonderful wildlife. 86% of plants, 84% of mammals and...
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...------------------------------------------------- University of Phoenix Material Vertebrates and Invertebrates Worksheet PART 1: Compare vertebrates and invertebrates. Directions: In the graphic below, compare vertebrates and invertebrates by: * Create a list of 5 characteristics that make vertebrate and invertebrates different * Create a list of 5 characteristics that make vertebrate and invertebrates similar differences | similarities | Vertebrates are comprise to all species of animails within the subphylum vertebrata (chodates with back bones). | Many invertebrates taxa have a greater number and variety of species than the entire subphylum of vertebrata. Some of the so-called inverterbrates, such as chaetognatha, hemichordate, tunicate, and cephalochordate are more closely related to the vertebrates than to other invertebrates. | Inverterbrates are animals that nethier possess nor develop a vertebral colum, derived from the notochord. This includes all animals apart from the subphylum vertebrata. | This makes the term “ invertebrate” paraphyletic and hence almost meaningless for taxonomic purposes. | Vertebrates include, the jawless fish and the jawed vertebrates, which includes the cartilaginous fish (shark and rays) and the bone fish. A bony fish clade known as the lobe-finned fishes included with tetrapods, which are further divided into. | The vertebrates traditionally include the (hagfish), which do not have proper vertebrae, though their...
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...intervention. In the mid-1800s, when Charles Darwin wrote his theory of evolution, many scientists believed in something called “spontaneous generation.” This is the belief that living things, like maggots, can spontaneously arise from non-living material. Many people believed this because they had observed worms and flies apparently springing forth from lifeless material like decaying meat or fruit. In 1859, the great scientist Louis Pasteur proved the absurdity of spontaneous generation. He demonstrated when the decaying material was insulated from flies and insects, no larva ever appeared. Now more than ever, modern science confirms that life is extremely complex and can only arise from pre-existing life. This is why the best efforts of evolution scientists have not been able to produce a single cell of life even in the controlled environments of expensive high-tech laboratories. Now with the marvels of 21st-century microscopes, scientists understand that even the simplest and smallest organism is, in effect, a virtual factory containing thousands of exquisitely designed pieces of intricate molecular machinery, far more complicated than the International Space Station. In fact, each microscopic cell is as functionally complex as a small city at rush hour! Now as we delve deeper into the cellular world, science reveals a virtual Lilliputian world of enormous complexity that has pushed the theory of evolution to a breaking point. It is likely that if Charles Darwin was alive...
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...------------------------------------------------- COURSE REQUIREMENTS AND EVALUATION PROCEDURES ------------------------------------------------- A. Course and Performance Objectives Learning Outcome: Enable students to recognize the major unifying themes of biology, including evolutionary theory, cell theory, reproduction, and genetics as these relate to contemporary issues, such as biodiversity, human impact on the environment, and biotechnology. Course Goals: Upon completion of this class, the student will be able to: 1. Know the major characteristics common to all living things. 2. Understand the hierarchy of organization that exists for life from the level of the atom to the biosphere. 3. Describe the unifying theme of evolution for the...
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...The theory of evolution, formalized by Charles Darwin, is as much theory as is the theory of gravity, or the theory of relativity. Unlike theories of physics, biological theories, and especially evolution, have been argued long and hard in socio-political arenas. Even today, evolution is not often taught in primary schools. However, evolution is the binding force of all biological research. It is the unifying theme. In paleontology, evolution gives workers a powerful way to organize the remains of past life and better understand the one history of life. The history of thought about evolution in general and paleontological contributions specifically are often useful to the workers of today. Science, like any iterative process, draws heavily from its history. It is a FACT that the earth with liquid water, is more than 3.6 billion years old. It is a FACT that cellular life has been around for at least half of that period and that organized multicellular life is at least 800 million years old. It is a FACT that major life forms now on earth were not at all represented in the past. There were no birds or mammals 250 million years ago. It is a FACT that major life forms of the past are no longer living. There used to be dinosaurs and Pithecanthropus, and there are none now. It is a FACT that all living forms come from previous living forms. Therefore, all present forms of life arose from ancestral forms that were different. Birds arose from nonbirds and humans from nonhumans. No person...
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