8.3
While other countries have more formal parties, America’s political parties are decentralized, with city, state, and national bodies. State governments are responsible for holding elections, and each state has its own special party organization. Although government in the states level is becoming more formal, a majority of presidential campaigning is done through the candidate’s personal campaign organization. Each state has a different way to carry out elections. One factor they decide on is which type of primary to have: closed, open, or blanket. Until the 1930’s, party machines, which were commonly corrupt, had a huge influence over city governments. By using the patronage system, they kept members loyal by giving them important positions in government. While local parties have declined today, county-level parties have had more activity in their elections. Each party has its own national committee. The national committee is in charge of writing the party platform and nominating a presidential and vice presidential candidate to represent the party at the national convention. During nonelection years, the national committee is in charge of maintaining the party organization.

8.4
During the elections, parties attract voters with their accomplishments and promises. Those who are attracted to these party’s platforms form coalitions in support of certain policies. Presidents don’t rely as much on coalitions as they used to because television has allowed them easier access to the public. It has been seen that presidents keep far more promises than they break due to the fact that they want to keep their voters and that they seriously consider the party’s platform form elections when making decisions.