...Child Rearing the Caribbean Jacob Davis ANT101 Professor Henninger April 21, 2014 In society people tend to believe that child rearing can best be described as a term to best say "raising up a child" but it is more than having food to eat, a place to rest your head at night, or even that last piece of clothing to wear, it’s a term used to shape and mold the child's character, physical and emotional beings. Growing up I've always been fascinated by the culture and different cultures’ family views which sometimes make me wonder as to why they are different and how it affects their parenting styles and practices, behavioral expectations, affection, education, and physical punishment in child rearing practices. In this paper I intend to discuss the differences and similarities between the Belizean culture of Central America and the Trinidadian culture of the West Indies ways of child rearing. The two cultures follow two separate ways of rearing children in a study done by Annette Lareau; concerted cultivation and natural growth. Each of the two cultures I have chosen rear children in one of the two rearing styles discussed by Lareau. To begin Lareau provides evidence that not only parents but the social class of parents play pivotal roles of childrearing; due to the cause that the social class of the parents assist in the manner in which a child is raises. In Lareau’s 2003 study she provided evidence and theories of two specific types of child rearing: concerted...
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...Comparison of Child Rearing Practices Donna Sarvis ANT 101 – Introduction to Cultural Anthropology Instructor – David Jenkins September 2, 2013 Comparison of Child Rearing Practices The purpose of this paper is to express the different ways culture affects child-rearing practices. Culture and child rearing are both essential in child development. Culture and ethnicity can have a deciding effect on the child-rearing techniques that families implement throughout the world. Differences such as methods of discipline, expectations regarding acceptance of responsibilities and transmission of religious instruction will vary among different cultures. The paper will include facts and information from three very different cultures about child-rearing practices. Culture is the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group (Greenwood, 2013). Child rearing practices are ways in which children in a society are raised (Greenwood, 2013).. Regardless of their cultural orientation, parents play a significant role in helping their children become honorable and contributing members of society. They accomplish this by nurturing their children, engaging in problem solving with them, and modeling by example of culturally acceptable ways of living and solving problems. A culturally evaluative theory called neo-Freudianism focuses on personal development in that it puts much importance on early childhood experiences being crucial to the development...
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...American vs. Chinese Child Rearing Krystle Hawkins July 13, 2014 ANT 101 Introductions to Cultural Anthropology Christopher Deere In different cultures, there are different styles of child rearing practices. “Child rearing practice is the process of promoting and supporting the philosophy, emotional, social, and intellectual development along with the educational experiences of a child from infancy to adulthood. Parenting refers to the aspects of raising a child aside from the biological relationship” (Webster, n.d.) Parenting is rooted in not only where the child grows up and lives in but also it has a lot to do with the child’s childhood experiences. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention cultures can have a Hugh affect on the practices and parenting styles. For example, culture that both parents that share parenting responsibilities and work full time are really different from a culture that has a stern disciplinarian father in which he is the breadwinner of the family will actually have different types of affects on child- rearing practices. Child rearing is broken down into four categories, which are Behavioral Expectations, Affection, Education and Physical Punishment. In this paper, I will be comparing Chinese and American child- rearing. I find after researching the both of them, they are quite different in a lot of ways. Chinese child rearing philosophy are to have a very organized system where the government take on the responsibility of...
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...Self Culture and Society - Dorothy Lee "Individual Autonomy and Social Structure" Essay 1 October 2015 Many societies have adopted the notion of following a social structure where there is a type of hierarchy in an organisation based on the relationship between individuals. In the Western culture, a social structure is defined as a system that is based on the establishment of social interactions between diverse relationships such as those between parents and children. In contrast, non-western societies have been living a lifestyle where individual autonomy prevails within different families. Hence, in those societies, the concept of child-rearing is a process of self-governance. This idea is well depicted in Dorothy Lee’s article titled Individual Autonomy and Social Structure in which she illustrates the key social problem as the conflict between individual autonomy and social structure. In this paper, I will be exploring how the concept of child-rearing within the Navaho Indians, the Wintu Indians and Sikh cultures is used to resolve the key social problem by analysing how individual autonomy is shaped by cultural framework and by examining the idea of individual integrity as well as self-governance. To begin with, through the use of different societies and cultures such as Aboriginal societies, Upper Burma and the Burmese society, Lee presents the reader with materials from each society in order to show how the idea of individual autonomy is reinforced by...
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...Child and adolescent psychology Name Institutional affiliation Children who, for many reasons are at a risk of losing their parents, or are living without their parents are exposed to discrimination and poverty. This makes them vulnerable to neglect, abuse and exploitation. Parenting can be defined as a dynamic process that depends on communication that takes place between children and their parents, families and environment. Parenting practices are vital in the development of a child, and are different for different generations. A study was conducted by (Frick, Barry, & Kamphaus, 2010), and provided the parenting practices across three different generations described in the table below. | | Generation 1 years children were raised (1950-1979) | Generation 2Years (1980-1989) | Generation 3Years ( 2000 to date) | Parenting practice 1Education | Monitoring | Yes | To some extend | No | Parenting practice 2Extracurricular activities | Child rearing | high extend | Higher than in G3 | To some extend | Parenting practice 3Discipline | Harsh discipline | To high extend | To some extend | No | Parenting practice 4Religious involvement | Positive parenting | To high extend | To high extend | To high extend | Discussion In terms of parenting practices that include monitoring, positive parenting, harsh discipline and child rearing, parents in these generations responded differently. From the table above, it is evident that child rearing is a complete development...
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...disciplinary actions, and long-term effects of spanking on children are pieces of evidence that support the notion that spanking should be a viable option for child rearing. One of the reasons why spanking is an option for child rearing is that cultural backgrounds and environments have a large impact on family dynamics. While spanking may be a characteristic of one culture, another culture could have a different perception...
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...HISTORY 1301 United States History: Discovery to 1876 Handout # The Folkways of the Distinct English Groups that Colonize America David Hacket Fisher author of Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America (1989) wrote his book to answer the great questions: “Where do we come from” Who are we? [and] Where are we going?” (Fisher. p. 3) “The answers to these questions grow more puzzling the more one thinks about them. We Americans are a bundle of paradoxes. We are mixed in our origins, and yet we are one people. Nearly all of us support our republican system, but we argue passionately among ourselves about its meaning. We live in an open society which is organized on the principles of voluntary action, but the determinants of that system are exceptionally constraining. Our society is dynamic, changing profoundly in every period of American history; but it is also remarkably stable. The search for the origins of this system is the central problem in American history. It is the subject of this book.”( Fisher. p. 4) The answer is to be found in the “folkways” which four specific groups of Englishmen brought with them to the New World. These folkways provide an empirical measure of the differences in their societies which have blended to form the “American way.” “The interplay of” the folkways of the four English speaking immigrant groups, especially their “ ‘freedom ways’ has created an expansive pluralism which is” peculiarly American. “That is the central...
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...childrearing. Beginning in the 20th century the science of child development was first established, and with each subsequent generation new theories are introduced about the most appropriate way to raise children. This scientific development brought about the deliverance of an abundant amount of child rearing advice that could be found in anything from books to magazines, journals, and public health pamphlets. This surplus of often-contradictory information frequently caused undue parental anxiety and stress. One 1920’s mother who was overwhelmed by all the wisdom confessed, “I just try to do what you say, but I am a nervous wreck just trying to stay calm.” Although parental pressure and anxiety has been seen as a recurrent grievance through every generation, stress levels have progressively increased to what they are now. An analysis of the child rearing advice given in the early part of the 20th century and that of the new millennium revealed the following things: a steady progression from an authoritarian type of discipline to that of a more authoritative type, the emergence of a paternal role in child rearing, the apparent difference in personality traits of adults that were raised under particular parenting methods, and several distinct reasons for the change in the advice being given. Even before the start of the seventeenth century, experts were concerned with how, if even at all, parental love and child rearing practices affected a child’s personality. Prior to the late...
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...cuddling while others preferred not to be touched. They also found that some children were only securely attached to one person whereas others had multiple attachments. There are two forms of attachment; Secure and Insecure. What determines the type of attachment is how the infant is brought up by their parents/caregivers. Secure attachments are formed when there is a positive bond between the child and caregiver, such as comfort and feeding. Insecure attachments are formed when there is a negative bond between the child and caregiver. They occur when there is neglect, lack of comfort or malnutrition. 2. Outline two behaviours that are characteristics of a securely attached child. When a child is securely attached, they will show certain characteristics and behaviour. In the company of a caregiver, a child is happy and content. They will feel safe in their presence. However, if they are separated then the infant will be distressed. Upon reunification with the caregiver, they will return to their former behaviour of happiness. The infant will also prefer their parents to strangers. 3. Identify two cultural variations in attachment. Individualist cultures emphasise individual achievement and independence. Collectivist cultures on the other hand, emphasise social cooperation and compliance as a goal of child-rearing. Rothenbaum et al (2000) argue that the concept of attachment is a Western idea that reflects cultures, ideals and norms. Japan is a collectivist culture and as such...
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...Describe and evaluate cultural variations in attachments. Attachment is an affectional bond that one person or animal forms between itself and another specific individual, for example a child and its mother. Attachment has been said to vary depending on different cultures.A test was conducted by Ainsworth & Bell (1970) on the attachment on children. 100 middle-class American infants and their mothers took part in the study. A method of controlled observation was developed. This involved observing infants with their mother during a set of predetermined activities, known as the strange situation. Firstly, the mother and child are introduced to the room. The mother and child are left alone and the child can investigate the toys. A stranger then enters the room and talks with the mother. The stranger gradually approaches the infant with a toy. The mother leaves the child alone with the stranger, and the stranger interacts with the child. The mother returns to greet and comfort the child. The child is left on its own, the stranger then returns and tries to engage with the child. Finally the mother returns, greets and picks up the child. The stranger then leaves inconspicuously.This test was conducted to observe children’s attachment with their mothers. The Findings showed that 66% of the children were securely attached. This was shown as the infants tended to explore the unfamiliar room; they were distressed when their mother left and were easily comforted when she returned...
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...elaborates on different cultures and how they balance society’s social structure and order with the need of individual autonomy. Lee states, “to what extent can we allow a child to make his own decisions, to speak and act for himself?” (Lee 6). The key social problem that Lee addresses is the conflict between society and individual autonomy. Lee explains by comparing our western society to several aboriginal societies and suggests that we are limited to the things we can do, we are restricted to the views of society, what is right and what is wrong. Lee further explores different cultures and discusses many cultural practices and some, where this issue has been resolved. In this essay, I am going to discuss and analyze examples provided by Lee to show how other societies reached individual autonomy through the cultural practice of child-rearing In different society, child rearing takes its own form. In certain societies like a Sikh household, children are treated with respect since birth (Pg 7). In a Navaho tribe, a child and an adult are the same, there is no distinction, and this is a form of respect they show (Pg 12). Lee further discusses the Wintu Indian society and how individual autonomy is resolved through their own form of child bearing. They believe that guidance rather than command is most suitable because it does not affect a child’s personal autonomy (Pg 9). It gives the child the freedom to be and to act and not be restricted, something the western culture fails to realize...
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...1000 in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2.9 per 1000 in South Korea. Pregnant teenagers face many of the same obstetrics issues as women in their 20s and 30s. However, there are additional medical concerns for younger mothers, particularly those under fifteen and those living in developing countries. For mothers between 15 and 19, age in itself is not a risk factor, but additional risks may be associated with socioeconomic factors. In developed countries, teenage pregnancies are associated with many social issues, including lower educational levels, higher rates of poverty, and other poorer "life outcomes" in children of teenage mothers. Teenage pregnancy in developed countries is usually outside of marriage, and carries a social stigma in many communities and cultures. Many studies and campaigns have attempted to uncover the causes and limit the numbers of teenage pregnancies. In other...
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...American homes. Although individualism is widely received and respected in American culture, it is not as well respected in other cultures. One culture in particular which frowns on individualism is the Asian culture. Thai family values are very different from American family values. In Asian cultures the family unit is highly valued and emphasized, whereas, in American culture, the focus is on individuality. Values derived from the American family all suggest individuality by stressing autonomy and self-sufficiency of the individual members. In contrast, members of the Thai community are taught to embrace a “we” Identity. The individual does not stand alone, but is seen as the product of all generations of his or her family. One of America’s most prominent cultural values, as seen by Poranee Natadecha-Sponsel in her article Individualism as an American Cultural Value, is individuality. She believes that the way Americans are raised teaches them to become independent and individualistic in their everyday lives, unlike in Thai culture. One of the main values in the United States is individualism. Dr. Sponsel faced a cultural shock when she moved to Hawaii. Being born and raised in Thailand and then moving to America must have been some experience. Things that Americans take for granted, like saying “Hi, how are you?” and just expecting a “Fine, thank you” are not so simple in Thailand. Thai culture has greetings that are sincere and request specific information of a person. For...
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...Differences in parental influence on adolescent academic achievement in American and Asian societies (Taiwan, China, & Japan) A lot of attention has been paid to the roles parents play in influencing adolescent academic achievement. The purpose of this project is to compare differences in parental influence on adolescent academic achievement between American and Asian societies. The Asian countries focus on Taiwan, China, and Japan. The project also offers some explanations for why Asian adolescent students outdistance American students in academic achievement. If we give a definition of achievement or achievement motivation, we can define it as people wanting to develop a competent self, or individuals having the motivation to succeed, to be good at something, to be independent and competitive, and to do well at whatever they may attempt. We can analyze Weinerís attribution theory of achievement into three dimensions: the locus of control, stability, and controllability. (Weiner, 1986) What students attribute their academic achievement to is a big issue. If students believe a failure is controllable - the result of low effort ñ they may be spurred on by that failure to do better next time. And a significant and important factor that affects studentsí attribution might be parental influence. In different countries, parents have totally different attitudes toward their childrenís academic performance. This article provides possible reasons for why Asian students outdistance...
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...“spouse” refers only to a person of the opposite sex who is a husband or a wife. (Added Pub. L. 104–199, §3(a), Sept. 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 2419.) Where does the official United States Federal definition stem from? The answer to that question is not a single source but a series of teachings handed down from Western society stemming, arguably going back to ancient Greece and ancient Jerusalem. The legal use of marriage is not just for religious purposes but also for tax, property rights, and child rearing. Recently, a cultural divide has invigorated a debate on redefining marriage to include same sex or non-traditional unions as marriages. The debate is largely two sides each defining the specifics of what marriage entails. The first is referred to as conjugal view and the latter is revisionist view. Conjugal view can be defined as: “The union of a man and a woman who make a permanent and exclusive commitment to each other of the type that is naturally (inherently) fulfilled by bearing and rearing children together. The spouses seal (consummate) and renew their union by conjugal acts – acts that constitute the behavioral part of the process of reproduction, thus uniting them as a reproductive...
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