...is also raised in Source 6, showing that this could provide fruitful for future quests for reform in Britain for the working class. Using all the sources, I aim to come to a conclusion on the nature of the Chartist movement- a failure or a success? Source 4 presents the view that although the physical aims of Chartism may not have been achieved, the effect that it had on the population is of great importance. The Chartist movement forced “thinking men to consider this vital matter”, an important step in engaging the working class in the politics of Britain, as the Chartist movement brought about the new, seemingly unexplored idea that the politically alienated working class possessed a voice that should, and could, be listened to. The violence used in the movement was simply a “symptom of ..discontent,” at the way in which the lower class were treated by the upper and middle classes. Chartism served to unify the otherwise disengaged working class population, allowing them to work together to produce and read newspapers like The Northern Star, which sold upwards of 36,000 copies at the height of the movement. Written by Thomas Carlyle, a known supporter of Chartism, at the height of the movement’s success, the value of this source is somewhat questionable, as possesses the bias of the writer, especially considering it was taken from a pamphlet designed to highlight the terrible conditions of the working class, where the Chartist movement served to justify and support. ...
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...Why did Chartism Fail? * Chartism failed because of economic factors – it was simply a ‘knife and fork question’ * Chartism failed because of the inherent weakness of the movement and internal divisions within the movement * Chartism did not really fail in the truest sense of the word – it was defeated by the state Economic Factors Some historians have argued that improving economic conditions ensured the Chartist movement faded after 1848 – there had been worsening economic conditions in the period after 1837 which gave rise to the chartist movement. After this period, the lessening economic instability, growing prosperity and rise in living standards after 1848 removed basis for widespread discontent. In economic prosperity – Chartism could no longer be sustained. The interpretation has been questioned in recent decades – economic historians began questioning how stable the British economy really was during this time in ‘Mid-Victorian Boom’ (1850-73) e.g. Cunningham – disagrees as he believes the economy continued to fluctuate. A series of subtle economic changes undermined the movement after 1848 and led to the movement’s eventual fall. 1. Development of Railways – Provided stimulus to industries; iron, steel and coal. Economic growth less narrowly based than in period before 1850 when textiles had been leading sector 2. Factory Legislation – Legislation redefined management practices and relationships in the workplace; 1850s-60s saw development...
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...This view states that weak leadership is the one main reason why Chartism failed during years 1838-48, however I will prove it was not only down to one thing reason of why O’Connor, Lovett and Attwood, the Chartists did not succeed in bringing all of the six points to the people – such as economic and political reasons. Source 4 is a letter written by William Lovett so therefore will be biased towards his own views against Feargus O’Connor and the fact he undermines his college though argument just shows the lack of respect they had for each other, proving there was weak leadership. “His constant appeals to the selfishness and vanity of man […] a spirit of hate, intolerance and brute feeling” It agrees with the view that the failure was down to weak leadership as it proposes the idea that not all leaders were united and therefore was the failure, I know from my own knowledge that Lovett himself resigned due to outrage from O’Connor’s behaviour. Source 5 also says that “the vast number of arrests, prosecutions and imprisonments” this suggests that the leadership was again weak due to division of views, physical force and moral force – if people were getting arrested etc. then the leaders must not have been good ones in the first place. Source 6 says “failure can be explained by the divergence of these attitudes once the Chartist message had proved ineffective and untrue” which again like the other two sources shows the division of views from each leader which meant they...
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...as they had no active involvement where factory workers liberty was concerned. Source D also agrees with this at it too states ‘The Plug Plot of 1842 began with reductions of wages’ hence why many people in 1842 rebelled, in some cases, striking workers stopped production by removed the boiler plugs from the steam engines in their factories. The Anti Corn Law was first introduced in Britain in 1804, when the landowners wanted to protect their profits by imposing a duty on imported corn. Source B also states ‘This was taken as the intention of employers everywhere.’ This shows how many workers were affected by these cut backs which could have caused the plug plot disturbances as many people believed that by encouraging more people to join Chartism they could get enough names on the petition to get their concerns heard such as the 1834 Poor Law factory conditions and church taxes on Nonconformists. Farmers feared that when the war came to an end in 1815, the importation of foreign corn would lower prices. This fear was justified...
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...After the loss of the American colonies in 1783 Britain began to look for new colonies in order to find cheap sources of raw materials. The 19th century brought about the greatest prosperity in Britain. Its sources lay in colonial expansion, industrialization, improved transport, and social reforms. At the beginning of the century Britain was at war with Napoleonic France. In 1806, Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree forbidding any country under his control from trading with Britain. In the following year, the British issued Orders in Council, granting the right to seize neutral shipping bound for French controlled ports. This decision led to a war with the USA (1812-1814). In 1815, the Duke of Wellington (1769-1852) defeated Napoleon at Waterloo near Brussels, and after the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Britain became the greatest and richest power in Europe. The British controlled world trade. In the 19th century the population of Britain increased rapidly. By 1815 it had reached 13 million and London was one of the largest cities in Europe (1 million inhabitants). By 1850 half the population lived in towns and London had more than 2 million inhabitants. Between 1750 and 1850 the population of Britain increased threefold. Victoria, daughter of the Duke of Kent, a younger son of King George III, succeeded her uncle, William IV, in 1837. Her reign lasted until her death in 1901, and it was marked by a steady growth of national wealth and expansion of the empire. Britain held the...
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...The scientific revolution & the Enlightenment (1650-1800) I. The scientific revolution A. Overcoming obstacles 1. Superstation & teaching of the church 2. Francis Bacon & Empirical method (Four steps: ask, experiment, observations, answer) B. Accomplishments in Physics & Astronomy 1. Copernicus (astronomer, mid 1400s to early 1500s) 2. Galileo 3. Kepler (early to late 1500, Denmark, astronomer, Law of Planetary: Plant do not move in perfect circle, Plant do not move at same rate, speed is related to distance) 4. Newton C. Accomplishments in Medicine (Physician> Surgeon (trained by guild system)> Pharmacist (guild)> Barbers>folk medicine or herbalist> hospital (when you are about to die, you go to hospital)) 1. State of Medicine 2. Vesalius (Italian Physician) 3. Paracelsus (Physician) Enlightenment I. Enlightenment & Government A. John Locke B. Baron de Montesque II. Enlightenment & Belief A. Toleration B. Deism III. Ideal Societies A. Adam Smith & the Economy B. Denis Diderot &Knowledge C. Voltaire & Candide IV. Enlightened Absolutism (Frederick the Great (Russia), Catherina the Great (Russia)) A. The Monarch B. Joseph II (1742-1790) French Revolutions (1787-1794) I. Background: Crisis Control A. Financial B. Economic + Agricultural C. Social Inequalities II. 1st Revolution- Moderate (1787-1792) ...
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...Allan Pinkerton was born August 25, 1819 in Glasgow, Scotland. He was a Scottish detective and also a founder of a famous private American detective agency. He was the son of a police sergeant by the name of William Pinkerton who left his family in great abjection when he passed away and his mother Isabella McQueen. Later on in life Allan started to work as a cooper. Soon after that he became involved in Chartism. While being a part of that his activities developed in a warrant for his arrest. In 1842, Allan came to the United States, settling in Chicago. He moved next year to a town close of Dundee in Kane County, he put together a cooper’s shop there. He cut wood on a deserted island one day that he discovered. Later on in that day captured gang counterfeiters. He became deputy sheriff a year later in 1846. Soon afterwards he became deputy sheriff of Cook County, with headquarters in Chicago. Pinkerton provided America with a national policy system at a time when there was very little law enforcement. He gave up the responsibility as being a part of the new police force in Chicago in the year 1850. He wanted to do other things such as, organizing a private detective agency that concentrated on specific areas like railway theft cases. His agency became one of the most famous organizations of its own field. The name of it was, “The Pinkerton National Detective Agency.” The agency captured principals in a 700,000 Adams Express Company theft in the year 1866. The business...
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...Biography of Allen Pinkerton CJS/250 June/6/2012 Jeremy Busch Biography of Allen Pinkerton Allan Pinkerton was born on August, 25, 1819 in Scotland, Allan’s father was a police sergeant, but died unfortunately, when Allan was very young. In Scotland Allan worked as a cooper, a cooper is someone that makes or repair wooden barrels and tubes. Later on in Allan’s young life he found himself involved in Chartism, this led to an arrest warrant to be issued for Allan. Pinkerton fled to the United States in 1842 and settled down in the city of Chicago. Allen Pinkerton stayed in Chicago for only a short while, he eventually moved to a town called Dundee, this place was located in a county called Kane, there he started his own cooper shop. Allan was asked to do occasional jobs for the Kane county sheriff office and he became very good at detective work and tracking down criminal. The Kane county sheriff department eventually hired Pinkerton as a deputy sheriff. At the age of thirty-five Allan Pinkerton was hired by the Cook County Sheriff’s Department as a deputy, along with that job he was also contracted by the federal government and numerous other private employers to protect their best interest. In 1855 Pinkerton helped establish a railroad policing agency known as the North West Police Agency, he was giving ten thousand dollars to do this, Pinkerton was only Thirty-five years old. Due to the poor policing of the local police during Pinkerton’s time, he felt he could...
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...Disraeli was a Conservative and England's first and only Jewish prime ministe. He was elected to Parliament in 1837 and published his novel Sybil, in 1845. It is a primary source. The extract under analysis deals with the distressed of the working classes of England. He served twice as Prime Minister, the first time from 27 February to 1 December 1868 and the second, 20 February 1874 to 21 April 1880. He abandoned a career in Law to pursue on in writing. My commentary will be divided into two parts : “The condition of England question”(1760 - 1850) and The Industrial Revolution . “The condition of England question” is a phrase created by Thomas Carlyle (Kaliel) in his essay on Chartism (was a working-class movement for political reform in Britain between 1838 and 1848 ) in 1839 which reflected a mood of pessimism, of huge social problems that had not been solved. It has been estimated that the 1830s and 1840s may have been the worst decades for Britain. Benjamin Disraeli, or other famous authors such as Charles Dickens wrote narrative fictions to denounce the social and political issues while focusing on the representation of class, gender, and labor relations, as well as on social unrest and the growing gap between the rich and the poor in England. The main concern for these authors was the social consequences of the Industrial Revolution in England at the beginning of the nineteenth century. A number of writers were strongly motivated to arouse sympathy for the conditions...
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...Biography of Allen Pinkerton Introduction to Security CJS250 May 18, 2010 Richard Knuckles With the rise of private and public police fighting with each other there was a need for some other type of security services. Allen Pinkerton took notice to what was happening and decided to fill this gap by opening up his own private security service. This service provided by Allen Pinkerton would offer services that the private and public police agencies could not offer. Here is some history about the man that revolutionized private security. Allen Pinkerton was born on August 25, 1819 in Glasgow, Scotland and died on July 1, 1884 in Chicago Illinois. Allen Pinkerton was a cooper by trade and was involved in Chartism which was a political group that wanted political and social reform. Because of his deeds within this group, Allen Pinkerton was to be arrested but he decided to flee from Glasgow, Scotland to Chicago, Illinois to avoid arrest. After several private detectives works which led to the capturing of a counterfeiting ring; Allen Pinkerton was appointed deputy sheriff of Kane county in 1846. Soon after his appointment he went on to become the Cook county sheriff. In 1851 Allen Pinkerton resigned from the Cook county sheriff’s office and decided to go into business for himself. He decided to open up a private detective business that would specialize in railroad cases. “The Pinkerton National Detective Agency became one of the most famous...
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...Allan Pinkerton Biography CJS/250 Michael Nappi April 17, 2011 Robert Krause Allan Pinkerton was born on August 25, 1819 in Glasgow, Scotland and died on July 1, 1884 in Chicago, Illinois. He was born the son of a police Sergeant however his father would pass away when Allan was still just a small child. This left his family living in great poverty, and Allan would eventually become a cooper by trade. However his actions as a Chartism would lead to a warrant for his arrest being made, which ultimately forced Allan to leave the country. He ended up here in the United States settling in Chicago but living in a town called Dundee, Kane County just a year after. There he once again found himself a cooper by trade, but this wasn’t to be for very long as he would eventually become a police officer. It was while working as a cooper that Allan came across a gang of counterfeiters in which he captured and then was appointed as deputy sheriff to Kane County in 1846. Four years later though Allan Pinkerton would resign as police officer and begun to organize a private detective agency specializing in railway theft cases. Thus the Allan Pinkerton National Detective Agency was born and quickly became known as one of the most famous organizations of its kind. The Pinkerton National Detective Agency had quite the few successes under Allan’s guidance, some of the more famous cases (included but not limited...
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...vote a secret and that only men had the right to become MPs. These are just a few but you can imagine how many more there are. From Sir Philip Francis we can tell that barely any people voted because he said that “I was elected by one voter to represent this borough in parliament. There was no other candidate or opposition.” I think that this should not have happened in 1820 because they were being sexist. For me I find this a terrible thing like racism. The 1832 Reform Act (a.k.a Great Reform Act). This reform act was an act of parliament. Most argue that it did not lead to lots if quick changes it got people more convinced that they have the right to vote as well not just men who were rich. After this there were two more reform acts. Chartism was a working-class movement for political reform in Britain between 1838 and 1848 which took its name from the People's Charter of 1838. The Chartists made ‘The Peoples Charter’ it consisted of six basic reforms which were: Every man over 21 who is not a criminal or insane should be allowed to vote, voting should be done in secret, candidates should not need to be rich or own property to become a Member of Parliament, all Members of Parliament should be paid for doing their job, all electoral areas should represent the same number of people, elections should be held annually. The 1867 Reform Act was the second major attempt to reform Britain’s electoral process – the first being the 1832 Reform Act. The 1867 Reform Act is properly titled...
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...Critically assess the claim that juvenile delinquency was legislated into existence in the nineteenth century. After a few preliminary comments contextualising the claim, I will; 1. Explore the changes in Legislation and Law enforcement agencies in the early to mid-nineteenth century focusing on the ways in which they contributed to the development of the concept of ‘juvenile delinquency’. 2. Consider the arguments of nineteenth century social investigators and reformers and their influence both on the legislative process and on the construction of the concept of juvenile delinquency. 3. Finally and by way of a conclusion, briefly discuss the broader social economic and political context of nineteenth century reforms in order to suggest that whilst legislation is important, the claim in the question overstates its significance. The idea that there can be a juvenile delinquent is impossible without the concept of childhood as a distinct phase of individual growth and development. ‘Childhood’ has become a universal category; a status which affords particular rights, for example those outlined in agreements between states such as the universal declaration of the rights of the child. This recognition of the special status of ‘childhood’ is a social construct (Hendrick, 2002). We may take our understanding of what it is to be a child for granted as ‘natural’ but it is not until the late middle ages that a period and morality of childhood began to be distinguished...
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...Why was the reform act of 1832 passed? There were several major factors involved in the build up to the reform act which all led to the government having to enforce the reform act to keep the people happy. The voting system was extremely out of date, having not been altered since the 18th century and the government had not taken into consideration the demographic changes with had taken place since then. There were many rotten boroughs (Areas which had low vote to high representation ratio) and yet many fast growing cities like Leeds and Manchester had little or no representation at all which meant that no proportional voting was in place. The swing riots was an explosion in Britain at the time as it was such a huge movement of industrial workers, unhappy at low wages, high unemployment and new labour saving devices led the workers to attack machinery and burn barns which was affecting the amount of work in the country. This put pressure on the government to change, something they were not used to and caused panic in parliament as they were worried about a revolution which were rife at that time throughout Europe e.g. France. Another major turning point was the passing of the catholic emancipation act (1829) which caused outrage in parliament and led to the break up of the Tory party, many of them outraged at the passing of this act. All of these are main factors which led to an angry and dis-contented country, fighting for their rights and the enforcement of a reform act. ...
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...Clare Whitehead. Write about the ways in which three of the Victorian novels you have read make use of villains and / or villainesses in their plots. The villains and villainesses in the following novels demonstrate the class struggle in society that existed in the Victorian era and that still exists today. The upper class who are described by Marx as ‘the bourgeois’ which (cited in Hamilton) he goes on to describe as; ‘the class of modern capitalists, owners of the means of social production and employers of wage labour’ (1991 p.57) have the power in society. The working class or what Marx refers to as ‘the proletariat’ which (cited in Hamilton) he goes on to describe as; ‘the class of modern wage labourers who having no means of production of their own, are reduced to selling labour power in order to live’ (1991 p.57) are controlled by this power which often leaves them vulnerable to the rich. Furthermore, the villains and villainesses appear to be used in order to demonstrate the ‘inequalities of the rich and the poor’ (Eagleton 1996 p.200). The wealth of the ‘bourgeois’ gives them access to many privileges and opportunities that the poor can never have access to. In the first novel Jane Eyre (Bronte 1847) Mrs Reed highlights the selfish nature of the wealthy. She speaks of Jane as ‘such a burden to be left on my hands’ (1992 p.203) because she has no wealth of her own. Mrs Reed sees her as one of ‘social inferiority’ (Nunokawa cited in David 2001 p.145) who is of...
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