...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY-Most of us consider child labor exploitative and therefore, socially unacceptable. The study of child labor is, however, important not only for social reasons but also for economic ones. The impact of child labor on the economy works through its debilitating effect on education which is important component of human capital. The participation of children in work in home and outside is often considered to be one of the important reasons for low school enrolment in Bangladesh. An important effect of child labor is on demographic development in a country. It is generally found that poor countries with high rates of population growth have higher incidence of child work. In this study, the actual child laborers in Bangladesh are 3.2 million (ILO, report/ BBS, 2006) which age is 5-17years. About 421000 are domestic workers. The children are bound to do hazardous toils because of poverty. More than 1.3 million children work in hazardous situation. The Bangladeshi children deprived every winding of social and international aspects such as in trafficking, industrial works, household labors, early marriage, biri factory, forcedly prostitution, begging, less wages, helping in the vehicle etc. though the government of Bangladesh has taken many initiatives to prevent child labor and violation of child rights. But the achievement is not satisfactory, in this connection much phenomena are concerned; poverty is one of them. So, government, NGOs and public should take proper step...
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...population of Bangladesh Bangladesh is a country of south-east Asia. It is a developing country. There are many problems in this country. Excessive population is the worst among all current problems. The rate of population is increasing day by day. There are many reasons behind this problem. The main three reasons for this over population are illiteracy, early marriage, and lack of government rules about family planning. Firstly, the literacy rate of this country is very poor. Most of the people of this country live in villages. Most of them are illiterate. They are not aware about the gravity of the problem of over-population and do nothing to stop the increase of population. Most of them are poor. They do not know how they cause population problem. The child birth rate in villages of Bangladesh is so high than the city people. Moreover, they do not know about family planning nor do they cure for planed families. So, this is a major cause of over-population in Bangladesh. Secondly, early marriage is a great cause of excessive population in this country. Though government has strict rules to stop early marriage, this marriage is common in this country especially in villages of the country. It creates adverse effects in population growth. According to the UNICEF 66% of the Bangladeshi girls get married before the age of 18 years and this is one of the highest rates of early marriage in the world. These girls get more child baring years, and take more child. So, this is an...
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...Women and Children trafficking in Bangladesh: A Legal Study Md. Saddam Hossen[1] ABSTRACT Sexual abuse, exploitation, trafficking are nightmares for femininity especially for disadvantage groups and trafficking is the most heinous of all. Government as well as Non- Government Organizations is working for Prevention, Protection, Rehabilitation and Reintegration of trafficked victims and population at risk. Though among these, Prevention is the most effective to reduce or eliminate human trafficking it is least utilized. Perhaps lack of mechanisms by which to measure success or outcome of prevention activities is the cause of this. Still some NGOs are working on it. In fact NGOs have been the pioneers in bringing this invisible crime into the public domain by their continuous efforts. Government is now also concerned of it because of international pressure and concern. Government initiatives give emphasis on prosecution but it is a globally chained crime where prosecute real offender is tough. Rather prevention is the possible measure to stop trafficking. It is the only pre-trafficking measure which may help a young girl or child not to be victim of trafficking. NGOs are the only actor at grass root level working for prevention so it is necessary to see- actually what they are doing and has any change took place. . The study explains the definition of trafficking, causes and consequences of trafficking. It also suggest some recommendations for the preventio9n of this problem. ...
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...Harassment: The effects of “eve teasing” on development in Bangladesh The Hunger Project • 5 Union Square West • New York, NY 10003 • www.thp.org Imagine for a moment that you are an eleven year old girl in Bangladesh. After helping your mother cook and serve breakfast, you are preparing for school. You should be excited. You like learning and school provides a reprieve from the drudgery of household chores. But you are not excited. Instead, you are filled with dread. That is because every day, on the long walk from your house to school, you are surrounded and teased by a group of boys. The boys yell indecent things at you. They laugh. They push, pinch, and grab at you. Sometimes they pull at your clothes so violently that you are afraid they will be ripped right off of your body. By the time you get to school, your face is hot with humiliation and your eyes sting with the fear that you will have to go through the whole thing again on the walk home. *** The Insidious Everyday Reality Sexual harassment, often known as “eve teasing”, is a regular occurrence for the women and girls of Bangladesh. A recent study by the Bangladesh National Women Lawyers’ Association (BNWLA) showed that almost 90 percent of girls aged 10-18 have undergone the experience. The harassment can take a variety of forms and the perpetrators come from multiple walks of life; they are rich and poor, educated and uneducated; according to the BNWLA study, teenage boys, rickshaw pullers, bus drivers...
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...CHILD BRIDES CHILD BRIDES Child marriage is a formal marriage or informal union entered into by an individual before reaching the age of 18. The legally prescribed marriageable age in some jurisdictions is below 18 years, especially in the case of girls; and even when the age is set at 18 years, many jurisdictions permit earlier marriage with parental consent or in special circumstances, such as teenage pregnancy. In certain countries, even when the legal marriage age is 18, cultural traditions take priority over legislative law.[3] Child marriage affects both boys and girls, though the overwhelming majority of those affected are girls, most of whom are in poor socioeconomic situations. Child marriage is related to child betrothal, and it includes civil cohabitation and court approved early marriages after teenage pregnancy. In many cases, only one marriage-partner is a child, usually the female. Causes of child marriages include poverty, bride price, dowry, cultural traditions, laws that allow child marriages, religious and social pressures, regional customs, fear of remaining unmarried, illiteracy, and perceived inability of women to work for money. Child marriages were common throughout history for a variety of reasons, including poverty, insecurity, as well as for political and financial reasons. Today, child marriage is still fairly widespread in developing countries, such as parts of Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, West Asia, Latin America, and Oceania. The...
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...Gender Inequality in Bangladesh Gender inequality can be defined as the unequal and biased treatment between men and women and is a common phenomenon in developing countries. Women in Bangladesh face obstacles and disadvantages in almost all aspect of their lives, including access to health and education, economic opportunity, political participation and control of finances. Gender inequality is a development issue as excluding women from access to resources, public services, or productive activities prevents a country from reaching their maximum productivity potential. It exists due to cultural, social, economic and legal factors. In the following paragraphs we can examine the types of inequality, their causes and the impact on development as well as few policy recommendations to improve the matter. In Bangladesh 71.1 per cent of young women are employed in the agriculture industry whereas 20 per cent are in production and transport industries, and 3.8 per cent in service sectors. A recent study by the ILO finds that women in Bangladesh are often considered to be lesser or inferior participants in the labor market and are not valued much. For example despite women getting hired in the RMG sector of Bangladesh, they are usually mainly employed in less important, lower paid and lower skilled areas, which consist of little decision-making responsibility. As a result women are the first to be subject of cyclical unemployment and lose jobs in times of market fluctuations and/or...
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...1. Introduction: ECPAT (End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes) has described a clear idea about child prostitution. According to ECPAT (End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes), which became prominent in the late twentieth century for its work toward the elimination of child prostitution, child pornography, and trafficking of children for sexual purposes, defines child prostitution as "the use of a child in sexual activities for remuneration or any other consideration." According to UN Human Rights Commission (1989) “Child Prostitution” refers to the sexual exploitation of a child for remuneration in cash or in kind, usually but not always organized by an intermediary (parent, family member, procurer, teacher, etc.). Around the world today, there is a human right crisis of sexual abuse of millions of women, children and thousands of men in the prostitution & other form of sexual abuse. Child prostitution is the major part of total prostitution. Children are also involved in prostitution when they engage in sex in return for basic needs such as food, shelter or safety, or pocket money to purchase consumer goods. My paper explores the criminological factors associated with child prostitution in Bangladesh such as human trafficking and child prostitution, forced into prostitution, street children, broken home, social reintegration, livelihood and poverty, marital ...
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...THE EFFECT OF BROKEN FAMILY IN THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN OUR LADY OF ASSUMPTION COLLEGE An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty, College of Education Our Lady of Assumption College Phase 2 Branch, Mamatid City, Cabuyao, Laguna In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Secondary Education By: Partulan, Ma. Victoria Date: TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Approval Sheet Acknowledgment Dedication List of Figures Chapter I. The Problem and Its Background Introduction Background of the Study Conceptual Framework Statement of the Problem Scope and Limitations of the Study Significance of the Study Definition of Terms II. Review of Related Literature and Studies Related Literature Foreign Local Related Studies Foreign Local APPROVAL SHEET THE EFFECT OF BROKEN FAMILY IN THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN OUR LADY OF ASSUMPTION COLLEGE by: Partulan, a. Victoria O. Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Our Lady of Assumption College in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Secondary Education In English Date: Approved: Date: ____________________________ ______________________________ ____________________________ ______________________________ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my Professor Dr. Rustico M. Agcaoili...
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...Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology. Volume 10 Number 1, January 2013. 138 Effects of Family Breakup on Children: A Study in Khulna City Shirina Aktar* Abstract: When a family breaks up, it is usually difficult for everyone in the family to cope with the situation; however, children are often the worst victims of family breakup. There are powerful reasons to be alarmed about the impacts of family breakup on children. They feel insecure, depressed and helpless when they see their family break apart. The present study aims at identifying the effects of family breakup on children. The purposively chosen research site was the city of Khulna in Bangladesh. Using a survey method, data were collected from seventy children. After analyzing the data collected from the field survey, this report concludes that children of the broken families are particularly vulnerable and they need special care for their mental, psychological and physical development. After presenting the main findings in a descriptive fashion, the article provides a set of recommendations that will support children in the broken families. Introduction Background of the Study Family is the smallest, most sensitive and important social system which is furnished and facilitated by a society as a larger social system. Marriage is also another small social system which is the foundation of a family. The dissolution of marriage contracted between men and women by the judgment of a court or by an act of the legislature is called...
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...Development 2.2 July 2006 THE GIRLS' STIPEND PROGRAM IN BANGLADESH Janet Raynor, University of London Institute of Education Kate Wesson, Open University, Milton Keynes Citation Raynor, Janet, Wesson, Kate (2006). The Girls’ Stipend Program in Bangladesh. Journal of Education for International Development 2:2. Retrieved from http://www.equip123.net/JEID/articles/3/Girls’StipendPrograminBangladesh.pdf on [insert month] [insert day], [insert year]. Abstract The Female Stipend Program (FSP) was created in 1982 in Bangladesh to help increase the enrolment and retention of girls in secondary schools. Implemented initially in six areas only, the program was so successful that it was extended in 1994. This paper, based on a desk study of the FSP for the Bangladesh office of the Department for International Development to evaluate the program’s effects, is particularly pertinent for other developing countries seeking to support girls’ education as part of the effort to meet EFA and Millennium Development Goals. Introduction Since its independence, Bangladesh has addressed girls’ education primarily as a means of readying girls for “enlightened motherhood.’ (Chanana, 1994) or to enter professions thought to be suited to women. The 1974 Qudrat-e-Khuda Education Commission Report asserted that ‘women’s education should be such as to be of help to them in their domestic life’, and stressed that subjects such as ‘child-care, the nursing of the sick, preservation of health, food and...
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...women’s development can obviously reduce the gender gap and acknowledge the role of women in the society as well as in the countries economy. Bangladesh a poor developing nation with a huge population of around 140 million (July 2011 EST.). Although women in Bangladesh make a direct and equal contribution to that of men in economical contributions, their productive worth is not acknowledged by this male dominated society. Lack of education remains as one of the root causes of the lack of recognition for women. As an intervention, increasing of women’s participation in regular schooling and continuation of study can have great potentials for development of women. The Female Stipend Program (FSP) was established in 1982 to raise girls participation in secondary education and eradicating early marriages and childbearing. This project was initiated and implemented with the help of The Bangladesh Association for Community Education (BACE), a national non-governmental organization (NGO) and later scaled up with technical and financial support of international organizations. The objective of FSP have shifted in line with changes in social/political environment, in development policies and in general understanding. The main priorities were higher secondary enrollment and retention, indirectly linked to fertility control, delayed marriage and population reduction. The Female Stipend Program (FSP) was primarily introduced in six areas only. The outcome of the project was positive...
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...Term Paper On Gender Discrimination in Bangladesh Submitted by WWW.ASSIGNMENTPOINT.COM Dialogue over the issue of Gender Discrimination is not a recent phenomenon. During the 1950s and 60s, the emphasis on women was on their reproductive roles as mothers and homemakers. This approach was based on Western stereotypes of the nuclear family in which women are economically dependent on the male breadwinners. In the early 1970s, researchers began to focus on the division of labor based on sex, and the impact of development and modernization strategies on women. The WID (Women in Development) concept came into use in this period. The philosophy underlying this approach is that women are lagging behind in society and the gap between men and women can be bridged by remedial measures within the existing structures. The WID approach started to recognize women as direct actors of social, political, cultural and working life. Therese Blancher mentioned gender disparity of Bengali society as: The birth of a boy is always greeted with joy. The birth of a girl is welcome when it is a first child (the first fruit which announces the fertility of the plant), or when there are already boys and no girl in a family. Otherwise, it is often received with resentment. Boys represent wealth, but girls are seen as a cumbersome responsibility. They are born to be given in marriage. This will require a dowry and impoverish the family most prefer a large number of sons...
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...Term Paper On Gender Discrimination in Bangladesh Submitted by WWW.ASSIGNMENTPOINT.COM Dialogue over the issue of Gender Discrimination is not a recent phenomenon. During the 1950s and 60s, the emphasis on women was on their reproductive roles as mothers and homemakers. This approach was based on Western stereotypes of the nuclear family in which women are economically dependent on the male breadwinners. In the early 1970s, researchers began to focus on the division of labor based on sex, and the impact of development and modernization strategies on women. The WID (Women in Development) concept came into use in this period. The philosophy underlying this approach is that women are lagging behind in society and the gap between men and women can be bridged by remedial measures within the existing structures. The WID approach started to recognize women as direct actors of social, political, cultural and working life. Therese Blancher mentioned gender disparity of Bengali society as: The birth of a boy is always greeted with joy. The birth of a girl is welcome when it is a first child (the first fruit which announces the fertility of the plant), or when there are already boys and no girl in a family. Otherwise, it is often received with resentment. Boys represent wealth, but girls are seen as a cumbersome responsibility. They are born to be given in marriage. This will require a dowry and impoverish the family most prefer a large number of sons...
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...Action against child labour ( ilo) IPEC’s aim is the progressive elimination of child labour worldwide, with the eradication of the worst forms an urgent priority. Since it began operations in 1992, IPEC has worked to achieve this in several ways: through country-based programmes which promote policy reform, build institutional capacity and put in place concrete measures to end child labour; and through awareness raising and mobilization intended to change social attitudes and promote ratification and effective implementation of ILO child labour Conventions. These efforts have resulted in hundreds of thousands of children being withdrawn from work and rehabilitated or prevented from entering the workforce. Complementary to this direct action throughout has been substantial in-depth statistical and qualitative research, policy and legal analysis, programme evaluation and child labour monitoring, which have permitted the accumulation of vast knowledge base of statistical data and methodologies, thematic studies, good practices, guidelines and training materials. Use the menu on the left to explore the many areas addressed by IPEC in the fight against child labour. Child labour and education Education is a crucial component of any effective effort to eliminate child labour. There are many interlinked explanations for child labour. No single factor can fully explain its persistence and, in some cases, growth. The way in which different causes, at different levels, interact...
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...60 million women aged 20–24 were married before they reached the age of 18. The extent of child marriage varies substantially between countries, but about half of the girls who are affected live in South Asia. Child marriage is a violation of child rights, compromising the development of girls and often resulting in premature pregnancy and social isolation. Child marriage is becoming less common overall, but the pace of change is slow. In 34 of the 55 countries with comparable data from two recent surveys, there has been no significant change in the percentage of women aged 20–24 married by 18 – and only 5 countries experienced a decrease of more than 10 per cent. Questions Introduction: Child marriage refers to any marriage of a child younger than 18 years old (18 is the recognised age of adulthood according to the Article 1 of the Convention on the Right of the Child. While child marriage affects both sexes, girls are disproportionately affected as they are the majority of the victims. Their overall development is compromised, leaving them socially isolated with little education, skills and opportunities for employment and self-realisation. This leaves child brides more vulnerable to poverty, a consequence of child marriage as well as a cause Child marriage is now widely recognised as a violation of children's rights, a direct form of discrimination against the girl child who as a result of the practice is often deprived of her basic rights to health, education...
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