...Complexities of leasing, taxation, error correction and changes in accounting Phase 3 Group Project/Group A Paula Campbell Colorado Technical University Online Professor Monica Phillis ACC346-0902A-01: Intermediate Accounting II April 28, 2009 Recommendation The accounting team has thoroughly researched the defined contribution plan, defined benefit plan and simple plan that are under consideration to install at BC Corporation. The defined benefit plan is the most costly and complex plan. It also carries an excise tax if the minimum contribution requirement is not met. The simple plan is just what it implies simple with limited options. The defined contribution plan has many advantages for the employer as well as the employee. It is less costly than the defined benefit plan and is easier to administer. This plan is also tax advantaged due to the contributions and earnings being tax deferred money. The advantages for the employee are it’s portable, has strong growth potential and the contributions are pre-tax. (Sepe, J., Spiceland, D., & Tomassini, L., 2007) With these advantages we can predict greater participation in the plan. Our recommendation is the defined contribution plan. It is the most advantageous for the business and can grow as we grow. The accounting for the defined contribution plan will reflect on the income statement and balance sheet. For the income statement the amount of the contribution is recorded as an operating expense usually under...
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...Correction Trends Evaluation Paper Angela Rosado CJA/394 Contemporary Issues and Future in Criminal Justice September 19, 2011 Christopher Manning Paper Correction Trends Evaluation The question at hand today is where and how is our correction system going to be in the future? But to understand and know how the future of our corrections will be, we must first understand the past and the present trends of corrections. In this paper I will discuss the past, present and future trends of corrections, I will analyze current and future issues facing prisons and prison administrators as well as the role/issues of alternate correction systems as a developing trend. Past Corrections In today’s society the jails and prison pretty much function in the same ways. The history of the State prisons began at the Walnut Street Jail in 1790, it was called the first American penitentiary located in Philadelphia, and the building had been operated as a city jail. Some of the same functions and principles were used in England, also these functions were used in the United States as early as the eighteenth century, in England during that time did very little when it came down to punishment. There was very little difference between the two correction systems in the United States, the punishment was significant, but it was very noticeable that the American’s corrections’ system difference in punishment, for example: the use of capital punishment. Therefore, when it came down to the death...
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...Accounting Changes and Error Corrections Chapter 20 Review Notes The accounting profession has identified two main categories of accounting changes: 1. Change in accounting estimate: these are considered to be part of the normal accounting process, not corrections or changes of past periods. Examples of changes in accounting estimates include bad debt expense, depreciation, residual values, and warranty obligations. A change in depreciation method is considered a change in estimate. 2. Change in accounting principle: these involve changes from one generally accepted principle or method to another. They do not include the initial adoption of an accounting principle as a result of transactions or events that had not occurred (or were immaterial) in previous periods. Changes from principles that are not generally accepted to principles that are, count as error corrections, not changes in accounting principle. The accounting treatment for changes in accounting estimates reflects the effect of the change only in the current and future periods. No retrospective restatement of prior periods’ financial statements is made. The treatment of changes in accounting principle, by contrast, does retrospectively restate the financial statements in accordance with the change in principle for those years included in the current year’s comparative financial statements; moreover, the change in net income for still earlier years is shown as an adjustment to the...
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...Running Head: OVERCROWDING OF PRISONS 1 Overcrowding of Prisons Don Bailey SOC 305 Crime & Society Ekaterina Gorislavsky 25 May, 2015 - 1 - [no notes on this page] Running Head: OVERCROWDING OF PRISONS 2 Abstract The correctional institutions are established to correct the behaviors by law breakers. Society believes that once an individual comes out of the correctional facility, he is a reformed person. In addition, these facilities are always expected to warn the law abiding citizens to deter them from committing a crime for fear of being in the correctional cells. However, the population in the correction facilities especially prisons is contrary to this expectation. Over time, there is increased number of offenders. This comprises of the new offenders and the repeat offenders. This causes overcrowding in the correctional facilities which is a challenge to the society. The focus of this problem is the social effect of overcrowding to the judicial system and ways of addressing the challenge. Overcrowding in correctional institutions Crime is punishable for three reasons namely retribution, prevention and deterrence. The main purpose of incarcerating offenders is to stop them from repeating previous crimes they committed. Appraising the current American system using these standards, the deterrence category has failed miserably, insufficient in prevention and providing unsatisfactory retribution through detention. Attempts to deter released criminals...
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...Criminal Justice Trends Paper Dwight Blackshire September 9, 2013 CJA/484 Mr. James Herring Criminal Justice Trends Paper New philosophies to aid in the future progress of corrections are being developed as a result of past and current trends. The issues and concerns surrounding the corrections component of the criminal justice system are overcrowded prisons and their decreasing budget. If these issues and concerns are not address, they will continue to affect the effectiveness and future operations of corrections. Restorative and community justice programs are options being considered for the future of corrections as administrators, legislators, and activists debate philosophies to address these issues and concerns resulting from past and current trends. In the past, the national political climate favored the “get tough” approach against crime. It was believed that treatment programs could not reduce recidivism. Furthermore, it was also believed to keep the national crime rate low and protect the public, offenders of crime must be punished to deter crime. As a result, reforms such as truth-in-sentencing and three-strike legislation were implemented into the law. These...
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...Corrections in America have been constantly changing since the 1930s. From rehabilitation, (1930s to 1950s), to reintegration, (1950s to 1970s), to punitive, (1970s to 1980s), ways of sentencing criminal offenders have transformed immensely. Why is this a big topic of interest? Why should the people care about where the correctional system is headed? Corrections are a major part of the American culture and research over the past should be used to see what can be done to help corrections for the better. This paper will discuss the reasons why corrections have moved from a rehabilitation model to the punitive model and how that has affected the sentencing practices. Then it will discuss the possibilities for the next era of corrections and why...
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...petition for review under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court raising purely questions of law and seeking a reversal of the Decision[1] dated January 12, 2005 of the Regional Trial Court (RTC), Branch 33 of Siniloan, Laguna, which granted the Petition for Correction of Entries in Birth Certificate filed by Jennifer B. Cagandahan and ordered the following changes of entries in Cagandahan’s birth certificate: (1) the name "Jennifer Cagandahan" changed to "Jeff Cagandahan" and (2) gender from "female" to "male." The facts are as follows. On December 11, 2003, respondent Jennifer Cagandahan filed a Petition for Correction of Entries in Birth Certificate2 before the RTC, Branch 33 of Siniloan, Laguna. In her petition, she alleged that she was born on January 13, 1981 and was registered as a female in the Certificate of Live Birth but while growing up, she developed...
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...Corrections Trend Evaluation Tomas Gonzalez CJA / 394 February 4, 2014 Alfredo Cooke Corrections Trend Evaluation In this paper I will evaluate the past, present and future trends pertaining to the development and operation of institutional and community based correction. As part of the evaluation I will identify and analyze current and future issues facing prisons and prison administrators today. I will also identify and analyze the role/issue of alternate correction systems as a developing trend. Trends within the criminal justice system continue to influence the development and operations of institutions and community-based corrections. As mandatory sentencing laws can cause an increase in prison population, prison administrators face a daunting task in addressing the issues that overpopulation causes. “Apart from the highest priority of addressing prison population growth, prison managers are often confronted with an array of issues relating to imprisonment practices and their consequences” (Greenfeld, Beck, & Gillard, 1996, p.9). Development and Operations of Institutions The development and operations of institutions appears to operate around two opposing philosophies if punishment versus rehabilitation. The evolution of the development of corrections past, present and future has seen many changes throughout the inception of prisons. In the past the trends for prisons were solitary confinement with little concern for the rehabilitation of inmates. The well-being...
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...Correction Trend Alfreda Jernigan CJA-394 02-15-2012 University of Phoenix Correction Trend Compare and Contrast- Past, Present, and Future trends pertaining to the development and operation of institutional and community based corrections Correctional programming today is at a level of effectiveness that exceeds previous expectations. Jurisdictions throughout the United States there are other programs that utilize research-based programs to educate, train and motivate offenders. Gone are the days of haphazard implementation of programs that sounded good, but often just occupied time for the offenders. The past evolution occurred for many reasons (Corrections Today, 2010). One of our biggest wake-up calls was the claim made about 30 years ago that, nothing works in corrections, in terms of rehabilitation. Although this widely publicized statement was removed from its context for some less-than-honorable purposes, it did in fact bring some attention to the conundrum that many prisons were not effective as change agents for offenders, but rather seemed only to serve the purpose of separating problems from society (Corrections Today, 2010). 7,225,800 adults were under correctional supervision (probation, parole, jail, or prison) in 2009 (U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2010). While this singular purpose was acceptable to many citizens, the more visionary leaders, both inside and outside of corrections, understood that the only good thing that could ever result...
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...Memorandum- CPA Report Vincent Mokwenye ACCA 545- Financial Reporting Monday December 18, 2012 Memorandum- CPA Report MEMORANDUM Date: December10, 2012 To: Libby Grimes Re: CPA Report In response to your request for information, this memo will address the methodology used to determine deferred taxes, the various procedures used for reporting accounting changes and error corrections, and the rationale for establishing the subsidiary as a corporation. In addition it will address our professional responsibilities are as a Certified Public Accountants (CPA’s) and finally distinguish between a financial audit and a financial review. The Methodology used to Determine Deferred Taxes The accounting for tax liability is governed by the internal revenue service (IRS) code whereas income statement financial reporting is done according the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The taxable income reported to the IRS is based on the cash basis accounting whereas the pre-tax profit reported in the income statement to the stockholders is prepared using the accrual accounting. As a result, there is a difference between the tax liability reported to the IRS and the tax expense reported in the income statement. This causes the book income reported to stockholders to be different from the tax income reported to the IRS. If certain revenues and/or expenses are reported in different years in income statements and on income tax returns, an asset or liability called...
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...Corrections Trend Evaluation Carla Howard CJA 394 University of Phoenix Corrections have existed throughout society for many years and continued to change and evolve in the United States reflecting society’s values and ideals throughout the centuries. In the criminal justice system, corrections exist in more than one form. Not only do corrections refer to jails and prison systems but they also pertain to community-based programs, such as probation, parole, halfway houses, and treatment facilities. Past, present, and future trends in regard to the development and operation of institutional and community-based corrections vary between states but corrections have grown immensely since the early 1800s and have continued to expand over time. Corrections are adamant to continue to expand into the future because crime is not slowing down so there will remain a strong need for corrections throughout society. The subject of this paper pertains to research of past, present, and future trends in the development and operation of corrections. In some ways corrections are similar to the operation trends of two decades ago. In other ways the development of corrections has come far compared to corrections in the beginning. Other subjects of the paper include current and future issues for prisons and prison administrators and an explanation for why these issues overwhelm corrections. A last topic for discussion is the roles of alternate corrections as a developing trend. ...
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...for determining deferred taxes and that their procedures for reporting accounting changes and/or error corrections is being carried out correctly. Lastly I will audit fictitious corporation to ensure that the company’s rationale behind establishing one of their newer subsidiaries as a corporation. Methodology for determining deferred taxes We will look to see how the company is treating their deferred taxes and which methodology they should be using. The company should be determining deferred taxes based on the prior year’s difference between income tax expense and its income tax payable. It is important that there will be differences that arise between fictitious corporation’s income tax expense and income tax payable as this company uses the full accrual method for financial reporting but when looking at taxes they are evaluating based on a modified cash basis. Procedures for reporting accounting changes/error corrections We will look to see how fictitious corporation is reporting their accounting changes. We are also intending to look at any error correction to ensure they were handled appropriately as well. I will be sure to first start off by informing fictitious corporation that we as an audit firm do not recommend accounting changes unless they are definitely determined to be necessary from an internal point of view. I will be sure to inform fictitious corporation that changes subtract from the ability to compare among multiple accounting periods and between...
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...view and exploring their possible consequences. Figure 2: QR Code cards, public transport vehicles, etc. Indeed, this mechanism has a vast number of potential applications [4, 1, 2, 13, 9]. For instance, the sports brand Umbro have embedded QR codes into the collars of England football shirts, sending fans to a secret website where prizes can be won. In this paper, we explore the structure and creation process of QR codes as well as potential attacks against or utilizing QR codes. We give an overview of the error correction capabilities and possible ways to alter both error correction data and payload in order to either modify or inject information into existing codes. Furthermore, we explore numerous vectors that might enable an attacker to exploit either the user’s trust in the content embedded in the code or automated processes handling such codes. Our main contributions are: • to outline possible modifications to different parts of QR Codes such as error correction codes or masking, • to describe resulting attack vectors, both against humans (e.g. phishing attacks) and automated processes...
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...DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS OREGON AMBER L. SMITH BUS-PS 200A M. NELS JOHNSON WARNER PACIFIC COLLEGE JANRUARY 26, 2013 Abstract In this paper I will examine the structure and functionality of the Oregon Department of Corrections (ODOC). I will explain what ODOC is and what they do. We will also explore the pros and cons of some of the current policies and how those policies could be improved upon. NOTE TO INSTRUCTOR: I chose this government agency because it is of great interest to me. I simply chose this agency instead of an agency that has to do with my employment due to the fact that I am unemployed. Thank you. Keywords: DOC, Department of Corrections, corrections, agency, correctional institutions, governing agency, criminal justice policy, etc. DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS OREGON The Oregon Department of Corrections is a state agency that handles the states’ adult corrections affairs. The ODOC is responsible for the management and administration of all adult correctional institutions and other functions related to state programs for adult corrections. There are seven major divisions within the agency as well as a strong relationship with Oregon Corrections Enterprises, a semi-independent state agency. The department handles the custody of offenders that are sentenced to prison for more than twelve months. The offenders are housed in one of the fourteen state prisons. It is the mission of the ODOC to promote public safety by holding offenders accountable...
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...Rehabilitation Pap CAJ: Introduction to Corrections . Rehabilitation Paper The goal of rehabilitation came during the middle of the twentieth century when corrections adopted a medical model, in which crime was believed to be the result of an underlying pathology of offenders that could be diagnosed and treated (Seiter, 2011). Offenders were considered sick and in need of treatment to prepare them to return to the community as productive, law-abiding citizens. Correctional agencies implemented a variety of treatment programs to improve offenders and to provide them with the tools necessary to be successful members of society (Seiter, 2011). The need for rehabilitation of offenders was emphasized by the Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice, appointed by President Lyndon Johnson in 1966, which noted a need for “substantial upgrading” of the correctional system and its reorientation “toward integration of offenders into community life” (Seiter, 2011). Throughout the years, many processes have been created to form the rehabilitation process of criminal justice. This process has reached out to many offenders and their families by allowing them to return to the community as changed individuals. Rehabilitation has many different process, but most, if not all have been proven successful in returning offenders to the community as changed individuals (Seiter, 2011). Rehabilitation is defined as a return to a previous form. In criminal justice, rehabilitation...
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