...Gladys Johnson Anxiety is discussed as it is related to fear. Anxiety and fear are not the same. Two factors in youths that have been studied are anxious youth’s autonomic arousal and tension, and apprehension and worry. Fear occurs when there is threat. Fear is activated by the sympathetic nervous system, which some of the signs are dilated eyes, pounding heart rate, and sweating. Research has been done that reveals amygdala has an important role in fear. Fear occurs when the threat is definite, and anxiety may be present without the perception of danger. Worrying is an example of anxiety that exist when negative thoughts are present. Worrying serves as a cognitive avoidance strategy that exhibits emotional processing. Phobias and anxiety are generally inherited. A top-down study was done on children of adults that have an anxiety disorder was studied. A bottom-up study was done on parents of children with an anxiety disorder was studied. Research was done on genetics and environmental influences in regards to anxiety in children and adolescents. The environment plays a crucial role in the presence of phobias and anxiety in youths. The role of learning process of conditioning and modeling with its relevance on childhood fear and anxiety; as well as family factors and its association with anxiety was discussed. Societal and cultural factors that is associated with fear and anxiety. The idea of family members being associated with childhood anxiety is discussed....
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...part of the assignment I am going to be evaluating how nature and nurture may affect the development of an individual over two life stages. I will be looking at the effects of nature, nurture in relation to the Jim twins, development over their childhood and adulthood. D1 Nature and Nurture Effects on Childhood Physical Development The Jim twins were identical twins and nature obviously had a big effect on how they looked, both the boys inherited genetics from their parents which determined what they were going too looked like, during their childhood the boys would have looked identical, but they just didn’t know each other. But one twin in his childhood had a fringe and the other didn’t, these different hair styles would have been the effect of nurture as he would have been influenced to have his hair that way by seeing others with the same hairstyle or his adoptive parents wanting him to have his hair like that. Nature would have had an effect on the twin’s physical development as the genes they gathered from their biological parents would have determined that during their childhood, they disliked basketball and other sports, this could have been because, both their parents may not of been very sporty, which could of led them to inherit gene which meant they were going to be very athletic/sporty either. On the other hand...
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...doctors, psychiatrists, nurses, and researchers since its inception, one of the key roles affecting depression is an individual’s environment. The Cause of Depression: Cognitive Perspective Environmental causes of depression are concerned with factors that are outside of us. They are not directly related to brain function, inherited traits from parents, medical illnesses, or anything else that may take place within us. Instead, environmental events are those things that happen in the course of our everyday lives that we can’t control. Age, community, society, and a person’s neighborhood do play apart in environmental depression. But, the three arguments’ that I will discuss are prolonged stress, childhood difficulties, or traumatic events. Stress and Depression Depression is a problem that is affecting 9% of U.S. Citizens according to the CDC (2010). These range anywhere from mild problems of depression to the manic depressants. Due to the high number of people affected by this issue there has been a lot of research and studies performed to determine the causes of this problem. This research continues today and will continue into the future as more and more people are affected by depression. Many different...
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...Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder March 1, 2015 Abstract PTSD is an anxiety disorder that usually occurs after being exposed to a terrifying event. PTSD is called post-traumatic stress disorder. This anxiety disorder can occur at any point in your life even your childhood. Most people who are enlisted in the military usually suffer from this disorder after being deployed to another country. The symptoms vary from person to person. The symptoms could include flashbacks, emotional feeling and avoidance of the traumatic event. PTSD cause is unknown as of now but it is a psychological, genetic, physical, and social factors that are involved. There are risk factors that may help a person to get PTSD. There are different treatments for PSTD. The treatments that are used for PTSD are using different strategies, medications and or psychotherapy. Medication could cause different side effects such as headaches or sexual problems. Group therapy is the most effective because people can relate to what you are going through. Post-traumatic stress disorder is an anxiety disorder that occurs after being exposed to a terrifying event or when severe harm or after being threatened. Post-traumatic stress disorder is also known PTSD. Events that may trigger this disorder may come from violent personal assaults, natural or unnatural disasters, accidents, or military combat. Most that's in the military that serve time in another country, usually, suffer from this disorder. Psychology today states...
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...ELEMENTARY STRESS AND ANXIETY 1 STRESS IN ELEMENTARY CHILDREN By Marcy L. Kusz SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING AT NORTHERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY March 29, 2009 APPROVED BY: Derek L. Anderson, Ed.D. DATE: March 30, 2009 ELEMENTARY STRESS AND ANXIETY 2 Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………………. 3 Chapter I: Introduction……………………………………………………………… 4 Statement of Problem……………………………………………………………… 5 Research Question(s)………………………………………………………………. 6 Definition of Terms………………………………………………………………… 7 Chapter II: Review of Literature…………………………………………………….. 9 The Effects of Stress………………………………………………………….. 9 Media and Stress……………………………………………………………… 11 Stress in the Family…………………………………………………………… 13 Stress in the School…………………………………………………………… 15 Helping Children Cope with Stress and Anxiety……………………………... 16 Chapter III: Results and Analysis Relative to the Problem…………………………… 20 Chapter IV: Recommendations and Conclusion……………………………………… 21 Recommendation…………………………………………………………………… 21 Areas for Further Research………………………………………………………….. 23 Summary and Conclusion…………………………………………………………… 24 References……………………………………………………………………………… 25 ELEMENTARY STRESS AND ANXIETY 3 Abstract Changes in our society have put new pressures and stresses on elementary children. Many children are now starting to feel the pressures of...
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...Generalized Anxiety Disorder is an impairing mental disorder that can take control of a persons life. Not only are there various mental symptoms, such as difficulty in controlling worry, but there are also many physical symptoms, such as irritability, muscle tension, etc (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). For this paper, I interviewed a family friend, who shall remain nameless, but for the point of this paper will be called Nicole. She was clinically diagnosed with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and has been dealing with this mental illness for all of her life. Nicole has learned to cope with her stress, and is able to live a normal life currently, even though she still experiences some symptoms. Nicole’s experience through GAD...
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...harassing men or the harasser and victim can be the same sex. Sexual harassment has psychological and emotional effects on the sufferer. * Anxiety, frustration, depression, sleeplessness and/or nightmares, difficulty concentrating, headaches, fatigue, shame and or guilt, feeling powerless, helpless or out of control, feeling angry towards the harasser, loss of confidence and self-esteem, withdrawal and isolation, suicidal thoughts or attempts * Retaliation from the harasser, or colleagues/friends of the harasser, should the victim complain or file a grievance (retaliation can involve revenge along with more sexual harassment, and can involve stalking the complainant) * Having to drop courses, or change academic plans; it may impact grade performance * Increased absenteeism to avoid harassment, or because of illness from the stress * Having one’s personal life held up for public scrutiny – the victim becomes the “accused,” and their dress, lifestyle, and private life will often come under attack. (Note: this rarely occurs for the perpetrator.) * Being objectified and humiliated by scrutiny and gossip * Becoming publicly sexualized * Defamation of character and reputation * Stress impacting relationships with significant others, sometimes resulting in the demise of the relationship; equally, stress on peer relationships and relationships with colleagues * Impact on references/recommendations * Loss of career Post...
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...General Anxiety Disorder Aloha Galimba HCA/240 June 30, 2013 General Anxiety Disorder can happen to anyone. It affects about 3.1 percent of Americans adults that are age 18 and older in a year (2013, National Institute of Mental Health). General Anxiety Disorder is diagnosed by its certain characteristics that is spanning for more than six months. Characteristics are as follows; worry about every day life, expect disaster at any given moment, can’t stop worrying about health, money, family, and work. Most people who think about GAD have come to think they are just always worried, however with several testing it is proven that they are experiencing the General Anxiety Disorder. There are several myths in regards to GAD that seem over the top. For instance there is a myth that if you are experiencing GAD, you must always avoid stress and situations that may you feel stressful. While this statement is true, everyone is bound to come to a stressful situation one way or another. This myth was debunked by stating, it all depends on how you handle the stressful situation. GAD can be diverted as long as you know how to handle certain situations. Another myth or misconception that has been brought up was the cause of anxiety disorder is rooted in childhood; therapy would be needed to focus more on this time period. There have been studies where anxiety does not root from childhood. In fact, anxiety can happen to anyone at any time. Another myth that has been...
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...The Interplay of Risk and Resilience Factors in Childhood Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Introduction The emotional disorders are termed the ‘internalising disorders’ and comprise depression and the anxiety disorders. Although the emotional disorders of childhood are discussed as separate entities, in reality it is not that easy to separate them because there is a lot of common ground. The reason they are seen as separate entities is due to the clinical approach of DSM IV. Often, in any given case, depression and anxiety are both present to some degree and there is also often overlap with the conduct disorders. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is categorised as one of the anxiety disorders. In most individuals with OCD, the picture is frequently mixed to a lesser or greater extent. OCD is highly co-morbid, with most studies finding up to 70% of children with OCD having at least one other disorder. Most common are other anxiety disorders, ADHD, developmental disabilities, conduct problems, substance abuse, depression and bipolar disorder (Swedo, Rapoport et al 1989). Any treatment programs for the OCD child must therefore take this into account and tailor the approach accordingly. The nature of childhood OCD and special problems faced Obsessions are unwanted, repetitive, intrusive thoughts, while compulsions involve repetitive, stereotyped behaviours that the child or adolescent feels compelled to perform. In the majority of youngsters with the disorder...
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...from young boy growing up in a dysfunctional environment, to say the least. As Antwone matured into adulthood it became more apparent that the process of his childhood development was frustrated and he had not developed his distinct sense of self. Carl Roger’s client-centered theory states that as infants grow they develop a sense of self with ideas of whom they are and who they would like to be and through the approval from others, they will develop a positive self-regard (Schultz and Schultz, 2009). In Antwone’s story his experiences were very much the opposite. He grew into his idea self with client-center therapy and he learned to become a fully functioning person. He went from having a poor concept of self to becoming self-actualized and developed self-worth and dignity. Antwone’s journey to confront his pain permitted him to become emotionally healthy. It is believed that as a child Antwone suffered from the debilitating fear in by large was from what he experienced regularly with in his environment. The constant hoping and wishing that his mother would come someday to save him from the atrocities he was enduring would lead one to assume that he suffered incurably. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a type of anxiety disorder that's triggered by a traumatic event. Individuals can develop post-traumatic stress disorder when they experience or witness a traumatic event that causes intense fear, helplessness and/or is a life threatening situation. Individuals who...
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...a. Andersen, Susan L., et al. "Preliminary evidence for sensitive periods in the effect of childhood sexual abuse on regional brain development." (2014). b. The purpose of this article was to compare the brains of adult females aged 18-22 who have experienced childhood sexual abuse (CSA) to those who have not. Researchers focused on changes that occurred in the brain during “sensitive periods,” or periods of vulnerability. Researchers were interested in the correlation between age and the changes that are likely to occur in the brain when a child has to endure sexual abuse; they found that the size of the hippocampus was more likely to decrease when children were sexually abused between three to five years of age and eleven to thirteen years...
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...The effects of childhood abuse on its victims are penetrating. These effects can be emotional, social, and spiritual. The impact of the abuse depends on the victim and circumstances of the abuse. According to Glaser (2000), besides the psychological effects of childhood abuse, which cause much self defeating behavior in adulthood, there are other more serious, life altering effects. Studies show that many victims of child abuse grow up to be drug addicts and most drug addicts have had an abusive childhood (Umeno, Morita, Ikeda, Koda, & Abe, 2009). It has now been discovered that there is a biochemical reason that this happens. Scientific findings show that being a victim of child abuse can contribute to addiction in adulthood because the abuse can cause profound and possibly irreversible damage to the structure, function and chemistry of the brain. Kaufman, Plotsky, Nemeroff and Charney (2000) claim that because child abuse occurs during a crucial period of brain development, neurobiology reveals that trauma such as physical, emotional and sexual abuse has a substantial impact on the brain. It has also been discovered that the more severe the abuse, the more impact there is on brain function (Bremner, 2005). It has been found that abused children have abnormal brain wave patterns. Child abuse victims suffer damage to important brain structures like the cortex, which is related to rational thinking. Panzer (2008) describes that some of the most dramatic damage is...
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...state involved with sleepwalking or somnambulism disorders. The information provided by the patient and his wife examine the functions of the brain while the individual appears to be in non-REM sleep and functioning, while other areas of the brain are in a normal sleep state. The case addresses the episodes following times of severe anxiety to test stress (Meyer, Chapman, & Weaver, 2009). Method: A review of information and history related to sleep disorders and sleepwalking suggests a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of sleepwalking. Sleepwalking disorder (307.46) in the DSM is the impairing repeated sleepwalking episodes with unresponsivity during the episode; the individual has rapid or quick reorientation, and amnesia for the episodes. This case meets the criteria for this diagnosis (DSM IV TR, 2000). Results: The findings support sleepwalking with stress relating to test anxiety disorder as an explanation of the recurring episodes (Meyer, Chapman, & Weaver, 2009). Conclusions: The research supports the pathology of the disorder and explores treatment plans for the individual to lessen test anxiety stress, therefore decreasing episodes of sleepwalking. Treatment options previously were ineffective and are refined with multiple therapies (Meyer, Chapman, & Weaver, 2009). Case Study Introduction: ...
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...Every moment of life is important, however, we can say the childhood is the most important part of a life time since that is the time we may learn every foundations we need to live a life. Also, if we look at our current behaviors, life style and personality, we will find that a lot of those came from our childhood. If we experience negative event or trauma during our childhood, it could have negative effect such as onset of panic disorder and anxiety disorder. Like various research show relatives or close people than strangers does large portion of child sexual abuse. So, it will increase their anxious level in their daily life facing them and it can affect on onset of anxiety disorder and panic disorder later their life. Distrusting others is most common behavior after the abuse and it could end up with having agoraphobia. Since they felt they lost control of the situation and their body when they are abused, it is pretty different for them touching by others and being around by others. The problem I see in this research is the research method and the number of people observed. Researchers could bias the result of the research and I think it is better to use double blind research method to prevent those. Also, it was such a small community is observed in this research, so they should expand the research to increase validity and reliability. The book notes that people who experience high stress levels are likely to develop negative emotional reactions (pg 150). Because...
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...Annotated Bibliography: Early Childhood 2 GLOVER, V., O'CONNOR, T. G., O'DONNELL, K., & CAPRON, L. (2014). How Prenatal Depression, Anxiety, and Stress May Affect Child Outcome. Zero To Three, 34(4), 22-28. There is good evidence that if a woman is depressed, anxious, or stressed while she is pregnant, then there is an increased risk that her child will have emotional, behavioral, or cognitive problems. Her own biology must cause these effects, but it is not known how. One important line of research suggests that the function of the placenta changes in response to maternal mood in ways that may allow more of the stress hormone cortisol and the neurotransmitter serotonin...
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