...Abstract—Modeling communication system and establishing bit error rate (BER) with signal to noise ratio (SNR) is a key element in designing communication system. Based on the communication applications, communication channels vary. In cellular communication signal attenuation and fading due to the both deterministic and non-deterministic factors is common. Free space loss is the deterministic type of attenuation. Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), fast fading (short term), and slow fading (long term or shadow fading) are non-deterministic type of fading. This paper focuses the non-deterministic channel modeling techniques and demonstrates the result in BER as a function of SNR. The relationship between BER and SNR are established for M-PSK system for three channel properties; AWGN, fast, and slow fading. AWGN channel was modeled by normal distribution. Rayleigh distribution were used for fast fading and lognormal distribution for slow fading is used to model. Three primary relationships created after the modeling are * BER to SNR relationship for BPSK, QPSK, 8-PSK, and 16-PSK for AWGN only channel * BER to SNR relationship for BPSK, QPSK, 8-PSK, and 16-PSK for AWGN and fast faded channel * BER to SNR relationship for BPSK for AWG, fast faded, and slow faded channel. The use case of BER to SNR is shown in a sample link budget. Link budget helps to make key system decision such as spectral efficiency, coverage radius, link margin, and availability. Further paper proposes...
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...weeks on the job. However, two months later, she found that no one responded her decisions. Problems: 1. Senior personnel change The suddenly senior personnel change is one of the serious problems.At first, Cabletronica appointed Sampson to be the new head of CA, replacing the well-regarded founder, Frances Wong, who was very familiar with the operation of CA. Moreover, the period that Sampson started the appointment was in the busiest time of year, there were a lot of tasks of design and manufacturing to achieve a strong end-of-year holiday sales. The most serious problems were that although Sampson had professional financial ranks and successful background, she did not work with line managers in a manufacturing setting. 2. Communication system The problem of communication system led to no one responded Sampson’s decisions. It was an ineffective way to announce the important changing of policies to executives through e-mail memorandum, because e-mail is a low powerful communication channel in business communication. Although Cabletronica generally used e-mail to communicate, it was not as well as at CA. While Wong, who was very familiar with the process of CA, indicated that e-mail was not an effective way to announce, Sampson still insisted her own idea. There is a communication...
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... 11/20/13 Communication Channel Paper Communication channel is an established line of communication between two people in multiple ways. Meaning there are all kinds of ways to communicate in the business world. Because communication is very important in any way in life, not just business. This applies to everyday living for the regular person men or woman. That’s why some partnerships, marriages, and friendships fail. They don’t let each other know what’s going on. But there is one way I like communicate regardless of business or personal life. The most consistent line of communication for me is face to face communication. This line of communication happens with my mom all the time. I live with her and see her all the time to let her know how I feel. My mom and I have discussions about what to buy from the grocery store every week. We can just interact and listen to each other to let each other know what we like and don’t like. Or have a conversation about old memories in my childhood about how I was a troublesome child with good tendencies. You couldn’t express your gestures, charisma, and emotion over your e-mail like face to face. Face to face communication tells you about the person, express how they feel, and sends better message than any other channel. While face to face communication is the best way to communicate in my opinion. There are some good things about it like...
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...Because of God’s desire to save all people, he granted humankind necessary ways for them to be saved. God extends his love to everyone even though some refuse. In theology, I learned that there are four channels of God’s saving self-communication. The first channel is through the inner depth of my life experience called conscience. Even though my conscience may be erroneous, it is the thing that guides me to the right path. The second channel is through nature. God is everywhere – an immanent being but also transcendent which means that God is also beyond or above the range of normal. The third channel is through our relationship with other people. The fourth and last channel is through religion which binds us back to God. Among the four facets of God’s saving presence, I believe that I can feel Him most in my conscience. I can say that I can make a distinction between things that are right and wrong and also do what is correct or expected from a matured individual. I am fully aware of the things that are bad for me and other people. Being in a Catholic school for eleven years brings that adequate knowledge of right and wrong. There are times when things get tough and a lot of temptations lure me to do what I want instead of what is right and good. Fortunately, no matter what happens, there is still that small voice in my head that urges me to move away from the decisions and things that will harm me afterwards. I feel that God is in my conscience because He guides me to the...
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...understand and explain the principle of multiplexing 2. To describe the main characteristics of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) 3. To understand the operation of a Time Division Multiplexer Components Required: 1. Power supply unit (PSU) 2. MODICOM 2 board 3. Connecting wires 4. Oscilloscope 5. Probes Procedure: 1. Connect the MODICOM 2 board to the PSU. 2. Duty cycle selector is set to 8. 3. Oscilloscope probe is set to DC coupling. 4. The input of channel 0,1,2 and 3 ( point 11 ,13 , 15 and 17 respectively) and its output (41, 43, 45 and 47 respectively) are measured by oscilloscope and the results are recorded. Point | Measure | Remark | 11 | CH0 input | CH1 TRIGGER5V/D0.5mS/DCH2 TRIGGER 2V/D0.5mS/D | 42 | CH0 output | | 13 | CH1 input | | 44 | CH1 output | | 15 | CH2 input | | 46 | CH2 output | | 17 | CH3 input | | 48 | CH3 output | | 5. TX to RX clock connection is pulled out. 6. The input and output of channel 3 is observed and recorded. 7. TX to RX clock connection is put back. 8. TX CH 0 to RX CH0 connection is pulled out. 9. The power supply is OFF and ON. 10. Step 6 is repeated. 11. Step 9 and 10 are repeated for another 3 times. 12. TX CH 0 to RX CH0 connection is connected again. 13. The power supply is OFF and ON. Point | Measure | Remark | 17 | CH3 input | CH1 TRIGGER: 5V/D,0.5mS/DCH2 TRIGGER: 2V/D,0.5mS/D | 47 | Sampled CH3 signal | | 17 | CH3 input |...
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...Selecting the Right Communication Channel Selecting the Right Communication Channel Scenario I: As a marketing manager, I should make telephone calls to inform all people in my marketing network inside the company and invite them to a face-to-face meeting and presentation provided by me to go through product details, marketing strategies and budgets needed for launching the new drink. Telephone calls are very high in richness and fast in time. The needed information ready to pass is too much and that’s why I choose this rich channel to be more effective. “Introduction of new products and services at an accelerated pace-all non routine messages high in ambiguity and requiring the use of channels that convey a large amount of information”. (Robbins & Judge, 2011, ebook format ch. 11). Scenario II: Both telephone call and e-mail will help effectively on communicating downward to IT manager. Because of the time, I need to be fast on the way of communication and telephone call will help me to solve the company problem as a decision maker. IT manager must reply my phone call by sending the new username and password through e-mail as a reference for sending to all 11 employees. All 11 employees not only check the company’s website to enter their username but also they need to check their e-mails first thing in the morning. Scenario III: “A model of media richness helps explain channel selection among managers.” (Robbins & Judge, 2011, ebook format ch. 11). This kind of...
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...CFO, office managers, and business consultant will be able to follow my technical terminology, but my client’s will have a harder time determining what I am trying to present. Prior to giving my presentation it is important for me to identify the groups and individuals in the audience (Wisc-Online, 2009). I have learned from previous experience that it is important to be entertaining, especially when you’re presenting dry sales numbers and figures to company consumers. There are three important communication channels that I also consider when giving my quarterly sales presentation. The three communication channels that I use are upward, downward, and horizontal. Upward communication allows for me to provide information to my office managers and CFO, therefore allowing me to have a better working relationship with my managers. I am then able to share my opinions and ideas to them through this communication channel. Downward communication is important when trying to encourage and motivate my fellow co-workers. My co-workers need to be involved in coming up with new goals and strategies for our Agency. Employee feedback is also very important to upper management. Upper...
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...Effective Gray Scale Techniques By: Wilfredo C. Ileto Many people believe that color images will always be more effective than grayscale. I don’t agree with that perception. Grayscale can be just as visually powerful as color images when they are properly rendered. As a matter of fact, many of the great masterpieces in photographic history, such as those by Ansel Adams and Cartier Bresson, are grayscale images. While the trend has been moving towards full color reproduction, printing of grayscale or monotone images will always remain part of the printing process. Therefore, it is of great importance that we understand the process of converting color to grayscale and acquire the techniques to effectively implement it. Because grayscale images do not have the visual effects of color, it is important to apply certain techniques in order that the images project the desired visual impact we require Whenever I conduct a seminar on Image Enhancement and Color Correction, I always start with a discussion on Grayscale Techniques. Since original materials are now generally supplied in digital RGB format, I ask the participants how they would prepare their grayscale images from these RGB files. Without exception, their answer would be to simply change the mode from RGB to grayscale using Photoshop. I would then load an RGB image (illustration 1) into Photoshop, apply Change Mode to convert it to grayscale and produce an image (illustration 2) where the details have all disappeared into a...
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...SYLLABUS—MKTG 4354—Marketing Channels and Logistics Fall 2015 INSTRUCTOR: Tom Reilly Office: 3067 Office Hours: Mon-Wed, 12:30 to 2:30 Appointments are both helpful and appreciated. An appointment will insure that we have enough time for the task at hand, and that the time is not double-booked, and that I am not doing something else. E-mail: twreilly@vt.edu Course Description: This course will examine the management of a firm’s distribution function. Specifically, we will explore the relationships among manufacturers, distributors, and retailers. In addition, we will study the structure, functions, interactions, and activities of the marketing channels. A special emphasis will be placed on decision making given the natures of these channels. Objectives: • To understand marketing channels including efficiencies achieved, conflicts created, and behaviors of channel members • To reinforce the principles of Marketing, and understand the differences when they apply to channel and logistical issues. • To be able to apply the above concepts in the context of real marketing decisions. • Exposure to careers in Channel Management Books Marketing Channels, a Management View, 8th edition, Rosenbloom, South-Western ISBN 13: 978-0-324-31698-8 Marketing Cases – VT ISBN 13: 978-1-269-77349-2 Grading: Exams (3): 30% Group written case : 15% Class participation 15% ...
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...To remain competitive, organizations in today’s business environment need to undergo changes almost constantly. Change proves to be a challenge not only to the supervisors and managers but also to the employees. As an IT manager, I will need to make sure that I handle the change management, guide the employees through the change in order to ensure that the project would be successful. After all, organizations don’t change, people do . A formal communication channel is more effective in implementing the change. The employees who are not willing to accept the new system, will be very effective in undermining the changes with a negative informal communication. I will involve the employees in the change process, make them understand the need for change and benefits of the implementing the new system. As an IT manager, it is critical for me to understand the employee feelings regarding the change, understand their issues and address them. In general implementing a change requires the capability to market and sell. It would be difficult to sell without understanding what the buyer needs, his/her concerns and fears. It is expected that there will be need for more work to be done during change process. The employees are likely to alter their working habits. I will raise the expectations, reach for opportunity to push them harder and work smarter. I will have performance improvements and make the process challenging while keeping the goals realistic so that employees do not get...
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...Communication Channel 1 Communication Channel Scenarios MGT/521 Management August 17, 2011 Professor: Communication Channel 2 Communication Channel Scenarios Scenario I Informal communication channel will be used. I feel that this channel will be a great choice in this situation, because we need immediate feedback and have a goal to obtain with a deadline. Upward communication would be used to convey the message to the Vice President of Operations. The reason I feel this is the best choice is, because this form of communication is being used to provide feedback to higher ups, progress towards goals and relay current problems if any. (Robbins & Judge,(11) pp 344-345) Scenario II Formal email communication will be used to contact the IT department. This channel will be best choice for this situation, because it will be following company procedure for technical support and its’ quickly written and immediately sent. Downward communication is used for employee communication. It’s keeping them informed and providing them with instructions on the new login and password. (Robbins & Judge,(11) pp 344, 351) Scenario III Channel richness would be used to inform employees about the reduction of workforce. This channel is best choice because you will be utilizing different angles of communication to your employees. You want to use written communication which is providing something concrete for them to review. Along with oral communication, which is, letting...
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...socket of Transmitter block. 4. Switch ‘On’ the trainer's power supply & Oscilloscope. 5. Observe the Transmitter Output (TP20) along with CH0 input (TP11) for reference with the aid of oscilloscope. Use Transmitter's CH0 Input for external triggering of oscilloscope. This will help to achieve a stable waveform. The Transmitter Circuit samples all channels at different time intervals. The time division multiplexed samples appear at the Transmitter Output. (TP20). Vary the amplitude of the input sine-waves by varying the potentiometers in the Function Generator block. This will help in identifying which sample belongs to which input channel. Ensure all the potentiometer in the Function Generator block is turned fully clockwise before continuing with the exercise. Conclusion: 1. We can observe various signal to get sampled and multiplexed in a channel by varying their amplitudes, it would be easy to observe every signal to get multiplexed on a channel. ST2102 Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 49 Experiment 7 Objective: To observe output waveforms at receiver channels, CH1/ CH2/ CH3 on oscilloscope & observe preservation of DC level in output waveform compared to input signal. Procedure: Initial setup of Trainer: Function Generator pot direction : clock wise Duty cycle Position : 5 Delay control : Anti clockwise Comparator Threshold level : clockwise 1....
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...Advantages of Grapevine Communication 1. Grapevine channels carry information rapidly. As soon as an employee gets to know some confidential information, he becomes inquisitive and passes the details then to his closest friend who in turn passes it to other. Thus, it spreads hastily. 2. The managers get to know the reactions of their subordinates on their policies. Thus, the feedback obtained is quick compared to formal channel of communication. 3. The grapevine creates a sense of unity among the employees who share and discuss their views with each other. Thus, grapevine helps in developing group cohesiveness. 4. The grapevine serves as an emotional supportive value. 5. The grapevine is a supplement in those cases where formal communication does not work. Disadvantages of Grapevine Communication 1. The grapevine carries partial information at times as it is more based on rumours. Thus, it does not clearly depicts the complete state of affairs. 2. The grapevine is not trustworthy always as it does not follows official path of communication and is spread more by gossips and unconfirmed report. 3. The productivity of employees may be hampered as they spend more time talking rather than working. 4. The grapevine leads to making hostility against the executives. 5. The grapevine may hamper the goodwill of the organization as it may carry false negative information about the high level people of the organization. A smart manager should take care of all the disadvantages...
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...ASSIGNMENT 1 RETAILER MARKETING CHANNELS To purchase this visit here: http://www.activitymode.com/product/mkt-315-wk-4-assignment-1-retailer-marketing-channels/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM MKT 315 WK 4 ASSIGNMENT 1 RETAILER MARKETING CHANNELS MKT 315 WK 4 Assignment 1 - Retailer Marketing Channels Select a retailer that you are interested in. Write a six to eight (6-8) page paper in which you: 1. Outline and describe the basic configurations, flows of products and information, and typical participants in marketing channels. 2. Identify the three (3) most influential channel participants for the retailer that you selected. 3. Describe the role of marketing channels in the overall marketing strategy of the retailer you chose. 4. Conduct an environmental scan for your particular retailer. Describe how each environmental variable (demographic changes, economy, etc.) affects the marketing operation. More Details hidden... Activity Mode aims to provide quality study notes and tutorials to the students of MKT 315 WK 4 Assignment 1 Retailer Marketing Channels in order to ace their studies. MKT 315 WK 4 ASSIGNMENT 1 RETAILER MARKETING CHANNELS To purchase this visit here: http://www.activitymode.com/product/mkt-315-wk-4-assignment-1-retailer-marketing-channels/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM MKT 315 WK 4 ASSIGNMENT 1 RETAILER MARKETING CHANNELS MKT 315 WK 4 Assignment 1 - Retailer Marketing Channels Select a retailer that you are...
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...The amount of firefighters and citizens that lost their lives really shows how devastating this event was. Nobody was prepared for a disaster this big. From watching this documentary I have learned some important lessons. First, this documentary showed me that communication is critical in the incident command system. If the internal communication system goes down, you need aback-up protocol to ease the communication channel. At one point of the documentary, two off duty fire fighters show up to the scene in a pick-up truck. Unless I missed it, but they weren’t call in but were helpful in recovering bodies moving building pieces, and directing people away from the area. I can use these lessons that I have learned from the documentary and apply them to real world experiences. At my internship at Rocky Mountain Metro Airport, during any emergency situation we use one channel to relay information, but we have never practiced if that emergency channel goes down. I will development a protocol if we loose are primary emergency channel and go to secondary channel. Also, based on NIMS training, if I am an off duty emergency responder, I am suppose to wait till I get called in for help. I understand that these two off duty fire fighters helped out, but in order to keep everyone on the same page we need to follow the...
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