...said about foreign debt in Australia at that time as it can help to understand the system in more details rather than saying that as a common thing. Basically the foreign debt it is the necessity of borrowing money to finance imports. Borrowing is not such a bad thing as you might think at first it is good as long as the government needs to help the country during hardships like recession, tax revenues fall, etc. some of these factors were happening in Australia during from 1980’s to 1990’s. As we know from this report that Australia suffered really huge hardships within economy and finance and we know what they actions were taken towards microeconomic reform like labour reform, taxation, financial deregulation, privatization and etc. but most important thing that was found in my opinion is foreign debt. The foreign debt occured in Australia because of the bad time during 1970s-1990s the government was not able to support the country without increasing its foreign debt. Graph 1 shows us that the foreign debt was rapidly increased GRAPH 1 But it is not as bad as it seems to be, as long as the government borrowed this to improve its productivity and manufacture. Then it would excuse such a huge amount of money borrowed by the government. Also what we know at that time the government decided to sell some of their businesses to public sectors, and some business they bought from public sectors. Now let’s look at GDP that was growing up since 1970 it will help us to understand...
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...Puride, 2004). Today, it has grown to be a global phenomenon with 34,000 restaurants in over 118 countries (McDonald’s Australia, 2014). Through this expansion, McDonald’s has faced the challenge of transferring a symbol of American culture to places where there are significant national, cultural and religious differences. This essay will analyse some management issues that McDonald’s has experienced. Firstly, the strategic debate regarding global integration versus national responsiveness will be examined. Associated with this issue, is the matter of diversity across different regions. Finally, the essay will consider McDonald’s corporate image of social responsibility in relation to environmental sustainability and increasing problems of worldwide obesity. McDonald’s as we know it today is a result of Ray Kroc taking the entrepreneurial hamburger ‘stall’ established by the McDonald brothers, and franchising the business with Ted Turner to create an international organisation (McDonald’s Australia, 2014). In the 1950s there was significant domestic growth in the United States of America. International expansion began in the late 1960s and 1970s, initially targeting Canada, the United Kingdom and western European countries of Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden (Stonehouse, et al, 2004). The first restaurant opened in Australia in 1971 (McDonald’s Australia, 2014). In 2001, McDonald’s was one of the top 10 brands and the leading food retailer serving 46 million customers per...
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...Monitoring sustainability with a monitoring system that is itself sustainable: addressing the cause and the symptoms IAN WATSON,1 AND PAUL NOVELLY, 2 1 Department of Agriculture and Centre for Management of Arid Environments PO Box 483 Northam, Western Australia, 6401 Ph 08 9690 2000 Fax 08 9622 1902 iwatson@agric.wa.gov.au 2 Department of Agriculture and Tropical Savannas CRC Kununurra, Western Australia ABSTRACT Throughout the 1970s and 1980s much effort was expended on a range monitoring program in Western Australia. Unfortunately, much of the system put in place is now inactive. Such a situation is not unique and the rangelands of the world are littered with monitoring sites that are no longer part of an operating system. A need has emerged for a biodiversity monitoring system in the rangelands and the discussion is currently at the point where the range management discipline was in the early 1970s. Efficiencies can be made when developing the biodiversity monitoring system by learning from the experience of the range management profession. Monitoring sustainability will only be possible if the monitoring system is itself sustainable. We suggest a number of attributes for the system that need to be in place before the system can be judged at all sustainable. These attributes are a mix of biophysical, social and institutional and highlight the view that monitoring systems of the type being suggested constitute an unusual mixture of attributes not found in...
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...CONSUMER CREDIT IN AUSTRALIA DURING THE 20TH CENTURY Pierre van der Eng School of Management, Marketing and International Business College of Business and Economics Copland building 24 The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Fax +61 2 6125 8796 E-mail: pierre.vandereng@anu.edu.au Working Paper No: 489 ISBN: 0 86831 489 7 January 2008 JEL codes: D14, E21, E51, G23, N27 Keywords: Consumer Credit, Finance, Household Expenditure, History, Australia Consumer credit in Australia during the 20th century Pierre van der Eng1 School of Management, Marketing and International Business, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Abstract This article surveys the growth of consumer credit in Australia during the 20th century, particularly after World War II. Until the 1970s, the regulation of Australia’s financial market caused formal consumer credit to be provided mainly by finance companies under hire-purchase contracts, largely for the purchase of cars and household durables. Deregulation of the financial market since the 1960s allowed banks to gain a dominant share in the market for personal loans. Quantification of long-term trends is difficult, but broad estimates suggest sustained growth in per capita indebtedness during 19452007. JEL classifications: D14, E21, E51, G23, N27 Key words: consumer credit, finance, household expenditure, history, Australia Introduction Living standards improved considerably in Australia during the 20th century...
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...The Shift from Personnel Management to Strategic Human Resource Management in Australia The management of people is ever-changing and extremely dynamic; it under goes sequential evolution with an organisations’ internal and external environments. Consequentially history has seen global Human Resource Management have considerable variation in its focus and practice. In Australia the history of Human Resource Management is said to have transformed over four stages; Pre 1940s Administration and welfare, 1940s – 1970s Personnel Management, 1970s – 2000 Human Resource Management (and, from about 1985, Strategic HRM) and the current era expected to be a mix of Strategic and International Human Resource Management. The transition from stage two to three was seen as a somewhat paramount movement in Human Resource Management as it harboured the link between Personnel Management and Strategic Management. This has become an extremely important concept in the management environment today. Human resource planning, recruitment, selection, performance appraisal and human resource development are five of the Human Resource processes which are vital to the success and of organisations and were influential during the transition between stages two and three of Human Resource Management history. These five dimensions were the catalysts of the forces that drove changes in Human Resource Management over the last quarter of the twentieth century. Human resource planning is the process by...
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...performance has existed in Australia for around 200 years and the subject of Drama has been taught since the 1970’s. This is with the exception of Aboriginal corroborees, a form of dance drama which have been around for around 40 000 years. Australian theatre began officially on June 4th, 1789 with the production of ‘The Recruiting Officer’ months after the first fleet Arrived in Australia. The production was comedy that had been very successful in England. In Australia it was performed in a mud hut by convicts and had an audience of around sixty people. In the intermission things such as wheat, rum, tobacco and fowls were sold, as this was all that the convicts could afford. Theatre performance gained a new perspective in Australia in 1796 when Robert Sidaway, a convict, opened the first theatre in Australia, which seated 120 people and had an admission of one shilling. This theatre was closed due to pickpocketing and burglary, however another one was opened by Sidaway in 1800 though it did not last very long either. The main focus of Australian theatre has been on bushrangers and convicts. For over a century stories of Michael Howe, who was shot and killed in Van Dieman’s land in 1818, have been the types of stories that Australian plays have been written about. The very first play in Australian theatre was written by David Burn and was entitled ‘The Bushrangers’. In 1928 it was performed in Edinburgh and Scotland and was later published and performed in Australia in 1971. The Theatre...
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...AIA103 Australia New World Nation 3. Since the late 1940s, Australia has been transformed from a monocultural ‘British’ society to become one of the most racially and culturally diverse nations in the world. How would you explain this? Today, Australia is considered as one of the most successful nations in building a tolerant, inclusive, and culturally diverse society. Many people are willing to live in this land. However, the pace to this successful society is very tough. For the first 50 years of federation Australia, this country was a monocultural ‘British’ society. Most migrants came from Britain. Since the late 1940s, more people from different countries immigrate to Australia. Most of them are European migrants after World War II. This phenomenon triggered defensive reactions by the previous dominant of Anglo-Australians (Nichols, 2011). The dominant wanted to assimilate the immigrants at the first stage, but some conflicts occurred during this process. Then, the immigration policy has been changed from assimilationsm to multiculturalism. After the start of federation of Australia in 1901, the government utilized White Australia Policy to all Australians, preventing anyone to enter Australia unless they were from Britain and trying to make this country into an English-speaking, Anglo-Australian cultural one. At that time, English is the first language being spoken by above 95 per cent people in Australia (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2002). Britain...
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...citizens, however it can also be seen to be hugely swayed by political leaders. This essay will demonstrate these points through explanation and the exploration of the thoughts of those, both anti- and pro- immigration with within Australia. It will highlight the assets which migration can provide Australia – economically and culturally and give reasons why anti-immigration policies would damage the society instead of enriching it. Reasons why immigration is seen in a negative light will also be addressed, including national identity loss, unemployment and negative economic effects. Over the last fifty years, Australia has encompassed a large-scale immigration policy predominantly “concerned with population building and importing human capital and skills,”(Jackubowicz 2006). Multiculturalism, strongly linked and interchangeably used with immigration came around as a term in the 1970’s and was initially strongly advocated politically. However in more recent years questions relating to whether or not multiculturalism should be encouraged have arisen, triggering strong debates and inconsistencies amongst Australian’s and particularly in the political sector. There are a range of anti-immigration groups that have existed or still exist in Australia, all aiming (or they aimed) to project their ideas publicly and take action so as to convert and convince Australians their views were for the better and rally...
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...ownership 7 2. Bar chart 8 2.1. Marriages and divorces 8 2.2. Levels of participation 9 2.3. Consumer good 11 2.4. House prices 12 3. Table 13 3.1. Tips for table 13 3.2. Rail networks 14 3.3. Poverty proportion in Australia 15 3.4. Daily activities 16 3.5. Goods consumer 17 4. Pie chart 18 4.1. Cam7, page 101 18 4.2. Diet 19 5. Map 20 5.1. Village of Chorleywood 20 5.2. Gallery 21 5.3. House design 22 5.4. 2 proposed supermarket 23 6. Process 24 6.1. Tips for process diagram 24 6.2. Forecast in Australia 25 6.3. Brick manufactuting 26 6.4. Water cycle 27 Line graph Tips for Line graph Line graphs always show changes over time. Here's some advice about how to describe them: * Try to write 4 paragraphs - introduction, summary of main points, 2 detail paragraphs. * For your summary paragraph, look at the "big picture" - what changes happened to all of the lines from the beginning to the end of the period shown (i.e. from the first year to the last). Is there a trend that all of the lines follow (e.g. an overall increase)? * You don't need to give numbers in your summary paragraph. Numbers are specific details. Just mention general things like 'overall change', 'highest' and 'lowest', without giving specific figures. * Never describe each line separately. The examiner wants to see comparisons. * If the graph shows years, you won't have time to mention all of them. The key years to describe...
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...Changes which have occurred in Australia through public health interventions to improve injury and mortality rates from road accidents since the first recorded motor vehicle accident in 1924 and why it is still a public health issue today in 2014 Changes which have occurred in Australia through public health interventions to improve injury and mortality rates from road accidents since the first recorded motor vehicle accident in 1924 and why it is still a public health issue today in 2014 Since the creation of the first modern automobile in 1886, injury and fatality rates were bound to occur from car accidents due to the increase of the car owner population on our roads. Australia began recording motor vehicle accidents as of 19241 and since then there have been over 180,0002 deaths from road accidents with the greater impact being on younger age groups and individuals in the most economically productive age groups.1 With the fatality rate of road accidents at an all time high in the 1970’s with a total of 3,798 deaths in 1970, the annual road toll has significantly decreased to a total of 1,193 in 2013.2 Once it was discovered that alcohol consumption, travelling at high speeds and the non-use of restraints were major causes of deaths and severe injuries in road accidents, serious action was taken which lead to the establishment of mandatory seat belts in 1973, a blood-alcohol limit of 0.05 in 1992 along with random breath testing in every state by 1988 and national maximum...
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...CHANGE MANAGEMENT IN ACTION Transforming the corporate culture at Heinz Australia The Heinz Company's association with Australia began back in the 1880s when Heinz products were first imported from the USA to feed the American miners who came to work in the goldfields. Production first began in Australia in 1935 when Heinz (US) leased a factory in Richmond, Melbourne. During World War II Heinz began operating a factory in Devonport, and, from 1943 to 1946, the company sold 86 per cent of its production to the Commonwealth Government for supply to all the armed services. Postwar, Heinz Australia continued to expand, establishing new factories and acquiring numerous companies from the 1970s through to the 1990s. In 1998 Heinz Australia merged with Heinz–Watties, New Zealand. In 2003 the Heinz Watties Australasian business was restructured into three separate business units: HJ Heinz Australia, Tegal Foods New Zealand, and Heinz Watties New Zealand. It currently employs around 800 people in Australia and 1200 in New Zealand. With the restructure in 2003, Peter Widdows was appointed Managing Director of Heinz Australia and the company moved into its new head office at Southbank, Melbourne. In February 2009 Widdows was appointed Chief Executive Officer of Heinz Australasia (Japan, Australia, New Zealand and Korea). The phenomenal success of Heinz in Australia and its influence on Heinz businesses in the Pacific region over the last six years are largely credited to the transformational...
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...Copyright © eContent Management Pty Ltd. Contemporary Nurse (2007) 24: 33–44. Telling stories: Nurses, politics and Aboriginal Australians, circa 1900–1980s ABSTRACT The focus of this paper is stories by, and about (mainly non-Aboriginal) Registered Nurses working in hospitals and clinics in remote areas of Australia from the early 1900s to the 1980s as they came into contact with, or cared for, Aboriginal people. Government policies that controlled and regulated Aboriginal Australians provide the context for these stories. Memoirs and other contemporary sources reveal the ways in which government policies in different eras influenced nurse’s attitudes and clinical practice in relation to Aboriginal people, and helped institutionalise racism in health care. Up until the 1970s, most nurses in this study unquestioningly accepted firstly segregation, then assimilation policies and their underlying paternalistic ideologies, and incorporated them into their practice. The quite marked politicisation of Aboriginal issues in the 1970s in Australia and the move towards selfdetermination for Aboriginal people politicised many – but not all – nurses. For the first time, many nurses engaged in a robust critique of government policies and what this meant for their practice and for Aboriginal health. Other nurses, however, continued as they had before – neither questioning prevailing policy nor its effects on their practice. It is argued that only by understanding and confronting the...
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...information can be accessed by all parties, which may lead to a range of levels of contact between them. The processes surrounding the practices of open and closed adoption relate to how children and their families are seen in society, as well as the concepts of identity/belonging. From the 1920s to the 1980s, adoption practices in Australia reflected the idea of secrecy and the concept of having a "clean break" from the birth parents. It was intended that the identities of the parties were to be kept private forever. Legislative changes in the 1960s tightened these secrecy provisions. In SA, before the Adoption Act Review of 2015, adoption records were sealed and could only be opened at the order of the Supreme Court. This was in favour of the aforementioned “clean break” theory; a child welfare theory that held that it was better both for the mother and child if they were separated as early and as completely as possible. The current South Australian Adoption Act came into effect in August of 1989. Its introduction revoked the previous Act that provided for closed adoptions, and so was referred to as the “Open Adoption Act”, since for the first time in South Australia, legal provisions were made for parties to an adoption to access identifying information about each other. It provided this for all adoptions that occurred from August 1989 onwards, once the adopted person turned 18 years old. In rare cases, it may be necessary for an adoption to be closed, for example, where there may be...
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...Topic 22 Arguments against flexible exchange rates include the arguments that they cause uncertainty, they inhibit international trade and that they allow destabilizing speculation. Arguments against fixed rates include that they cause uncertainty, they inhibit international trade and they allow destabilizing speculation. Contrast the situation in one country with a fixed exchange rate with one country that has a floating rate and explain the impact of the fixed and floating rates. Introduction Prior to 1970, fixed, or say pegged exchange rate regime was adopted by almost all countries worldwide. Afterwards, some countries have gradually made the transition from fixed to flexible exchange rates, which allow currency to float freely. In the following section, the definition of both fixed and flexible exchange rates will be introduced. Thereafter, the situation in Australia, which floating exchange rate regime will be compared with that of in Hong Kong, which uses fixed exchange rate regime. Moreover, the impact of different exchange rate regimes on economic entities will be discussed. Types of exchange rate Fixed/Pegged exchange rate A fixed exchange rate is usually pegged the value of a currency to a strong foreign currency such as US dollar or Euro (Hunt and Terry, 2011). This kind of rates is sets and maintained by the local government (e.g. central bank). In order to maintain a stable rate, the government trades its own currency on the foreign exchange market...
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...Received: 11 February 2004 / Accepted: 6 December 2004 / Published online: 22 November 2005 © Springer-Verlag 2005 Abstract Since the 1970s Britain has gone from being a country of net emigration to one of net immigration, with a trend increase in immigration of more than 100,000 per year. This paper represents the first attempt to model the variations in net migration for British and for foreign citizens, across countries and over time. A simple economic model, which includes the selection effects of differing income distributions at home and abroad, largely accounts for the variations in the data. The results suggest that although improved economic performance in the UK relative to overseas has tended to increase immigration, rising UK inequality has had an even larger effect. Immigration policies at home and abroad have also increased net immigration, particularly in the 1990s. Keywords Immigration . Emigration . Immigration policy JEL Classification F22 . J61 . J78 1 Introduction In the last 20 years the UK has become a country of net immigration. During the 1960s and 1970s, emigration exceeded immigration so that net immigration was persistently negative. Since then net immigration has progressively increased. The best available measure of long-term trends indicates an increase in the annual net immigration from −24 thousand in the early 1970s to 89 thousand in the late 1990s —a total increase of 113 thousand. Recent trends are even more dramatic. From the trough in 1991–1993...
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