...Ratio Formula Cheat Sheet Prerequisite Formulas Used in the various ratio formulas below Measures the dollar amount of profit remaining after cost of goods sold and is used as the denominator in the Gross Margin calculation Used as the denominator in the Return on Assets calculation Used as the denominator in the Return on Equity calculation Used as the denominator in the Receivables Turnover calculation Used as the denominator in the Inventory Turnover calculation Profitability Ratio Formulas Used to measure how effective an organization is at generating profits Measures the percentage of each sales dollar remaining after cost of sales that contributes to funding the organization’s SG&A and other costs Measures the percentage of each sales dollar that remains after cost of goods sold and SG&A expenses Measures the percentage of each sales dollar that remains after all expenses Measures how effectively an organization uses its assets to generate profits Measures how effectively an organization uses the capital contributed by equity investors (excludes preferred stock) Measures the percentage of net income paid out as dividends Asset Utilization Ratio Formulas Used to measure the amount of time it takes or how efficiently assets are turned into cash Measures the number of times per year the balance of receivables is collected and shows how efficient an organization is in collections Measures the average number of days it takes from the time a sale is made until cash is collected...
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...= × + × × √ L= no of weeks, Z= given, Avg from table = √ 2 × × Q= Items/order, K =5550/orders , h =invt holding cost =1.25/unit/week = /2 +( × × √) () = × ℎ = × / = × ( + ) = + + st (a) Sequential Supply Chain:: (i) Retailer’s profit= Minimum of Demand and Order × Selling Price + Salvage Value × Surplus Product – Order × Whole price paid by the retailer – Fixed Production Cost (ii) Manufacture’s profit= Order × (Whole price paid by the retailer – Variable Production Cost) (b) Global Optimization: Profit= Minimum of Demand and Order × Selling Price + Salvage Value × Surplus Product – Order × Variable Production Cost – Fixed Production Cost (c) Buy Back Contract: : Retailer’s Profit= Minimum of Demand and Order × Selling Price + manufacturer buy back price × Surplus Product – Order × Whole price paid by the retailer – Fixed Production Cost Manufacturer’s Profit= Order × (Whole price paid by the retailer – Variable Production Cost) + Salvage Value × Surplus Product - Surplus Product × manufacturer buy back price (d) Revenue Sharing: Retailer’s Profit= Minimum of Demand and Order × Selling Price × (1-Revenue Sharing) + Salvage Value × Surplus Product – Order × Whole price paid by the retailer – Fixed Production Cost Manufacturer’s Profit= Order × (Whole price paid by the retailer – Variable Production Cost) + Minimum of Demand and Order × Selling Price × (Revenue Sharing) Supply chain management is a...
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...Chapter 9 Strategic Organization – Organizing speech to achieve particular result with particular audience Main Points – Major points developed in body of speech; most speeches have 2-5 Chronological order – Main points follow time pattern Spatial order – Main points follow directional pattern Causal order – Main points show cause-effect relationship Problem-Solution order – First main point (The problem); second main point (The solution) Topical order – Main points divide topic into logical, consistent subtopics Tips for main points – Keep points separate; try for same pattern of wording; balance time devoted to each Supporting materials – Materials used to support speaker’s ideas Connective – Word or phrase connecting ideas Types of connectives – Transition; internal preview; internal summary; signpost Transition – Indicates speaker has finished one thought & is moving to another Internal preview – Statement in body indicating what speaker will discuss next Internal summary – Statement in body summarizing preceding points Signposts – Brief statement showing where speaker is or focusing attention on key ideas Chapter 10 Introduction – Gain attention/interest; reveal topic; establish credibility/goodwill; preview body Gaining attention – Relate topic to audience; state importance of topic; startle audience; arouse curiosity; question audience; begin with quotation; tell story Credibility – Perception of speaker’s qualifications Goodwill – Perception...
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...--Future value of annuity due = (1+r) * P(((1+r)^n - 1)/r) --Bonds: Dr. Cash, Cr. Discount, Cr. Bonds Payable (par value) First entry for first payment of interest: Dr. Interest Expense, Cr. Cash, Cr. Discount on bonds payable --Cash: coin, currency, available funds on deposit at bank, money order, certified checks, cashier’s checks, personal checks, bank drafts, and saving accounts. Inclunding Cash equivalents: T-bill, commercial paper, money mkt funds. Restricted: plant expansion, retirement of long term debt, compensating balances. Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are both (a) readily convertible to known amounts of cash, and (b) so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rates --Reconciliation: bank: add: deposit transit, deduct: outstanding checks, Book: add: collections not recorded, deduct: book charges not recorded (example!!!!!) --Net realizable value: A/R-AFDA ---Dr. Bad debt exp Cr. AFDA --Write off: Dr. AFDA Cr. A/R Recovery: Dr.A/R Cr.AFDA, Dr. Cash CrA/R --A/R Turnover: evaluate liquidity of A/R, measure the number of time on avg a company collect A/R, Net sales/avg trade receivables --direct write off: no matching, receivable not stated at cash realizable value, not GAAP --allowance method: % of sales, % of receivables, GAAP requires % of sales: better matching of exp and rev, any balance in AFDA is ignored % of receivables: not matching...
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... Cheating: * Any attempt to give or obtain assistance in a formal academic exercise (like an examination) without due acknowledgment. * dishonesty and breaking the rules. Reasons of cheating 1. Performance concerns * Need to excel at any cost 2. External pressures * Academic * Semester workload too heavy * Others’ cheating puts me at disadvantage * Professor/text did not adequately explain material * Too many tests on one day * Nonacademic * Pressure from parents * Job leaves no time for study * Illness prevents adequate preparation * GPA for athletic qualification * Financial aid depends on GPA * Good grades needed for job or graduate school 3. Unfair professors * Overly harsh grading * Unfair tests designed to fail students * Unreasonable workload in course 4. Lack of effort * Did not attend class * Did not study, do reading, etc. 5. Adherence to other loyalties * Helping a friend * Loyalty to a group (fraternity) 6. All’s fair in love and academia 7. Opportunity * Unexpected opportunity arose * Instructor left room during exam * Instructor wasn’t watching carefully * Other students didn’t cover their paper 8. Campus ethos * Others do it * No one ever really gets punished/caught Some ways of cheating 1. Copying Homework ...
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...ACC331 Cheat Sheet Exam 1 Chapter 1 Horizontal Equity- equally situated persons pay equal taxes. Where income tax wins. Vertical Equity- Persons with different amounts of income pay different amounts of tax. 16th amendment-the congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. Statute of Limitations- federal 3 years regular, 6 years-omit>25% of gross income, none-fraud. State may be different, Michigan regular is 4. FICA(federal insurance contributions act)-social security tax -social security 6.2% 2010 4.2% 2011. Base amount is 106,800 -medicare 1.45% FUTA(federal unemployment tax act) 6.2% on first $7,000 of wages Chapter 3 Basic Tax Structure -Economic income (+)only place where u add stuff when determining GI -Gross Income -Adjusted Gross Income (-) -Taxable Income (-) -Tax (-) -Tax Due (-) Tax Formula for Individuals Income Less:exclusions GI Less:deductions for AGI Adjusted Gross Income Less: the greater of Total itemized deductions Or standard deduction Less: personal and dependency exemptions Taxable income Tax on taxable income Less:tax credits Tax due (or refund) *economic income---- exclusions *gross income—deductions for AGI AGI -itemized deductions or standard deduction *itemized deductions are related to production or collection of income and management of property held for the...
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...vi Editor “Cheat Sheet” Invoking vi: vi filename Format of vi commands: [count][command]Command mode versus input modeVi starts in command mode. The positioning commands operate only while vi is in command mode. You switch vi to input mode by entering any one of several vi input commands. (See next section.) Once in input mode, any character you type is taken to be text and is added to the file. You cannot execute any commands until you exit input mode. To exit input mode, press the escape (Esc) key.Input commands (end with Esc)a Append after cursor i Insert before cursor o Open line below O Open line above :r file Insert file after current lineAny of these commands leaves vi in input mode until you press Esc. Pressing the RETURN key will not take you out of input mode.Change commands (Input mode) cw Change word (Esc)cc Change line (Esc) - blanks line c$ Change to end of line rc Replace character with c R Replace (Esc) - typeover s Substitute (Esc) - 1 char with string S Substitute (Esc) - Rest of line withtext . Repeat last changeChanges during insert mode <ctrl>h Back one character <ctrl>w Back one word <ctrl>u Back to beginning of insert | VI “Cheat” SheetACNS Bulletin ED–03Februa ry 1995(count repeats the effect of the command)File management commands :w name Write edit buffer to file name :wq Write to file and quit :q! Quit without saving changes ZZ Same as :wq :sh Execute shell commands (<ctrl>d)Window motions ...
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...Geography Test 4 Cheat Sheet Mineral- inorganic naturally occurring substance with a distinct chemical formula and a distinct crystalline form Rock-Aggregate of multiple grains of the same minerals Earth’s crust is made up of 8 elements oxygen 47% silicon 28% Al 8% Fe 5% Calcium 3.6% Sodium 2.8% Potassium 2.7% Magnesium 2% Every mineral has physical characteristics that aid in identification Hardness scale 1-10 chalk (1) and diamond (10) Luster-How shiny Cleavage-how it breaks Rocks are held together by a chemical bond Most common is oxygen and silica SiO2 which has 92% of the Earth’s crust. Granite is silicate. CaCO3 limestone forms in warm waters 3 types of rocks: Igneous- molten rock that has cooled and solidified Felsic- rock that is light color and light weight Mafic- heavy rocks are dark given it has a lot of metal Sedimentary-derive from accumulated sediment fragment of rocks ex: limestone, clay, silt, sand, gravel, and boulder Metamorphic- rock that has been changed and does not go into an igneous state Limestone=marble Sandstone-quartzite Fluvial process- River process Igneous(cools fast)- small crystal Igneous(cools slow)- large crystals Sedimentary- erodes, is transported, and later becomes rocks, sandstone and metamorphic (crystalline structure changed due to heat and pressure) Erosion- Process by which particles are separated from original site and deposit at a new site Arid and semiarid- wind and water are the main sources of erosion ...
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...Topic 1 business valuation introduction Financial assets Three main types: 1.fixed interest or Debt 2.Shares or Equity 3. Derivative Securities (Futures, Options) Fixed interest: 1.Payments fixed or determined by a formula 2. Money market debt: short, term, highly marketable(市场的), usually low credit risk 3. Capital market debt: long term bonds, can be safe or risky 4.Subject to Interest Rate movements (Yield Curve) and Credit Risk Equity Securities: 1.ownership of a corporate entity 2.secondary markets liquid and low cost 3.Residual claim on assets after debt 4. Limited liability (no resource for debtors) 5. Receive dividends& franking credits 6.most volatile asset class (30% typical) 6.most volatile asset class(类别) 7. Highest return asset class How firms issue securities(有价证券) Primary Market (IPO) 1. Firms issue new securities through underwriter(承销商) to public 2. Investors get new securities, firm gets funding Secondary market Investors trade previously issued securities on financial markets Financial market and the Economy 1.Information Role: Capital flows to companies with best prospects 2. Consumption Timing: Use securities to store wealth 3. Allocation of Risk: Investors can select securities consistent with their tastes for risk 4.Separation of Ownership and Management: With stability comes agency problems Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) 1. Weak EMH: Prices reflect all past information. →Cannot make money from charting. (记录表格) 2. Semi-strong...
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...Chapter 1 The Scope and Challenge of International Marketing * International Marketing is the activity, set of institutions and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. * Differences of Intl Marketing from National marketing: the difficulties created by different environments and the need to coordinate international expansions across cultures to achieve efficiency and effectiveness to achieve firms’ goals. * Globalization: the increased mobility of goods, services, labor, technology, capital throughout the world. * HOW does globalization affect Canadian marketers? Positive impacts * marketers how now much more access to more information about their markets and consumers (domestically and internationally) * much easier communication with suppliers and consumers today * because of free trade agreements, easier to penetrate/venture into other foreign markets * opportunities to lowering production and marketing costs due to the ability to standardize products and processes * and ultimately benefit from having to deal with fewer national currencies (e.g transactions could be in US Dollar, or Euros because EU nations use that), which reduces risks and costs. Negative impacts * small Canadian companies and marketers find it difficult to compete on an even playing field with larger transnational companies. * Globalization is forcing...
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...Statistic- is a number computed from a sample of data. It is characteristic of a sample. A summary measure that is computed from a sample to describe a characteristic. (Numerical summary of the population) (Ex. The proportion of females randomly selected from the registered voters of a county or the average time it takes for the first 5 students to complete an exam) Parameter- A characteristic (numerical summary) of the entire population. A number computed from the entire population usually unobservable. Subject- the entities that we measure in a study. Population- the collection of all subjects under study. Proportion- of the observations that fall in a certain category is the frequency (count) of observations in that category divided by the total number of observations. Proportion and percentages (aka relative frequencies) Probability- the chance that an even will occur. Sample- a subset of the population. Random Samples are most valid. Design- Plan for how the data will be collected. Two events are dependent if the outcome or occurrence of the first affects the outcome or occurrence of the second so that the probability is changed. Sample Space- set of all possible outcomes for a random phenomenon Variables (COLUMNS)- characteristics or measurements on the subject. Event-subset of the sample space Description- summarizing the data that are obtained. Descriptive Statistics- methods for summarizing the data. Usually consists of bar graphs and...
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...a. Internal cost: Located internally prior to leaving the factory Lost labor & materials, Lost sales (for capacity constraint) b. External cost: Located in the market, no,ceable by public Lost reputa,on, recall, warranty & liability costs Importance of conformance quality and defect preven,on: 1. Defects impact the ROIC = Profit ÷ Invested capital 2. Revenue = Volume x Price, Cost = Material + Labor cost 3. Volume = % of demand fulfilled x Demand 4. Invested Capital = Working Capital + Fixed Capital 5. Working Capital = Cost ÷ Inventory turns 6. Fixed Capital = Volume ÷ Capital Produc,vity (CP) Defects cause: Impact on the ROIC’s components 1. Variability: decrease: CP, Inventory turn, % demand fulfilled 2. Capacity loss: decreases: CP, % of demand fulfilled 3. Appraisal: decreases: CP, increases Material Cost 4. External failure: decreases Price, increases Material cost 5. Internal failure: increases Material...
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...Ch 5:Cancer types Carcinoma - epithelial tissue, - metastasize Leukemia - bone marrow stem cells that produce white blood cells Sarcoma - connective tissue, muscle, bone, cartilage Lymphoma - lymph tissue, Hodgkins Adenocarcinoma - glandular epithelia, liver, salivary, breast Cancer Is Uncontrolled Cell Division What Is Cancer? Cell division is the process through which a cell copies itself Cancer begins when the a cell divides although it should not Unregulated cell division leads to a tumor, a mass of cells with no apparent function in the body Benign tumors do not affect surrounding structures Malignant tumors invade surrounding structures and are cancerous Malignant tumors can break away and start new cancers elsewhere through the process of metastasis What Is Cancer? Cancer cells differ from normal cells: Divide when they should not Invade surrounding tissue Move to other locations in the body What Is Cancer? All tissues that undergo cell division, such as ovarian tissue, are susceptible to cancer Cancer Risk Factors Known risk factors are linked to particular cancers… Not all exposures to chemicals and radiation causes cancers Cell Division Overview Cell division produces new cells in order to: Heal wounds Replace damaged cells For growth Also for reproduction Cell Division Overview DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes which can carry hundreds of genes along their length The number of in each cell depends...
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...Cash flow from assets (-ve expansion) = Cash flow to bondholders (-ve borrowing)+ Cash flow to shareholders (-ve borrowing) 2 Cash flow from assets (CFFA) or Free cash flow (FCF) =operating cash flow-net capital spending-additions to net working capital Operating cash flow = EBIT+D-T=NI+D+I Net capital spending = Ending NFA-Beginning NFA+D also NCS=Fixed assets bought-fixed assets sold Additions to NWC = Ending NWC-Beginning NWC Cash flow to shareholders = dividend paid-net new equity= dividend paid-[Eeq End – Eeq Beg - ending Additions to RE] Cash flow to shareholders = dividend paid - [(Common+ARE)end-(Common+ARD)beginning-Additions to RE]; no stokes issued=net new equity is zero Cash flow to creditors=interest paid-net new borrowing Net borrowing (LTD)=debt issued-debt retired Year UCC CCA UCCt+1 Sales/COGC/D/Other expenses/EBIT/Interest/EBT/T/NI.. Div and Additions to RE Current ratio = Current assets/Current liabilities | Quick ratio=(current assets-inventory)/current liabilities | Cash ratio = Cash + Cash equivalents/Current liabilities | Net working capital to total assets = Net working capital/Total assets | Interval measure = Current assets/Average daily operating costs (GOS/365) | Total debt ratio = [Total assets - Total equity]/Total assets | 3 Debt/equity ratio = Total debt/Total equity | Equity multiplier = Total assets/Total equity | Long term debt ratio=long term debt/(long term debt + total equity) | Long term debt ratio=long term...
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...1. BASIC STATS Types of variables: Count: no of bedrooms/children, manufacture year Ordinal: categories, income brackets Nominal: gender, yes/no, manufacture model Continuous: distance, time, age, best cruising speed Graphs Scatterplots: shows if there is a linear relationship (positive increasing left to right, cov>0), doesn't measure strength Histogram: modality skewness (positive long tail to right), modal class, symmetry Box Plot: Skewness (short/long whisker, short bottom=positive), symmetric Empirical CDFs | |Sampl|Populat| | |e |ion | |Average/Mean |[pic]|μ | |Variance | s2 |σ2 | |Standard |s |Σ | |Deviation | | | |Correlation |r |ρ | Location of Percentiles = ___th observation = what figure? Arithmetic Mean Mean vs Median If symmetric, mean ≈ median If positive skew, mean > median If negative skew, mean < median Variance Measures spread Larger SD – ↑ risk – ↑ rate of return Eg Standard Deviation Coefficient of variation Measures spread Covariance Measures the strength (and direction) of linear relationship between 2 variables. If cov > 0, then as X increases, Y increases (positive slope). If cov < 0 = opposite. If cov=0, not linearly related Coefficient of correlation If r=-1, perfect negative linear relationship If r=+1, perfect positive relationship If r=0, no LINEAR relationship From...
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