... Before the 1960’s, education was taught through a system known as the ‘Tripartite’ system. This involved all children at the age of eleven undertaking an exam in order to ascertain individual ability in order to separate the children into streams of ability and assign them to what was believed to be the most appropriate school. Those demonstrating exceptional ability went to Grammar schools, which were designed to prepare them for professional occupations. Those of lesser ability moved to Secondary modern schools which focused on providing pupils with the skills necessary to prepare the students for more manual and unqualified jobs. A third sector was introduced called a Technical college. This was primarily based on teaching the children purely manual skills which in turn would be used for manual labour. This system frequently served to reinforce social inequality because it was largely middle class children who went to Grammar school, while the working classes were frequently restricted to either Secondary Modern’s or technical schools. The difference being that middle class families provided their children with advantageous primary socialisation in the form of literature, using a wide vocabulary, etc which resulted in a stark difference in ability at the age of eleven. The system was highly criticised by saying that it did not allow fair opportunity for children from all social backgrounds so in response to this in the 1960’s/70’s the British Labour Government designed and...
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...will examine the role of education in society and an analysis of inequality in relation to Gender. It will discuss briefly education and examine the different theoretical approaches to education followed by an analysis of inequality using information on statistics of inequality in British education in relation to gender and attainment. This essay will Identify and evaluate key policy developments in education provision designed to bridge the gap of gender inequality in British education. The role of education in society has been among the major issues in contemporary sociological and political debate. According to Iannelli and Paterson (2005) education is a major factor that helps determine the jobs and social class positions of individuals in society. As an institution of sociology, education plays a dominant role in transmitting prevalent ideologies of society by providing pupils with the curriculum and hidden curriculum as well as the skills that will prepare them physically, mentally and socially for their life chances (Clark 2005). Educational institutions play a very important role in reducing social inequalities. Over the last century British schools experienced very important changes and moved from a selective system to a comprehensive one in the 1960s and 70s. Much research has shown that the move from a selective to a comprehensive system in the UK had a positive effect in reducing gender and social inequality (Leicester et al 2000; Ianneli and Paterson 2005). Gender...
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...half of the Chinese population are men. It is believed that the motive behind gender inequality between Chinese males and females is due to their one-child policy . Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping has established the one-child policy in 1979 as a solution to limit China’s population growth. Although it was implemented as a ``temporary measure, `` the one-child policy still exists twenty-five years later. Luckily, in the era of 21st century, in North America, for example, there is no such policy that entails gender discrimination since both males and females have similar rights as well as privileges. However, even in the 21st century, China is still struggling with its enormous gap that exists between genders because males are more valued than women. Therefore, women are not expected to place in a inferior place as opposed to men and this is why Chinese families seek to have more boys first than girls. The aim of this paper will be to prove the gender inequality within the Chinese inequality, from different perspectives, Sociological, psychological and economical studies. Sociological Chinese gender discrimination persists everywhere, especially in the labour market since some women are being segregated in various occupational categories. Sex segregation refers to the chances of entering a certain occupation or industry for people of different gender. Consequently, the degree of inequality in units outside the system such as in coastal provinces is also greater than in the...
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...Functionalists follow the to-down approach which starts analysis with the social structure of society than the individuals, they also believe that our behavior is shaped and directed by the system as we are the product of society. As mentioned in Item B, functionalists believe that family is an important institution in society as they have a certain amount of roles that are vital for society to run smoothly. In addition to this, functionalists also believe that family is an agent of primary socialization, socializing children into the culture of society, children learn the norms and values of society in the family becoming a reproduction of society. Parsons studied on white m/c Americans and found that the family is the best place for primary socialization as it shows security and mutual support, also married couples gain emotional support and security from being married being able to encourage one another. However, the functionalist perspectives have been highly criticized as it seems they assume that the family benefits everyone and the views of socialization being a one-way process in which children learning their culture. Furthermore, a Marxist would reject and disapprove the functionalist idea and say that society is based on a conflict of interest. Marxists argue that family is an institution that keeps the imbalance of power in place, keeping the rich, rich and the poor, poor. In addition, they consider that class inequalities are reproduced and are maintained through systems...
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...the Grade Unit #8: Sociological Research Methods * Schaefer and Haaland, Ch. 2 Unit #9: Social Stratification / Politics and Economics * Schaefer and Haaland, Ch. 8 and Ch.14 * Bales, “A New Slavery” OR Reiter, “Serving the Customer: Fast Food is Not about Food” Unit #10: Global Inequality * Schaefer and Haaland, Ch. 9 * Eglitis, “How Economic Inequality Benefits the West” OR Klein, “The Discarded Factory….” * Video: NO LOGO Unit #11: Racial and Ethnic Inequality * Schaefer and Haaland, Ch. 10 and Ch. 16 pp. 375-377 * Video: The Real Avatar – optional Unit #12: Gender and Family * Schaefer and Haaland, Ch. 11 and Ch. 12 pp. 254-259, 262 and 265-267 * Adam, “Why Be Queer?” * Kimmel “Masculinity as Homophobia” * Video: Tough Guise 1. Explain how Daniel Wolf used participant observation to conduct research on biker gangs and how he used the interactionist perspective and labeling theory in his analysis. Define the term counter-culture, say how this concept applies to biker gangs, and use the conflict perspective to explain why people might join a counter-culture such as a biker gang. Use Merton’s anomie theory and the cultural transmission theory of deviance to analyze biker gangs. (Chapter 7 and Wolf article) Participant observation because He joined the rebels for a period of time to get an accurate sense of how they operate, referred to as participant observation By being...
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...Article A Novel Approach: The Sociology of Literature, Children’s Books, and Social Inequality Amy E. Singer, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Sociology Knox College, USA © 2011 Singer. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract This article discusses the complexity of literary analysis and the implications of using fiction as a source of sociological data. This project infuses literary analysis with sociological imagination. Using a random sample of children’s novels published between 1930 and 1980, this article describes both a methodological approach to the analysis of children’s books and the subsequent development of two analytical categories of novels. The first category captures books whose narratives describe and support unequal social arrangements; the second category captures those whose narratives work instead to identify inequality and disrupt it. Building on Griswold’s methodological approach to literary fiction, this project examines how children’s novels describe, challenge, or even subvert systems of inequality. Through a sociological reading of three sampled texts – Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing, A Wrinkle in Time, and Hitty: Her First Hundred Years – readers learn how these analytical categories work and how the sociology...
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...EURO DISNEYLAND CASE ANALYSIS 6 Cultural differences between United States and France Power distance This dimension deals with the fact that all individuals in societies are not equal, and it expresses the attitude of the culture toward these power inequalities amongst us. Power distance is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally. It has to do with the fact that a society’s inequality is endorsed by the followers as much as by the leaders. US The fairly low score on Power Distance in combination with the most individualistic culture in the world reflects itself in the following: * The American premise of “liberty and justice for all.” This is evidenced by an explicit emphasis on equal rights in all aspects of American society and government. * Within American organizations, hierarchy is established for convenience, superiors are accessible and managers rely on individual employees and teams for their expertise. * Both managers and employees expect to be consulted and information is shared frequently. At the same time, communication is informal, direct and participative to a degree. * The society is loosely-knit in which the expectation is that people look after themselves and their immediate families only and should not rely (too much) on authorities for support. * There is also...
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...Contents: Functionalism……………………………………………………………Pg.3 Marxism………………………………………………………………….Pg.4 Feminism………………………………………………………………...Pg.5 Interactionism…………………………………………………………...Pg.6 Collectivism……………………………………………………………...Pg.7 Post-Modernism………………………………………………………...Pg.8 New Right………………………………………………………………..Pg.9 You (Me)…………………………………………………………………Pg.10 Functionalism According to the functionalist perspective of sociology, each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to society’s stability and functioning as a whole. For example, the government provides education for the children of the family, which in turn pays taxes on which the state depends to keep itself running. That is, the family is independent upon the school to help children grow up to have good jobs so that they can raise and support their own families. In the process, the children become law-abiding, taxpaying citizens, who in turn support the state. If all goes well and to plan, parts of the society produce order, stability and productivity. If all doesn’t go to plan, then parts of the society then must adapt to recapture a new order, stability and productivity. For example, during a financial recession with its high rates of unemployment and inflation, social programs are trimmed or cut. Schools offer fewer programs. Then a new social order, stability and productivity occur. Functionalists also believe that society is held together by social consensus, in which members of the society agree upon, and works...
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...has been debated for decades and has kept the attention of many economists. Since this disparity leads to inequality, the role the Government has been subject of analysis in order to stablish the level of involvement and the mechanism to solve the problem via taxation. The paper starts pointing out an example of disruption of a utopic economy where a new entrepreneurial idea has come up. In this case, everyone wants the new product, but there is only one provider; therefore, the demand exceeds the supply and the entrepreneur ended up being richer that the others. This unequal redistribution of well-being started as a voluntary exchange, so there are two questions the author brings up, related to contribution of the entrepreneurial to the alteration of the public policy and whether or not this policy should remain unchanged. This is a reflection of what has been happening in the United States where the income has grown, but not in a uniform way across the income distribution, which leads to the question for policymakers to make taxation more progressive. The second issue in the paper is related to inefficiency as a result of inequality. Taking as example the Pareto criterion, no-one could possibly object, since there is a way of make people better off without making others worse off. However, the author also refers to Kaldor - Hicks criterion which states that inequality is inefficient in the sense of shrinking the size of the economic pie this is assuming that if the top 1 percent...
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...multicultural reforms, some of the teachers have resisted changing their attitudes about the African American culture. According to Flower (2014), the use of iPad has made it easy for the teachers to carry out their teaching activities and that has made research process to be easy. That has reduced the gap existing in providing education to the black American children. According to Jones-Prather (2011), teachers should have effective personal characteristics in order to be able to provide effective education to the various students. According to Voight et al., (2015), Sanetti et al., (2014), Coker et al., (2016) and Yilmaz, F. (2016), racial ethnicity still exists in the special education schools and it has to be addressed through provision of multicultural education to the various students regardless of their ethnic and racial backgrounds. Review of Methodological Issues According to the various researchers used in coming up with the study, the generalization of the findings found in the research was limited, Hunters and Hayden (2014) research had a small sample size and it failed to address the nonverbal interactions as well as the verbal interactions of the students who were participating. Most of the findings...
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...its citizens. The government has proposed equalization between genders. This will be a challenge since the majority of citizens are Tswana and their culture is to have women be subordinate. This is in relationship to job, inheritance, sexual behavior, abortions, and sexual harassment (Mookodi, Ntshebe, & Taylor, 2004). Culture Over 75% of the population is Tswana, their culture makes a clear division between public-political and the private-domestic world. Women are largely responsible for child care and taking care of the home (Mookodi et al., 2004). Women hold a significant proportion of the electorate; but they hold only 9 of the 40 parliamentary seats ("MDG," 2010). This is possibly why 46% of the households now are headed by women and women are presently choosing not to marry ("MDG," 2010). This is the world’s highest ratio of female headed households. At this time 33.1% of women live below the poverty level ("MDG," 2010, p. 34). Healthcare Botswana has the second largest rate in HIV within its borders and in its pregnant women at 38% ("MDG," 2010). In 2009 the estimate still stood at over 300,000 adults living with HIV, or twenty-five percent of its population over the age of fifteen years old. The high rate of HIV in pregnant women is caused by three central factors; the position of women in the culture, their lack of power in negotiating their sexual partners, cultural attitude toward fertility, and social migration patterns (Crowne, 2005). This also...
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...Culture and Socialization Learning to be Human Understanding Cause & Effect • Correlation - the existence of a regular relationship between two sets of occurrences or variables. • Causation - a relationship in which one event or situation brings about the other. • Correlation does not imply causation. But a causal relationship must mean that two variables are correlated. Sociological Imagination • The more we understand what is happening in the world, the more frustrated we often become, for our knowledge leads to feelings of powerlessness. We feel that we are living in a world in which the citizen has become a mere spectator or a forced actor, and that our personal experience is politically useless and our political will a minor illusion (Mills 1959) Macro argument. Chapter 3 Culture & Society The Concepts of Culture Culture - The values the members of a given group hold, the norms they follow, and the material goods they create. Values - abstract ideals. For example, monogamy is a prominent value in most Western societies. Norms - definite principles or rules people are expected to observe Society - a system of relationships that connects individuals who share the same culture. The Concepts of Culture Culture and society are closely related. Cultural variations among humans are linked to different types of society. No culture could exist without a society; equally, no society could exist without culture. The Concepts of Culture Ethnocentrism – judging...
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...200 million children under age five in poor countries were stunted by a lack of nutrients in their food. More than 90 percent of those children live in: Question 1 options: | a. South America and Asia | | b. Africa and South America | | c. North America and Africa | | d. Africa and Asia | Save Question 2 (1 point) Why might dependency theorists criticize modernization theory? Question 2 options: | a. They would point out that the only way for traditional societies to develop is to shed their traditional ways. | | b. They would argue that modernization theory ignores the fact that markets, if freed from state intervention, will develop any society. | | c. They would point out that traditional societies are typically low income because of a history of colonialism and oppression. | | d. They would assert that traditional societies should model their institutions after the United States if they want to develop. | Save Question 3 (1 point) There is significant income inequality in countries in which of the following regions? Question 3 options: | a. The industrial world. | | b. The developing world. | | c. Both the developing AND industrial world. | | d. Income inequality exists between nations, not within nations. | Save Question 4 (1 point) The value of a country's yearly output of goods and services, divided by its total population, is: Question 4 options: | a. global inequality. | | b. global...
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...Social Inequality Unit 07 What is the relationship between ethnicity and inequality? Learning targets: • There are ethnic differences in life chances in the UK. • Some ethnic minorities appear to be the victims of racism and discrimination in the UK • There have been strict laws to prevent racism and ethnic inequality in the UK. • There are those who believe that the social changes that have come about because of legal controls are more cosmetic than deeply embedded into our social structure. Key questions (AO1) What evidence is there of ethnic inequality in UK? (AO1) How are ethnic inequalities being challenged by government policies? (AO2) To what extent is British culture racist and ethnically unequal? (AO2) What are social implications of racism in our society? Summary of Key Points 1 2 What is racism? Racism is the belief that some ethnic groups are superior and others inferior. This belief is often associated with notions of skin pigmentation or the minor physical differences that are sometimes apparent between different groups of people. However, racism is not always associated with skin colour, but also with culture, ethnicity, with religious belief or language differences. The notion of racism itself is also a very recent idea in our society. In the past, the idea that people from certain ethnic groups were superior to and different from others was so deeply...
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...Book Review Name: Institution: Course: Date: Book Review In the article, Bowling alone, Putnam examines the culture of the modern Americans and the good life that has been eroded off the society. He points out that America has a nostalgic feeling which the people of America have not understood the context. The feeling is one that a person feels that there is something wrong within the American society. One yearns to go back to the ancient times when people care for themselves and others, where there was no crime and everyone was happy. He argues out that, such issues are important in the transformation of the modern society to one that is socially, economically moralistically and politically at peace with the people’s intrinsic perception of a collective utopia. Putman points out that the current trends in the social capital and civic engagement have been wiped out to a critical level. He explains that the modern society has become a cesspool of crime, immorality, inequality and utmost poverty among the American people. He goes further to relate the deviation of the social capital to the earlier mentioned ill activities in the society, while he associates the social capital increase to the some positive aspects like economic prosperity, education, democracy, children welfare, productive neighborhoods, safe welfare, proper healthcare and happiness to the people. The evidence that Putman mounts is unquestionable with regards to correlation, and he cautions that even mere...
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