Chapter II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Introduction:
This chapter indicates the ideas, also the history, relevant to the experiment to provide information and further elaborate different standpoints that were the foundation of the proposed study, also on the background study of the different methods and concepts used by other researchers that applies to the present study.

In order to develop new method and procedures, careful review of literature and studies must be done for the development of the study. The main purpose of this chapter is to identify and review theories on charcoal and teabag to identify the deficiencies of those theories.

Related Literature:
In general usage, the term 'charcoal' is [1] a porous black solid, consisting of an amorphous form of carbon, obtained as a residue when wood, bone, or other organic matter is heated in the absence of air. [2] a piece or pencil of fine charcoal used in drawing. While the teabag is a small porous bag containing tea leaves or powdered tea, onto which boiling water is poured in order to make a drink of tea.

“Carbon (in the form of coal, which is mainly carbon) is used as a fuel.
Graphite is used for pencil tips, high temperature crucibles, dry cells, electrodes and as a lubricant.
Diamonds are used in jewelry and – because they are so hard – in industry for cutting, drilling, grinding, and polishing.
Carbon black is used as the black pigment in printing ink.
Carbon can form alloys with iron, of which the most common is carbon steel.”
So it means, the carbon in the form of coal is used as the black pigment in printing ink. While for the teabag:

The ancient Egyptians and Chinese both developed ink at approximately the same time around 2500BC. They used fine particles of carbon called lampblack for the colorant, and gums or glues were the vehicles. Epichlorohydrin is also used as an ingredient for ink making, although it is somewhat dangerous. It has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals. “In the U.S.A. it is considered to be a potential carcinogen (a substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue.) for purposes of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA) hazard communication standard.

Conclusion: Teabags and Carbon in the form of coal can be used to create an ink.