...Stokes also known as cerebrovascular accidents are the third leading cause of death in the United States and the leading cause of disability (Huether & McCane, 2012, p.389). Over 75% of stokes occurs in individuals 65 and older. The mildest form of stoke can be so minimal that it is almost unnoticed, however in serve form it can leave the individual with hemiplegia, coma, and even death. There are two main types of stroke: ischemia strokes and hemorrhagic strokes. Ischemia stroke occurs when there is a blockage of an artery and hemorrhagic stroke are strokes that is caused by bleeding. Over 87% of stokes are ischemic (John Hopkins, n.d.) During an ischemic stroke even the brain cells and tissue dies due to lack of oxygen and nutrients. Ischemic stroke can be further divided into two groups including thrombotic strokes and embolic strokes. In a thrombotic stroke a blood clot of thrombus develops in the...
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...Acupuncture research in Cerebrovascular Accident induced hemiplegia. By Introduction to Cerebrovascular Accident and Hemiplegia Cerebrovascular Accident also known as stroke can broadly be described as an interruption of the blood supply to the brain. Without blood the brain cells are staved of oxygen, and can begin to die within minutes if the blood supply is completely cut off. It is this cellular death which has the greatest influence on the sequelae or after math of the stroke. Hemiplegia is the most common sequelae of stroke, this medical condition characterised by paralyses of one side of the body. It is similar to, but should not be confused with hemiparesis which is when one side of the body is weak but still mobile. While the leading cause of hemiplegia is a Cerebrovascular Accident, it is not the only cause, other neural conditions such as a unilateral pyramidal (UMN) lesion may also cause hemiplegia. It is difficult to discuss Hemiplegia without also discussing Stroke, similar to cause and effect, if stroke is the cause then hemiplegia is effect. A sudden stroke can be deadly, and how well someone recovers or if they recover depends largely on how fast they receive treatment. In Australia the most popular method for identifying stroke is the FAST test: * Face – Check their face. Has their mouth dropped? * Arms – Can they lift both arms? * Speech – Is their speech slurred? Do they understand you? * Time – Time is critical. If you see any of these...
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...Case Study 1 Nichelle Torres Pathophysiology Session 4 Case Study Case 1 (Chapter 14: Concepts of Neurologic Dysfunction & Chapter 15: Alterations in Neurologic Function) J .S. is a 72-year-old woman with a long history of atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). One afternoon, her grandson found her sitting in a chair staring blankly into space. She was tilting toward the right, drooling, and had been incontinent of urine. She was able to focus her eyes on him when he spoke to her, but she was unable to verbalize a response. She was transported to the local hospital and diagnosed with cerebrovascular accident (stroke). Discussion Questions : 1.)What questions could be asked of J. S.'s family to help determine the cause of her stroke as thrombotic, embolic, or hemorrhagic (i.e., questions to assess risk factors for each type of stroke)? * The family may be asked if J.S. is a smoker, or if there is a history of hypertension or diabetes. 2.)Based on the scenario described above, which brain hemisphere (left or right) suffered the ischemic damage? What other manifestations of this stroke location would likely be apparent? *Given the information above, the left hemisphere would be affected because a stroke is contra lateral. The fact that she is drooling and incontinent may suggest damage to the brain stem. 3.)What medical therapies might be used to manage this stroke and/or to prevent another one? *...
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...‘Biology is the study of life and living things (organisms), and is an enormous, rapidly developing subject involving many allied disciplines such as chemistry, physics, mathematics, geology and psychology’ (Roberts et al, 2000, p.1). ‘Psychology is a science in which behavioural and other evidence (including individuals’ reports of their thoughts and feelings) is used to understand the internal processes leading people (and members of other species) to behave as they do’ (Eysenk, 2009, p.36). ‘Sociology provides a critical and systematic understanding of the processes which structures the society in which we live’ (University of Surrey 2009). The above quotations shortly define biology, psychology and sociology as three individual topics, which will be discussed throughout the whole assignment in order to gain an understanding of the relation of their individual influences to the outcome of my chosen patient’s current health status, a cerebrovascular accident (stroke). Rana and Upton (2009) were the first to research these three factors individually, relating them to poor health and well-being. Roberts’ (2000) definition above describes the certain issues explored within biology today; however, psychological and sociological issues can influence the biological status of the human body. Despite sociology influencing ones behaviour, it is also based around the effect it has upon groups and external events. Sociology does not only target the individual involved, but the way the...
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...stroke and vascular cognitive impairment starts by questioning the concept of vascular dementia and related concepts. Our position is that in many cases these labels promote a superficial conceptualization of an inherently complex and heterogeneous phenomenon hampering a more detailed understanding. RECENT FINDINGS: After stroke or disease of the cerebral vasculature, the cognitive and emotional outcome is dependent on a combination of three factors with the relative importance differing between causes. First, focal damage may lead to selective impairments that are dependent on the localization of the (grey matter) lesion. Second, diffuse neuronal dysfunction produces a more uniform profile of a decrease in mental speed, memory problems, and reduced executive functioning. Third, cognitive outcome is further modulated - notably in terms of severity - by patient variables such as age, sex, premorbid level of functioning, and comorbidity (e.g. hypertension). SUMMARY: The complex character of the cognitive repercussions of stroke can be better harnessed by employing modern neuropsychological assessment procedures. This allows both a detailed categorization of the patients for the selection and effectiveness of therapeutic intervention, as well as the construction of reliable prognostic models. MeSH Brain; Causality; Cerebrovascular Accident; Cognition; Cognition Disorders; Dementia, Vascular; Humans; Neuropsychological Tests; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis Author Address Experimental...
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...Department of Psychology Psychopathology - PYC4802 Aneesa De Jongh Student #: 58419268 Cognitive Disorders Assignment 03- 719207 Critically discuss the various factors that need to be considered when diagnosing a patient with Neurocognitive Disorder. Your discussion should include but not be limited to the two most prominent Neurocognitive Disorders namely Vascular Dementia and Alzheimer’s Dementia, the various domains that can be affected as well as the cross- cultural factors to take into consideration 1 2 Contents Introduction: Neurocognitive Disorders (NCD)/ Dementia 4-5 Mild and Major NCD criteria 5-6 Diagnosing a patient with Vascular Dementia 7-8 Diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s Dementia 8-9 Delirium (acute confusional state/ acute brain syndrome) Cross- cultural and contextual perspectives of health 9-11 11-14 - India - Egypt - Islam References 15-16 3 Introduction: Neurocognitive Disorders/ Dementia Neurocognitive disorders (NCD) are a group of disorders in the DSM-5 classification system. These disorders involve the impairment of an individual’s cognitive abilities that involve tasks such as, memory, judgement, problem solving and perception (Burke. A, 2014). Only disorders that show evidence of cognitive deficiencies are classified as NCDs. To name a few, these cognitive deficiencies can be a result of; Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), HIV/AIDS or substance abuse (Burke. A...
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...AMA Computer Learning Center St. Augustine School of Nursing A Case Study Presented to the faculty of AMA Computer Learning Center Guagua, Pampanga Cerebrovascular Accident Submitted to: Mr. John Eric T. Salvador B.S.N, R.N Submitted by: Almario, Jeanette Cayanan. Gemmalyn Joy Quitaleg, Mary Jane Santos, Cariza Joy M. 3k-PN October ‘09 Table of Content Page Introduction 1 Personal History 2 Lifestyle and Diet 3 Complete Physical Assessment 4-9 Neurological Assessment 10-11 Laboratory Procedure 12-13 Diagnostic Procedure 14 Anatomy and Physiology 15-17 Pathophysiology of Cerebrovascular Accident 18-19 Drug Study 20-21 Diet and Activity 23 SOAPIE (actual) 24 SOAPIE (potential) 25 Conclusion 26 Recommendations 27 Bibliography 28 NCP (actual/ potential ) 29-33 Introduction A stroke is damage to part of the brain when its blood supply is suddenly reduced or stopped. A stroke may also be called a cerebral vascular accident, or CVA. The part of the brain deprived of blood dies and can no longer function. Blood is prevented from reaching brain tissue when a blood vessel leading to the brain becomes blocked (ischemic) or bursts (hemorrhagic). The symptoms of a stroke differ, depending on the part of the brain affected and the extent of the damage. Symptoms following a stroke come on suddenly...
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...hypertension are one of the most common medical complications during the pregnancy. It is also an important cause of maternal and preinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide (Baha, 1996). The term hypertension in pregnancy describes a broad spectrum of medical conditions, for which the pressure in the blood vessels varies widely. According to studies conducted by WHO (2004), hypertension causes complications in 5 to 7% pregnancies in the United Kingdom. The risks associated with hypertension are high for pregnant women and they are higher risk for complications such as organ failure, cerebrovascular accident, abruptio placentae and disseminated intravascular coagulation (Mark, 1998). Also hypertension creates complications for the featus and it is at the risk or intrauterine growth retardation, prematurity and intrauterine death. Hypertension is also a major cause of maternal, fetal and neo natal morbidity and mortality, not only in developing but in developed countries also,(Pesola (2001). The rate of eclampsia in the UK have fallen recently, hypertension during the pregnancy remains one of the main causes of maternal death. According to a study conducted by NICE one third of maternal morbidity was caused as a result of hypertensive conditions. Hypertensive disorders also carry a risk for the baby. In the most recent UK perinatal mortality report, 1 in 20 (5%) stillbirths in infants without congenital abnormality occurred in women with pre-eclampsia. The contribution of pre- eclampsia...
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...emergency From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A hypertensive emergency is severe hypertension (high blood pressure) with acute impairment of an organ system (especially the central nervous system, cardiovascular system and/or the renal system) and the possibility of irreversible organ-damage. In case of a hypertensive emergency, the blood pressure should be substantially lowered over minutes to hours with an antihypertensive agent. Contents [hide] * 1 Treatment * 2 Incidence * 3 Definition * 3.1 Hypertensive emergency as a generic term * 4 Pathophysiology * 5 Mortality * 6 Clinical history * 7 References * 8 See also | ------------------------------------------------- [edit]Treatment Several classes of antihypertensive agents are recommended and the choice for the antihypertensive agent depends on the cause for the hypertensive crisis, the severity of elevated blood pressure and the patient's usual blood pressure before the hypertensive crisis. In most cases, the administration of an intravenous sodium nitroprusside injection which has an almost immediate antihypertensiveeffect is suitable but in many cases not readily available. In less urgent cases, oral agents like captopril, clonidine, labetalol, prazosin, which all have a delayed onset of action by several minutes compared to sodium nitroprusside, can also be used. It is also important that the blood pressure is lowered not too abruptly, but smoothly. The initial goal in hypertensive emergencies...
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...Consultant Psychiatrist for Elderly, Bradford Community Health NHS Trust, UK 2 Senior Experimental Ocer, University of Bradford and Bradford Community Health NHS Trust, UK SUMMARY In our community study of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among elderly South Asian immigrants from the Indian sub-continent (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) living in Bradford (UK), we found depression in 20%, dementia in 4% and anxiety neurosis in 4%. Subjects were interviewed at their place of residence by a consultant psychiatrist familiar with their culture and language. The Hindi translation of the community version of the Geriatric Mental State schedule (GMS-A) was also administered. Psychiatrist's ICD-9 diagnosis was compared with GMS±AGECAT computerized diagnosis. We found low-level agreement in dementia cases (kappa 0.33) whereas the agreement in subjects with depression was high (kappa 0.81). In many subjects GMS-A made a diagnosis of dementia not diagnosed as cases by the psychiatrist, who had the bene®t of additional history information from carers in this population from a dierent culture and educational background. These ®ndings are discussed along with suggestions and present limitations of GMS-A in the diagnosis of dementia in cross-cultural research. Larger studies are needed in this population (a) to ®nd out prevalence rates in countries of origin and (b) to investigate the author's (KB) observation of low rates of Alzheimer's type dementia in this population...
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...change in behavior and activities. It goes beyond the forgetfulness and absent minded. It is commonly used In reference to the elderly, when cognitive abilities start to slip from one’s own control. Dementia cannot be diagnosed due to memory loss alone. It must be accompanied by two or more interruptions of brain function. Individuals who suffer from a disease that causes dementia undergo a number of changes. Simple daily tasks such as dressing or bathing may also become a problem. Anything can be a cause for dementia, a stroke, a car accident or even another disease. Here, I will compare four most frequent causes of dementia with four least frequent causes. Dementia is not a specific disease. It's an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person's ability to perform everyday activities. Alzheimer's disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of cases. Vascular dementia, which occurs after a stroke, is the second most common dementia type. But there are many other conditions that can cause symptoms of dementia, including some that are reversible, such as thyroid problems and vitamin deficiencies. Dementia is often incorrectly referred to as "senility" or "senile dementia," which reflects the formerly widespread but incorrect belief that serious mental decline is a normal part of aging. Dementia is caused by damage to brain cells. This damage interferes with the ability of brain cells...
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...Name Name of the Professor Course no Date Marijuana Medicine The term marijuana refers to the components of the hemp plant cannabis sativa after they dry .The use of the whole unprocessed marijuana plant or its extract is what is called marijuana medicine. According to the U.S Food and Drug Administration, this usage is illegal. The usage of some processed extract is legalized by the federal law. These are Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). It is compound of marijuana that increases desire for food and reduces nausea .It also act as an analgesic and an anti-inflammatory drug. The other one is Cannabichromene (CBC) which has the same function in addition of being an antiepileptic drug(Owen, Sutter, and Albertson, 4 ). Marijuana plant has been used for many years as a herbal medicine .In the ancient world marijuana plant was used to treat different ailment .In china it was used to treat menstrual disorder. In Egypt it was used as an antihelmithic drug .There is clear documentation of its use as a herb drug. The argument in the modern medicine is the balance between the benefits of marijuana and the health risk it has to the user(Owen, Sutter, and Albertson). In America, 23 states and Washington Dc has legalized the usage of smoked marijuana in variety of medical conditions. The federal is still clear, that the use of marijuana is illegal. According to the Director National Institute of Drug Abuse, the call for the legalization and the acceptance of usage of marijuana...
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...Stroke Case Study Scenario: You are at base when you get dispatched code 4 to 100 Me She Ka St, Christian Island, Ontario for a 75 y/o female patient possible CVA. On arrival you find a frantic husband stating the patient (his wife) was making breakfast when she suddenly collapsed. The symptoms started 10 minutes prior to calling 911. The patient is suffering from left sided paralysis with slurred speech. She lives on Christian Island and needs to take a ferry to get to the nearest hospital. She has a history of atrial fibrillation and TIA’s, and the patient also smokes 2 packs of cigarettes a day. She’s on ASA, digoxin, ramipril, metoprolol. She has an allergy to penicillin and bee stings. The patient shows a-fib on the monitor and vital signs and GCS are normal. Pupils are PEARL at 3mm. Patient name: Myrtle Bellamee Birthday: 1938/01/10 Health card number: 1284569735 VR Treatment with the Ontario Stroke Strategy The Ontario Stroke System (OSS) is a comprehensive and integrated approach that aims to decrease the incidence of a stroke and improve patient care and outcomes for those who’ve experienced a stroke. The treatment plan that Mrs Myrtle Bellamee would have been on before this incident would be a very common strategy due to her history of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or a stroke, atrial fibrillation and her previous transient ischemic attack (TIA). She would have been on a low dose antiplatelet...
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...What is Stroke? Also called CVA, or Cerebrovascular Accident, the stroke is a very interesting medical phenomenon. With more than 800,000 people experiencing new or reoccurring strokes each year (stroke.org), it is hard to just brush this off as another case that doesn’t need to be looked at. Stroke works much like a water hose with a knot in it, in the sense that the water will stop flowing while the knot is present. Strokes happen when blood flow has been restricted from the brain, causing the brain cells that were present in that area to die off. This often results in the victim losing control of one side of the body depending on which side of the brain was attacked, loss of basic motor and communication skills, quick or slow behavioral...
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...Sepsis An Overview Health And Social Care Essay ukessays.com /essays/health-and-social-care/sepsis-an-overview-health-and-social-careessay.php Sepsis is an infection of the bloodstream. The infection tends to spread quickly and often is difficult to recognize. One of our roles as a nurse is that of patient advocate, and as such we are closest to the patient, placing us in a key position to identify any subtle changes at their earliest onset and prevent the spread of severe infection. Knowledge of the signs and symptoms of SIRS, sepsis, and septic shock is key to early recognition. Early recognition allows for appropriate treatment to begin sooner, decreasing the likelihood of septic shock and life-threatening organ failure. Once sepsis is diagnosed, early and aggressive treatment can begin, which greatly reduces mortality rates associated with sepsis. sep•sis (ˈsep-səs) n. Sometimes called blood poisoning, sepsis is the body's often deadly response to infection or injury (Merriam-Webster, 2011) Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening condition caused by the immune system's reaction to an infection; it is the leading cause of death in intensive care units (Mayo Clinic Staff, Mayo Clinic 2010). It is defined by the presence of 2 or more SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) criteria in the setting of a documented or presumed infection (Rivers, McIntyre, Morro, Rivers, 2005 pg 1054). Chemicals that are released into the blood to fight infection trigger widespread inflammation...
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