...Design Lab: Respiration The Effect of Heavy-Duty Exercise on the respiration of Homo Sapiens (Humans) Research Question: What is the effect of heavy-duty exercise (cardiovascular and other activities) on the respiration of humans? Background Information: In this experiment, trials will be conducted consisting of humans run up a set of stairs up and down 3 times as fast as they possibly can in order to put pressure on oxygen need to increase respiration needs. This will test the effect of a set exercise on the respiratory needs of a human. After this, they will have to do a set of 10 push-ups and 15 jumping jacks. If 10 push-ups are not possible, a substitute of 15 curl-ups should be administered instead. Hypothesis: When exercise is complete, the respiratory needs of one human should be significantly higher than it was previous to the exercise. Independent Variable: Human fitness level, exercise set Dependent Variable: How fast the human goes Controlled Variable: Temperature, time for exercise, amount of oxygen in air Materials: * Piece of paper for general observations as well as data recording * 4-6 humans * Timer (ipod, clock, something) * Water (if needed for human) Procedure: 1. Use the stairs next to the Biology classroom, select one human to go first and rotate turns until all humans have gone or until necessary data is gathered 2. Record the rate of exhales of the human (normal breathing) for 30 seconds and any other general...
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...Mantra Breathing Meditation Directions as Follows: 1. Sit comfortably on a straight-backed chair. 2. Place your hands in your lap, gently clasped or cupped. 3. Breathe in slowly and deeply through your nose. Feel your abdomen move outwards as your diaphragm contracts and draws air into your lungs. Your chest should not rise noticeably. 4. Hold your breath for 3-4 seconds... You may start off by counting to get into the proper, slow rhythm. 1-2-3-4... 5. Now sigh with relief - "Ahhh". Perhaps it's just a whisper. Listen to it. Relax your shoulders, your hands, relax... 6. Close your eyes and listen to your breath. Then inhale again through your nostrils. 1-2-3-4... Sigh with relief - Ahhh 7. Don't worry if your inhalation speeds up or slows down. This is normal, you're just becoming aware of your breath. 8. As you exhale, feel the sound of your "Ahhh" ... natural relaxation. You deserve to relax... 9. If you're thinking that this is nice or having any thoughts at all, gently return your attention and your thoughts to your mantra - "Ahhh." No need for any other words. Still, you're patient and kind towards yourself. Thoughts may come, let them pass. "Ahhh..." 10. Inhale through your nose... Feel your stomach rising... When your body feels like exhaling, gently release your breath – "Ahhh..." Nothing fancy, just a natural, s-l-o-w cycle of breath. Relax - Ahhh... 11. Close your eyes and feel the slow rhythm of your breath. S-l-o-w-l-y...
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...Biology 13A Lab #12: The Respiratory System Lab #12 Table of Contents: • Expected Learning Outcomes . . . . 94 • Introduction . . . . . . 95 • Activity 1: Structures of the Respiratory System 96 • Activity 2: Measuring Respiration . . . 96 • Activity 3: Film: “Deadly Ascent” . . . 100 [pic] Introduction The organs of the respiratory system include the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, respiratory tree, and lungs. They function to transport air to the air sacs of the lungs (the alveoli) where gas exchange occurs. The process of transporting and exchanging gases between the atmosphere and the body cells is respiration. The process of taking in air is known as inspiration, while the process of blowing out air is called expiration. A respiratory cycle consists of one inspiration and one expiration. The point of respiration is to allow you to obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide, and regulate the blood’s pH level. Respiration rate (breaths per minute) and depth (volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath) varies due to changes in blood chemistry that are monitored by the brain. For example, when you exercise, demand for oxygen increases because the cells require more ATP. In turn, more carbon dioxide is produced by cells and diffuses to the blood. The rise in carbon dioxide leads to a decrease in pH, causing the blood to be more acidic. The brain is especially sensitive to pH levels; as pH levels...
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...Intro: Due to the variation in resting metabolic rates seen in different species, scientist have considered the relationship between body mass and metabolic rates and what effect that has on each specimen on a biological level. The respiratory system’s main function is gas exchange as oxygen enters the lunges and travels to the alveoli for most reptiles and mammals. Insects however, do not have a gas transport system, leading to air traveling directly to the tissues carrying out respiration. The energy expenditure is directly linked to gas exchange in both humans and animals. Indirect calorimetry is used to determine the total metabolic rate by measuring both CO2 production and O2 consumption. Insects use spiracles, valve openings along the cuticle, in order to...
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...speaking, and your sense of smell. External respiration better known as as breathing, is the process by which air from the environment is taken into the body, that oxygen is then supplied to the lungs, then waste carbon dioxide in expelled from the body(Internal and External Respiration). Once inside the lungs, oxygen is then transferred to the blood stream and cells this is called internal respiration. This exchange is probably one of the most crucial functions in the body. In a process called diffusion incoming oxygen moves to lower concentrations in the blood stream while at the same time waste carbon dioxide is moved to lower concentration of carbon dioxide outside the body. The same happens when the blood stream reaches cells, diffusion causes one more gas exchange before the cycle can repeat itself close to another eleven times that many minute(Breathing and the Human Respiratory System). When a person begins to speak, they may not realize it, but they are using the respiratory system to execute this function. When air is exhaled it travels down your windpipe and through your voice box. When the air passes through sound is emitted and manipulated by the mouth to produce speech(Language Bits). Olfaction, or the body's ability to smell is a very important one. This characteristic is a vital sense for humans and is used to identify many smells we encounter. Humans are able to smell when air is inhaled through external respiration through the nose and into the sinuses. The sinuses...
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...P4- Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body In this assignment I will be explain the physiology of two named body system in relation to energy metabolism in the body. The system that I have chosen is the respiratory system and the digestive system. The respiratory system is where the exchange of gases in the body this is where the oxygen enters into the blood. The lung is the main organ which the lungs intakes oxygen into the body and the carbon dioxide is exported out. The respiration system is made up of many organs which help us to breathe properly. The digestive system is where the organs inside the body break down the food and convert it to energy and nutrients that are needed in the body. The stomach is a tube shaped which has all the food and liquid that we have ate and it makes around the body and it is a mainly long twisted tube that starts from the mouth and comes all the way down to the anus and into few organs such as the pancreas and the liver which stores any chemicals accessible. The metabolic rate...
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...This gaseous exchange is called respiration. Respiration can be defined as process by which living beings obtain oxygen to oxidize their reserve digested food in order to release energy. The organs which help in intake or supply of oxygen to the tissues and remove excess Co2 form respiratory system. Breathing in frogs are of three types: 1. Cutaneous respiration (Respiration through skin) 2. Respiration through lining of bucco-pharyngeal cavity 3. Pulmonary respiration (Respiration through lungs) 1) Cutaneous respiration: It is an important mode of respiration in frog which occurs all the time whether the frog is on land or in water. It is the only mode of respiration when the frog in dormancy period, i.e during hibernation and aestivation. The skin of frog has good supply of blood and this is provided by cutaneous artery. Moreover the skin is very thin and do not possesses any structure that may prevent the diffusion of the dissolved oxygen from water into blood. To carry on cutaneous respiration frog keeps its skin moist by taking occasional plunges into nearby water. The skin is also kept moist by mucus secreted by mucous glands of skin. Mechanism: Oxygen first dissolves in the film of water over the skin and then passes through the epidermal cells and capillary walls into the blood. On the other hand carbon dioxide passes out from blood into the water. 2) Respiration through lining of bucco-pharyngeal cavity: In buccal respiration on land, the mouth remains permanently...
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...ABSTRACT Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), also called crib or cot death, is defined as the sudden death of an infant younger than one year of age. The similar diseases of SIDS are the suspension of external diseases of Apnea. It is virtually impossible to prevent the death of an infant related to SIDS. No test or combination of symptoms can accurately predict whether a child might succumb to SIDS. However, there are several strategies that can effectively reduce the risk of SIDS. One of the methods being used is by using apnea monitor. Apnea is the most common form of different types of sleep-related breathing disorders. It is characterized by repetitive cessations of respiratory flow during sleep, which occurs due to a collapse of the upper respiratory airway. The purpose of this research is to study how the apnea monitor works. INTRODUCTION Apnea monitors is a device that detect the cessation of breathing (apnea) in infants and adults who are at risk of respiratory failure. Apnea monitor use the application of magnetic flux to detect if the patient are still breathing or not. This device is used to prevent SIDS and apnea. SIDS is the sudden and unexplained death of an infant who is younger than 1 year old. Apneas are defined as pauses in breathing of more than 10 seconds while asleep. These occur at regular intervals throughout the night. The subject is rarely aware of their difficulty breathing even upon awakening, and the condition...
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...INTEGRATED SCIENCES: LIFE SCIENCE AND CHEMISTRY The human body is formed by different systems and organs that allow it to work, and grow. We will study the skeletal system, the skin and muscles, food and digestion, circulation, respiration and excretion. 1. What must I know and be able to do at the end of the third bimestrial? ¬ Ch. 1 Bones, Muscles, and the Skin 1. Identify the functions of the skeletal system, the muscular system and the skin. 1. Compare and contrast movable and unmovable joints, and types of muscles. 1. Explain how skin protects the body from disease. ¬ Ch. 2 Food and Digestion 1 Identify the importance of each type of nutrient. 2 Explain the relationship between diet and health. 3 Identify the organs of the digestive system and what takes place in each. ¬ Ch. 3 Circulation 1 Compare and contrast arteries, veins and capillaries. 2 Identify the functions of the pulmonary and systemic circulation system. 3 Identify the parts and functions of blood, and give examples of diseases. 4 Describe the functions of the lymphatic system, and explain how lymph organs help fight infections. ➢ Ch.4 Respiration and Excretion 1. Describe functions of the respiratory system and what happens during gas exchange and breathing. 2. Identify the structures that air passes through as it travels to the lungs, harmful...
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...Practice date: Sept 19, Thursday Time of day: 20 P.M. ---20.30 P.M. Daily Goal: Practice the correct breathe way I learnt in the first voice. Practice date: Sept, 21, Saturday Time of day: 19 P.M. ---19.30 P.M. Daily Goal: Practice the correct breathe way and do some warm up. Practice date: Sept 23, Monday Time of day: 19.30 P.M. ---20 P.M. Daily Goal: Practice the correct breathe way and try to find a balanced, free, and flexible singing posture as Emily said in the class, and also do some warm up. In the first voice class, I learnt that how to breathe in a right way. I not only need to inhale quickly and exhale slowly when I sing a song, but I also need to maintain right posture. Emily taught me that when I inhaling or exhaling, I both need to release my shoulder and muscle. When I practice the inhaling, I try to only to mouth to inhale. I also practice to explore the sensation that let the air fall lower than my belly button. Then let the breath fall in faster. After that I felt that my abdomen and lower back expand. When I practice the exhaling, I felt that it is more difficult to expand my belly than inhaling. I have to control my exhalation and have a sustained and smooth exhalation. I want to develop good posture while I breathe. A balanced, free, and flexible posture is fundamental to efficient vocal production and lovely voice quality. Emily taught me that when my body is aligned correctly, taking and using an efficient breath is easier. So I practice...
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...Pre-oxygenation in the obese patient: effects of position on tolerance to apnoea ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Abstract Background. In obese patients, reduced functional residual capacity exacerbated by supine position might decrease the effectiveness of pre-oxygenation and the tolerance to apnoea. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of body posture during pre-oxygenation, sitting or supine, on its effectiveness in obese patients. Methods. Forty obese patients (BMI ≥35 kg m−2) undergoing surgery with general anesthesia were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Group 1 (sitting, n=20) or Group 2 (supine, n=20). In the predetermined body position, pre-oxygenation was achieved with eight deep breaths within 60 s and an oxygen flow of 10 litre min−1. After rapid sequence induction of anesthesia in decubitus position, the trachea was intubated and the patient was left apneic and disconnected from the anesthesia circuit until SpO2 decreased to 90%. The time taken for desaturation to 90% from the end of induction of anesthesia was recorded. Arterial blood oxygen tension was measured before (baseline) and after pre-oxygenation. Values were compared with two-way ANOVA and unpaired Student's t-test. Results. Oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions were similar between groups, both at baseline and after pre-oxygenation. However, the mean time to desaturation to 90% was significantly longer in the sitting group...
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...In order to sustain life, one important function humans must do is breathe. We breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. Once the oxygen is in the body, it must then be transported throughout the body. Oxygen has a non-polar polarity which allows it to cross the non-polar membrane of cells easily. However, oxygen will need help to move in the body and it is iron that will be moving oxygen around in the body. Within the red blood cells of the body, there is the component of hemoglobin that is used to transport oxygen and with iron, the production of hemoglobin is made possible. To begin, iron will be taken in and absorbed by the body through consumed foods. The absorption of iron takes place in the middle part of the small intestines,...
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...Mitochondrial myopathies are a group of diseases and not just one particular disease. However, all these diseases affect only one thing in our body. This one thing is the mitochondria. Those who have studied human genetics or similar sciences, know that mitochondria are present in all our nerve cells and deal with the functions our muscles. These mitochondria are what provide energy to our cells which in turn help in movement of muscles et al. If these mitochondrial problems affect only the muscles, the disease is known as a mitochondrial myopathy, where myo stands for muscle and pathos stands for disease. On the other hand, if they affect both, the muscle and the brain, it is called as a mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, where encephalo stands for brain. Group of Mitochondrial Myopathy Diseases include: Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS), Mitochondrial DNA Depletion Syndrome (MDS), Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy; Lactic Acidosis and Stroke Like Episodes (MELAS), Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalomyopathy (MNGIE), Myoclonus Epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibers (MERRF), Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia (PEO), Neuropathy, Ataxia and Retinitis Pigmentosa (NARP), Leigh Syndrome, and Pearson Syndrome. Now, the question what causes mitochondrial myopathy? All of know that our body is made with the help of genes. The particular type of genes that affect mitochondrial diseases are those that make proteins, which in turn, work inside the mitochondria. Mitochondria refers to a...
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...The Importance of Photosynthesis and Respiration Explain how photosynthesis and respiration are linked in order to provide you with energy from the food you eat: Photosynthesis is the process in which certain life forms are able to use sunlight to create energy. This energy is created by making carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll. Plants release large amounts of oxygen into the atmosphere as they produce much more than needed during the photosynthesis process. Aerobic respiration is an important process in life as we know it. This process further breaks down molecules and sugars using oxygen. During this process adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is created, used to store and transfer energy to cells throughout the body. (Aerobic respiration, 2010) Photosynthesis and aerobic respiration are both needed for each other to be able to perform their primary functions. One without the other would not work properly. Between both of these processes we receive three main sources; water, carbon dioxide and oxygen. Plants and animals require all three of these in order to live. Carbon dioxide and oxygen are a lot like a circle. Animals need oxygen to live and emit carbon dioxide, while plants need carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates and omit oxygen, thus completing the circle. (Photosynthesis, 2005) During the photosynthesis stage a plant produces oxygen that aerobic respiration will use in order to break molecules, during this process electrons...
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...Action of enzymes as catalysts in biochemical processes * Enzymes acts as catalyst and increase the rate of all the chemical reactions. * Enzymes are also described by two properties like all other catalysts. It composed of two main functions. * The first function is that, they increase the rate of chemical reactions by without consumed themselves or undergo any change or alteration in the reaction. . ( Zemitec et,al 2008). * The second function is, they increase reaction rates without changing the chemical equilibrium between the reactants and products. ( Bhagavan et,al 2006). * The reaction between two substrates are catalyzed by enzymes. The enzyme brings a template upon which the two substrates are combined together in the proper position and make them to react each other. Deficiency in aldolase B and hereditary fructose intolerance * Hereditary fructose intolerance is a condition I which affects a humans ability to digest the fructose sugar. The incidence of hereditary fructose intolerance is 1to 2 in 20000 to 30000 individuals in a year worldwide. .( John .R.H 1996) * Hereditary fructose intolerance can be caused by mutations in the ALDOB gene. The ALDOB gene is responsible for making the aldolase B enzyme. The aldolase B enzyme is primarily seen in the Liver. This helps for the fructose metabolism. This enzyme is responsible for the further step in the metabolism of fructose, which breaks down the molecule fructose-1-phosphate into other...
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