...Lab Research Report 1: Procedures in the Physical Sciences Rhoda H. Jefferson Professor Cassie Prisco Introduction to Physical Science November 2, 2013 The specific challenges to making direct measurements in the fields of astronomy, chemistry, physics, or earth science are measuring global warming and climate changes, measuring how the earth rotates on its axis, and measuring the distance from the earth to the stars. Scientist have had these issues for a number of years but overcome using indirect forms to measure these challenges. For global warming, scientist used a 350-year record of precipitation in California determined by using 52 tree ring chronologies as proxies for precipitation. (www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/11/12/pdf/i1052-5173-11-12-41.pdf) This method was used to determine average annual precipitation, which showed extended dry periods. These methods were not 100% because there were no baselines to compare. In this day and time to obtain a temperature that represents a large area, it requires measurements of multiple locations. Measurements are taken by thermometers, and averaged together, this can aide in determining regional trends. (http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/taking-the-earths-temperature) Another challenge that scientist come up against is measuring how the earth rotates on its axis. When the earth rotates on its axis, it fluctuates in relation to space. This is caused by the gravity from the sun and the moon...
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...Communication in the Workplace Madison Eckley Into to Business BUS 100 Carrie Jacobs June 1, 2014 Procedures in the Physical Science This beginning of this paper will cover three specific challenges to making direct measurements. One will be the Ptolemaic system, which states that the Earth was the center of the universe and was motionless. The next with be the Copernican system, which says that the Sun is the center of the universe. The last challenge will be the discussion on why the Earth is round. In the Ptolemaic system, the Earth is at a stand still in the center as the rest of the universe spins in a circular fashion around it. “The fixed stars are embedded in a huge crystal sphere that makes a little more than a complete turn around the Earth each day.” (Krauskopf & Beiser, 2014, p. 8) All of the planets traveled in loops all within a circular orbit around the Earth. Also, there were only six planets notated in this system. Those were Earth, Venus, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. After looking all the steps in the scientific method, Ptolemy’s system can easily be a theory. The Copernican system said that the Sun was the center of the universe. It also said that the Earth had to be spinning while it was going around the sun. “Let us imagine that all the planets including the Earth, circle the sun, that the moon circle the Earth, and that the start are all far away.” (Krauskopf & Beiser, 2014, p. 9) In this system there are eight listed planets with...
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...SOLUSI UNIVERSITY Faculty of Theology Department of Theology & Religious Studies BIOL 389: Science of Origins Research paper : The weakness of the big bang Theory Submitted By Nyasha Deredza Id Number: 2012050156 Instructor: Ps. C. Thebe Date: 29 June 2015 Introduction Philosophers and General people have come up with many theories, in an attempt to explain the origins of the earth. They have tried to come up with models which try to explain how the earth came into being, and its future. One of the popularly known theory is the Big Bang theory, which presupposes that for the universe to originate ,all matter that we know was contained in a tiny speck which went on to explode. The theory continues to develop and evolve from the time it was conceptualized. Scientists have taken part in contribution to this. For a long time now people have upheld various ideas of what the universe is like, from the Aristotelian to the Copernican universe among other ideas. Soon after the inventions of physics by Isaac Newton, philosophers began to think that there was a time when planets and perhaps stars did not exist but only a cloud of matter. Shortly after that it is believed that gravity pulled the matter into clumps, forming stars and planets. This sounds absurd of course, at least in my opinion because it is not possible that the universe and its complexity were as a result of a coincidental mistake .The big bang theory has some advantages and disadvantages...
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...natural satellite is indicated by Rick Carlson in recent research to have an age of between 4.40 and 4.45 billion years, which is not long after the origin of the Earth. However, the origin of the Moon is still not defined and further research on this topic is continuous. The exploration of formation of the Moon is gradually per fected by the various proposed theories started from 1878 to nowadays. This research essay will discuss both the past and present hypotheses of origin of the Moon. The past hypotheses also known as “The Big Three” referring to Fission, Capture and Accretion hypotheses are popular in different times and centuries before the Apollo mission flew in 1972 (Tyson, 2000). However, the study on the moon rock brought by Apollo’s program gives unavailable clues for “The Big Three”(Tyson, 2000). Nowadays, the Giant Impact Hypothesis is regarded as the most leading theory that is most accepted in present. Nevertheless, it is widely accepted, some studies supported this theory; others may create new theory to challenge this Giant Impact Hypothesis, which make this hypothesis still arguable. However, whatever these hypotheses failed or will achieve, they bring a better understanding on the formation of planet’s satellites in our Solar System (Zhong, 2013), which is instrumental for further study on planetary science and even galaxy. The Big Three------The past hypotheses • Fission Hypothesis The Fission Hypothesis was proposed by George Howard Darwin, the son of the Charles...
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...LAB RESEARCH 1 PROCEDURES IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE EBONI G JOE 5/4/14 SCI 110 PROFESSOR A 1) Astronomy is the branch of science that deals with celestial objects, space and the physical universe in whole. Three specific challenges to making direct measurements in the fields of astronomy are: How to calculate how far away the stars are from the earth? How hot does the sun get? And how could we tell that there is life on Mars? The way that scientist have utilized indirect forms of measure to overcome these challenges are. To measure how far the stars are away from earth astronomers measures the distances to the close –by object. Then use the measurements observations to measure the other distance in the galaxies. This is a difficult because scientist cannot really make the correct measurements, its’ just a guess. Scientist can make direct measurements by using the Parallax to determine the distance of the stars, which can also guess the position of the plants. For the measurement of how hot the sun can get NASA scientists have not been able to get close enough to the sun to actually determine how hot the sun is. Scientist estimate the temperature of the sun by how much radiation that comes from the ball of gas, the gamma-rays and also the X-rays from the sun are measured to be very hot according to www.imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov. The scientist uses a formula to measure the volume, density of the sun and the radius helps determine how hot the sun maybe. Scientist cannot get close...
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...Science vs. Religion Are Science and Religion in Conflict? PHI103: Informal Logic (GSK1124I) For as long as anyone can remember in human history there have been many explanations for events that seem out of human control. In recent civilized history, religious and scientific views have often clashed with one another. Religious ideas are usually presented first and then enough scientific evidence accumulates to dare religious beliefs. These findings of science are met with skepticism and most are considered a heresy. Science and religion exist in a kind of push and pull relationship: just as the yen does not exist without the yang. Science strives to replace religious beliefs with proven scientific theories and religion challenges the scientific theories with the strength and positive effects of a belief. Since the middle ages until the 18th century, religious ideology was the most accepted way of explaining the unexplained. During the next couple hundred years, many members of academia (a school of philosophy), using science to back them up, came up with new ways of dealing with the unanswerable questions. Humans have striven to explain the many mysteries of the universe, and to justify our existence in it. Throughout this journey of self-understanding, numerous standpoints on human existence have evolved and merged into a complex, abstract manifestation called religion. However, as the human race has grown and advanced itself, many ideas expressed...
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...sociologists see science as a product of the process of rationalism, which is the view that knowledge must be based on reason or evidence. With this, some sociologists such as secularisation theorists claim that science has undermined religion by the way we think and see the world. Therefore due to these reason it has overtaken other metanarratives including political philosophies (such as socialism or conservatism), or nationalities (Pakistani, Mauritian or Nigerian for example) and has ultimately become the most dominant metanarrative in society today. In previous time other metanarratives mentioned above has become important as society developed. But during the period of enlightenment and in today's society many people have moved away from their faith based beliefs, ideologies and nationalities and are seeking the truth that have evidence and validity in its findings and thus in this case science provides these answers. This links into propers debate that science is an 'open' belief system where every scientist theory is open for scrutiny, criticism and testing by others. Science is ruled by the principle of ‘falsification’. This is whereby scientists set out to try and falsify existing theories and because of this is essentially creates the truth. For example; for centuries it was believed that the sun revolved around the earth until Copernicus demonstrated this was false. Merton agreed with Popper and believed that science has a set of norms that makes science more influential...
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...Montreal Protocol: An effective tool for controlling ozone depletion? INTRODUCTION For centuries, human activity has been altering the natural environment. Science has been preoccupied by how these changes affect the earth's natural support system and the impact that might have on life form, particularly man. The effects of most human activities are more or less fully understood, from the contribution of pollution to global warning, to the link between deforestation and the advancement of the desert. Yet, some man made phenomenon still require investigation to be fully characterised. One of these is the depletion of the ozone layer, the band of ozone molecules that occur in the upper atmosphere, which is known to protect the surface of the earth from potentially harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun. The processes that lead to its depletion and increased passage of the sun's UV radiations due to ozone loss are fully understood, but its full impact on the natural environment is still inconclusive. There has for example, been no direct link between skin cancers and exposure to UV radiation. Such limitations from the best available science is the basis for the precautionary principle in environmental management. The global community has not waited to have a clear understanding of the threat posed by high UV radiations resulting from ozone depletion to take steps to keep the protective ozone layer in tact. The Vienna Convention on the Protecting of the Ozone layer was...
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...Twitter celebrity these past couple years. In the upcoming science-fiction paper, we will be taking a look inside the mind of curiosity to see what his day-to-day life is like on Mars. Specifically, it will discuss Curiosity’s inception, construction, fictitious rise to sentience, journey to Mars, as well as give a glimpse into its first couple years on the Red Planet. The aim of this paper is to explore the technological advancements specific to robotic missions to space that were required in order to make the Curiosity mission possible. In today’s world, one tends to take robotic space travel for granted. However, it has not always been as easy as it is now. In fact, it is still a very complicated process that takes thousands of people and...
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...Subject Code: APBL20045 | Subject Name: City Future | Student ID Number: 563013 | Student Name: Joel Madeira | Assignment Name or Number: Final essay | With reference to at least one work of fiction, critically discuss how science and technology feature in utopian or dystopian planning of future cities. The city of the future needs to change. With the population increasing at a rapid pace, more and more people favor to live in urbanized area. The result of the urban population explosion means that there is a need to change the physical dimension or space in cities, in order to cope with such a large amount of people. Cities will be dramatically restricted with the aid of science fiction and technology. This paper investigates how Ecumenopolis, the science fiction concept of city layout could be implanted or influence the future of cities, followed by how technology such as: transportation and telecommunication, could help satisfy social needs, which may again reshape the structure of cities in the future, finally by using examples from science fiction theme movies and novels to illustrate how humans could reshape their future cities and whether these advanced innovations would lead to a utopian or dystopian society. The most crucial element that cities of the future would face is in relation to the increasing population. It is unavoidable that for the next few decades, global population growth will escalate intensely. According to Vidal (2012), by 2050, 7 billion of...
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...and those with a more specific focus. Actionbioscience -- sponsored by the American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS) -- providing articles by scientists, science educators, and science students on issues related to seven bioscience challenges: environment, biodiversity, genomics, biotechnology, evolution, new frontiers in science, and bioscience education Animal Diversity Web -- created by the staff at the Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan -- collecting the natural history, classification, species characteristics, conservation biology, and distribution information of thousands of species of animals Animal Genome Size Database -- created by Dr. T. Ryan Gregory of the University of Guelph in Canada -- publishing genome size estimates for vertebrate and invertebrate animals Animal Science Image Gallery -- a work of the United States Federal Government -- containing images, animations, and video for classroom and outreach learning Bioinformatic Harvester -- a bioinformatic meta search engine at KIT Karlsruhe Institute of Technology -- working for human, mouse, rat, zebrafish, drosophila and arabidopsis thaliana information Catalogue of Life -- compiled with sectors provided by 52 taxonomic databases from around the world -- planned to become a comprehensive catalogue of all known species of organisms on Earth Earth Human STR Allele Frequencies Database (EHSTRAFD) -- the natural step in managing populational data reported for Short...
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...feminist views, and those of creationists. By seeking clarification of the various creation stories, Jennings tries to illuminate the current scholarly views of this ancient text including the origin and timeline of the Earth. The Earth has been in existence for quite some time. Just how long is still unknown, but scientists, especially environmental Darwinists, estimate the Earth is 4.55 billion years old (Jennings 86). But the date of Earth’s origin and the presence of man are two separate questions depending on if one relies on biblical references or stories, creationism, which put the age of the world, the beginning of creation between 6,000-10,000 years (77) or modern science. A Gallup poll found supporters of each side to be fairly split, forty-six percent towards creationism and thirty-six percent pointing to Darwinism as the correct derivation (88). Why is the question of Earth’s origin so germane? According to many, because Genesis only deals with God’s creation of man in His image, and science can prove the existence of “pre-Adam” man dating back millenniums. By dating the origin of the world, one calls into question the validity of the Bible as the definitive “word of God” and the “absolute truth” as well as continues to fuel the controversy between science and religion. Scholars, researchers, activists, and clerics have written many over the past two centuries discussing and debating creation stories within a biblical...
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...Personal Summary for the Course of Environmental Science Teacher: Janice Johnson Oralia Cuellar April 5th, 2015 Everest College The course of Environmental Science was a great experience and a great challenge for me because my personal situation. However I enjoyed it and learned many things that I never had heard before like the sustainability and types of energy. All the topics were very interested but I enjoyed two of them: The human impact and other living creatures into the environment, and the waste and pollution. The impact that human have with the ecosystem had transformed the climate of the whole world. Many of the habitats in the rain forest had suffered due to the overwhelming deforestation and we are feeling the changes of weather because of it. The rain forest helps to renovate the oxygen in planet. Human are responsible to the highest temperatures because they are adding heat to earth atmosphere through gases. We know these gases as greenhouse gases. We need to develop strategies to conserve the rain forest and help the earth to have less heat. The second topic that impacted me was the problems with waste and pollution. We the humans are not educated about how dangerous...
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...Throughout history, research in the physical sciences has often been limited by our abilities of safely observing and studying the very phenomenon in question. As we make technological progress, we have increasingly more tools to expand our observational capabilities. Write a three to five (3-5) page paper in which you: Part 1: Procedures in the Physical Sciences: Challenges in Measurements •Identify three (3) specific challenges to making direct measurements in the fields of astronomy, chemistry, physics, or earth science. Describe how scientists have utilized indirect forms of measure to overcome these challenges. 2. Choose two (2) of the most historically influential tools or techniques in the physical sciences. Explain how these techniques or tools work, and how they helped to advance our understanding of the physical sciences. Part 2: Procedures in the Physical Sciences: A Survey of Safety 3. Choose one (1) hazard associated with research in the physical sciences. Discuss how protective gear or equipment might be used to mitigate the hazard, as well as its efficacy. 4. Describe the ways in which advancements in the physical sciences might impact the safety of the global community. Assess any special considerations for regulating this research. Part 3: Documentation 5. Use at least four (4) quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources. The body of the paper must have in-text...
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...Chapter 132 - Science and Technology Section SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Science and technology provide people with the knowledge and tools to understand and address many of the challenges. Students must be provided with opportunities to access, understand, and evaluate current information and tools related to science and technology if they are to be ready to live in a 21st century global society. The study of science and technology includes both processes and bodies of knowledge. Scientific processes are the ways scientists investigate and communicate about the natural world. The scientific body of knowledge includes concepts, principles, facts, laws, and theories about the way the world around us works. Technology includes the technological design process and the body of knowledge related to the study of tools and the effect of technology on society. Science and technology merge in the pursuit of knowledge and solutions to problems that require the application of scientific understanding and product design. Solving technological problems demands scientific knowledge while modern technologies make it possible to discover new scientific knowledge. In a world shaped by science and technology, it is important for students to learn how science and technology connect with the demands of society and the knowledge of all content areas. It is equally important that students are provided with learning experiences that integrate tools, knowledge, and processes of science and technology...
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