...CHILD LABOUR IN PAKISTAN Presentation by: Ayesha Ayub Maham Gul Maryam Hayee Zainab Ahmed Zoya Baig Contents 1) Introduction 3 1.1) Definition 4 2) Facts 4 3) Laws 5 3.1) Nike accused of child labour 5 4) Causes 6 5) Consequences 7 6) Long Term Health Problems 7 7) Solutions 8 8) Conclusion 9 Introduction God has given human beings the boon of wisdom and discretion to think upon the signs of the universe and to draw conclusions. That is the reason why they disclose the hidden facts of it and its structure and have made remarkable progress in many walks of life. Children are the flowers of heaven. They are the most beautiful and purest creation of God. They are innocent both inwardly and outwardly. No doubt, they are the beauty of this world. Early in the morning when the children put on different kinds of clothes and begin to go to schools for the sake of knowledge, we feel a specific kind of joy through their innocence. | | But there are also other children, those who cannot go to schools due to financial problems, they only watch others go to schools and can merely wish to seek knowledge. It is due to many hindrances and difficulties; desperate conditions that they face in life. Having been forced to kill their aspirations, dreams and other wishes, they are pressed to earn a living for themselves and for their families. It is also a fact that there are many children who play a key role in sustaining the economically life of...
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...EMPLOYEE RELATIONS PROJECT Table of contents 1. Historical Perspective of IR in Pakistan…………………………………………….. 5 1.1 Employer’s organization History………………………………………………………7 2. System of IR in Pakistan………………………………………………………………8 2.2 Membership of trade unions……………………………………………………………11 3. Upcoming trends and changing characteristics of workforce in Pakistan………….12 4. Challenges of IR in Pakistan………………………………………………………….16 5. Historical development and phases of growth of trade unions in Pakistan………..18 6. Structure; Political affiliation and problems of trade unions in Pakistan…………..20 7. Structure of Unions in Pakistan………………………………………………………22 8. Table…………………………………………………………………………………….24 9. References……………………………………………………………………………….25 1. Historical Perceptive of Industrial Relation in Pakistan. Current population of Pakistan is 182.1-million approximately; it’s ranked sixth as most populated country of the world (Population Census Organization). Total labor force is 59.21 million in Pakistan ( Index Mundi Pakistan) out of total labor force 49.09 million is employed and rest is unemployed, women has got 20% rate in employed strength , in agriculture sector employs are 44%, in service sector 35%, in industry and manufacturing employs are only 20% Industrial relations are the efforts made for the resolution of the differences between employer and employees, on objectives and values, profitability sharing and social justice. Discipline and authority, freedom and...
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...grow in those markets. With Nike’s success comes a high demand for their products. As a result of the high demand there are 774 factories located in 42 different countries in North and South America, Australia, Europe, and Asia. A large percentage of the factories are based in the emerging markets like Korea, Indonesia, Vietnam, Brazil, and Argentina. China claims a large percentage of the factories with over 213 compared to the United States with only 65. With the theme of inspiration and innovation, Nike has been able to significantly expand across the globe and affect every country it touches. Nike made headlines after several instances of documented child labor violations were exposed that took place in several countries including Pakistan, Cambodia, and Indonesia. The child labor violation story that took place in Pakistan was carried out by Life magazine in June, 1996. The article included a photograph of a...
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...developmental levels. Child labor is one cultural difference found between the western world and under developed countries. Nike is one organization that has struggled with the cultural differences between these two and manufacturing operations. Nike was co-founded by Philip Knight and Bill Boweman in 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports. At that time the athletic shoes market was predominately produced by Germany. Blue Ribbon Sports intended to compete with Germany by importing athletic shoes manufactured in Japan. Blue Ribbon’s first retail location did not open until 1972. This is when Blue Ribbon Sports became Nike. (DeTienne & Lewis, 2005) About 10 years after Nike began contracts with Japan the market grew. Nike found cheaper operations through Taiwan and Korea, according to DeTienne & Lewis (2005). Over time production was subcontracted to the labor markets of China, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam. Having production done in these countries allows for lower costs in labor and higher profit overall. This also provides work for the people in these countries boosting their income and providing them with opportunities. By 1999 Nike held contracts with 45 countries. Because of the size Nike had become it had less control over the conditions of the factories. Nike became more aware of the working conditions and how employees were treated when global attention was brought to these factories in 1996. One example of the factory conditions and attention Nike received for it is in Pakistan during this...
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...referring to the child labor problem raised by both the Swedish and German television documentaries. I think we took the necessary steps in dealing with Swedish documentary that showed children in Pakistan working at weaving looms, by sending a legal team to Geneva to seek input and advice from the International Labor Organization (ILO) on how to deal with the problem. The fact that India, Pakistan, and Nepal were not signatories to the convention implies it is unreasonable to accuse IKEA of violating the law of child labor. However child labor is an ethical issue. That’s why we added a clause to all our supply contracts, stating that if any supplier employed children under legal working age of 14, that contract would be terminated. We also appointed a third-party agent to monitor child labor practices at its suppliers in India and Pakistan. This definitely improved the public’s and media’s perception of the company. Also contacting concerned organizations, such as Swedish Save the Children, UNICEF, and the ILO to get advice on how to handle these labor issues with some of our suppliers was proactive. The trip my team and I took to India, Nepal and Pakistan to investigate the real situation of child labor exposed us to Rugmark Foundation. The foundation developed a label certifying carpets that were made without the use of child labor. We endorsed our name to Rugmark Foundation to show our commitment to social responsibility and our support against child labor. This helped internalize...
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...1. CHILD LABOR Child labor can be defined as: “The employment of children at regular and sustained labor basis. The term “child labor” is often defined as the work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development.” 2. CHILD LABOR IN FACTORIES IN PAKISTAN In Pakistan, child labor is commonly found in all sectors and industries of the nation, be it in rural localities or urban localities. Underage labor being sought from children can be seen in factories, workshops, hotels, bazaars, etc. At times they have no choice but to do work that is beyond their physical capacity by force and circumstance which is the violation of law. 45.7% of the total population of Pakistan (2012) lives below the poverty line. Given these circumstances these children are compelled by their poor parents (who are prone to illiteracy and unawareness) to work even if it is affecting their childhood because the nominal wages that are brought home by these children helps to run their houses. Working in factories promises these poor children a fixed amount of money throughout the month over labor in other forms such as working on the streets and signals and gives the employers cheap labor (who may be literate or illiterate). In country with such a fragile system for checks and balances it is very easy for these employers to exploit children for their own advantage of making more profit by making use of them as...
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...Labor children remain un-educated Munam Nauman Research Project and Presentation, Section G Mr. Razm u Zafar December 16, 2012 Abstract Poverty is considered the primary reason of un-education of labor child. Un-education is widespread and bad for the development of both, the individual child and the society and economy in which he or she lives. This study surveys the existing literature and taking into account the urban-rural divides, aims to shed light on the discussion with observed evidence from Nepal, Peru, and Zimbabwe. Evidences from all three countries indicates that efforts to boost adult educational levels and wages will help restraint the occurrence of child labor and improve the chance that children should stay in school. Studies have concluded that eliminating child labor and putting these children into education would have huge developmental benefits. Literature Review The education is the first step in the way of development process and it provides the basis for the improvement of the socio-economic condition of a country. “Nonetheless, if the fundamental rights behind our cause are not sufficient to move people to act then let it be the economic and social rationale behind it. Either way, we are going to challenge people to act.” By Nelson Mandela and Graca Machel, in calling for a global partnership for children in May 2000 Un-education is widespread and bad for development of both, the individual child and...
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...Bevell In the past Nike has been accused of using child labor in the production of its soccer balls and sweatshop conditions in suppliers’ overseas factories. Nike has about 28,000 employees globally and over 800,000 workers who are employed by its suppliers in 52 countries and create sports and fitness footwear, apparel, equipment, and accessories for worldwide distribution (Trevino, L.K. & Nelson, K.A., 2011). Nike has worked to improve labor conditions in their footwear, apparel and equipment supply chains for more than 15 years. Key issues in which they have engaged include the health and safety of the workers who make their products, excessive overtime, the ability of workers to freely associate, and child labor and forced labor (Nike Inc., Labor, 2013). Since these accusations were brought to the publics attentions Nike has been focused on improving the monitoring of the organizations supply chain, sent auditors to evaluate conditions and enforce the company code. About a decade after Nike was first targeted they released factory names and locations of their suppliers. A MIT professor was brought in to assess Nikes audit data and the results were disappointing. Most suppliers’ factories had not improved, and some even got worse (Trevino, L.K. & Nelson, K.A., 2011). Nike's entrance into the Pakistani markets was the part of its long term strategic planning. Although Pakistan has laws against child labor and slavery, the government has taken very little action...
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...As we know that government laws and regulations are differ from country to country and this makes manufacturing of products very difficult challenge for the international companies like Nike. 2) Ethical Responsibility: The management of Nike should understand that why ethical responsibility is needed within the company because it is the organization’s management to make decisions and take actions that will grow and interest of the society and as well the organization. 3) Nike Labor issue in Pakistan: Nike has been accused of using child labour in the production of its soccer balls in Pakistan . GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) and WTO (World Trade Organization) member nations, like the United States, against the importation of goods made by Children. Child labor exists in Sialkot both in the export sector and the domestic sector. This fact has been well documented and reported by the international media for several years because In Pakistan it is clearly documented that child labor is against the law. 4) Nike fail to address cooperate social responsibility early on: . do not care about social responsibility .they use easiest way to achieved it's goals of the company . Fail to communicate with Top management 5) How it all started - Consumer awareness:...
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...Determined and a risk taker. Those are a couple words that describe a Teen activist. A teen activists is a teen who stands up for something that will make the world a better place. Teen activist such as Malala Yousafzai, Alex Lin, and Iqbal Masih fit those categories.Malala Yousafzai stood up for the right of an education and got shot in the head, survived and still kept going, Iqbal Masih was a slave, but he escaped, he went around Pakistan and even visited the U.S. to spread the message about stopping child labor, even though he was murdered on the streets of Pakistan. Last but not least Alex Lin, he read an article about e-waste which changed his life, he tried to pass a law on no more dumping e-waste, he failed too, but he tried again and the second time the results were in his favor and the law was passed....
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...After a few years of IKEA undergoing speculation of unreliable suppliers in countries such as India, Pakistan, and Nepal whom used child labor freely throughout their practices, Ikea’s business area manager of carpets, Marianne Barner, was faced with a dilemma that she was quickly forced to overcome, change, and improve. In 1995, a well-known German TV reporter broadcasted an ongoing investigation report naming a main supplier of Ikea used child labor in their work place. Although this supplier claimed to recently sign an agreement in their IKEA contract forbidding the use of child labor or else termination, recent video and still-photographs have proved otherwise. In a whirl-wind of events, Barner was forced to look into alternatives to help save the reputation and image of IKEA as well as maintaining a profit. Three of these alternatives that Barner juggled that were stated within the case included: 1. Sign up to an industry wide response to growing concerns of child labor in India – monitoring manufacturers, importers, and retailers to use the new label of RUGMARK: a label on carpets that states they were made without the use of child labor. 2. Barner started conversing with the Swedish “Save the Children” organization who urged Ikea to respond to this situation in “the best interest of these children,” whatever that change may be. 3. Cut the use of these companies within India to lessen the loss of a profit for the company IKEA. Before investigating...
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...needs to have a plan in mind to keep this company in full force in the next 20 – 30 years. Their only real competitor is Reebok since 1990. However, since Nike is such a big company Reebok are the ones’ that are trying keep up with Nike’s operation. In the past, Nike has had legal issues, ethics and corporate social responsibilities that have an effect on the management planning. With the legal issues, Nike had a problem with their Asia Corporation where they were using child labor to create soccer balls. In the United States, constitution states that child labor is an illegal and inhumane practice. In 1996, Nike characterized of making its equipments in countries, such as Asia, that are in the developing phase, having very cheap labor, authoritarian government and lack of human rights appeal and union movement. Their balls are printed that say hand-made; however they do not say who hands that they were made from. “Issue of Life magazine carried an article about child labor in Pakistan, Nike knew that it was in trouble. The article's lead photograph showed 12-year-old Tariq hunkered over the hexagonal pieces of a Nike soccer ball which he would spend most of a day stitching together...
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...IKEA’s view of child labor on the broadcast. Facing the crisis directly rather than escaping the problem is a smart way to solve the crisis. She should use this broadcast to transfer anti child labor message to the public for IKEA and defeat the accusing from the German media face to face. Especially after inspecting India, Nepal and Pakistan, Barner grabbed first hand information to reveal how deep this socioeconomic problem embeds in these countries. She also should announce all the efforts IKEA makes on this issue, such as an anti child labor clause in the supply contract, a third party monitor system to child labor practices at the suppliers in India and Pakistan, and an action of joining the Regmark to deal with the child labor problem on products from India. 2. Barner should stop the business with Rangan Exports according to the anti child labor clause in the contract. This action will be a strong symbol to clarify IKEA’s stand on the child labor issue. It will help IKEA win trusts from the public. Learning from the incidence happened in 1980s, which caused IKEA lost 20% business in Denmark, IKEA should realize how important a positive publicity is to IKEA’s business. A positive social image is the foundation of companies dealing with B2C business. On the other hand, stopping contract with Rangan Exports is also a serious example to educate the other suppliers in India or other countries to focus on the issue of child labor and anti child labor clause in the...
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...and cut expenses Nike has outsourced its labor outside of the United States. Production and labor cost are indeed a lot cheaper outside of the United States. Nike had factories located in China, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Mexico due to the cheap cost of labor in those countries. In the 1990s Nike was criticized for child labor in Cambodia and Pakistan. The accusations claimed that children were being used to do the stitching on football balls. Other accusations regarding Nike was about the terrible working conditions in Malaysia regarding their employees. All of the accusations of course raised criticism regarding Nike’s ethics. The perspective of childhood and responsibilities varies across countries, ethnic groups, and cultures. An example would be for instance, in poor areas like Mexico or Pakistan, there is nothing wrong with children working in order to help their families with the household expenses. On the other hand, here in the United States there are child labor laws safeguarding children from taking such responsibilities that are laid on them at such an early age. Unlike the children in the United States, children in Mexico or Pakistan have to work at such as early age to help support their families, it is more of a necessity or a means of survivor more than anything else. The issue of child labor affects Nike’s corporation and its interactions outside of the United States. Once Nike was criticized regarding child labor, Nike made significant changes in the manner...
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...materials from abroad. To maintain IKEA’s quality and delivery, IKEA taught their processes and provided machinery to their suppliers in Poland. After expanding their suppliers globally, IKEA created a general procurement principle that that stated IKEA should develop close ties by supporting its suppliers with a long-term relationship. By the mid-1990s IKEA worked with 2,300 suppliers in 70 countries. IKEA has 24 trading service offices in 19 countries that monitor production, test new product ideas, negotiate prices, and check quality. Since 1980’s IKEA has been looked upon in regard to environmental and child labor concerns that their suppliers are practicing. Marianne Barner is the Business area manager for rugs and Rangan Exports is the Indian rug supplier that signed a contract forbidding the use of child labor. New reports have surfaced that Rangan Exports are using child labor in their factories. IKEA has to make a decision, whether they should sign up to a...
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