...Case Study The case study of a 6 year old boy, who brought a gun to school and shot a first grade classmate, then was later found hiding in a corner, has brought multiple psychological issues to the forefront. According to the law a child under the age of 7 is not criminally responsible. The prefrontal cortex of the brain is the area where high-order cognition, planning, goal-directed behavior, impulse control and attention are centered. This portion of the brain is not considered mature until much later in life. The Limbic system of the brain controls and regulates emotion and contains three parts: the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the hypothalamus. According to researchers, the amygdala is the portion of the limbic system that registers emotions, especially fear (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2010, p. 214). According to this fact, high levels of fear and stress negatively affect other areas of the limbic system including the hypothalamus, which is responsible for activating hormones that produce responses from other brain and body parts as well. An overproduction of hormones can cause permanent damage to learning and memory. Perseveration is a tendency to stick to one-thought or action. This, along with impulsiveness is believed to occur in children with still immature prefrontal cortex as well. This is evidenced by temper tantrums, and immature emotional responses to name a few. From a cognitive developmental standpoint, according to Jean Piaget, a 6 year-old is on the...
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...vaccines is the most appropriate against acute bacterial meningitis. The three vaccines are: Hemophilus influenzae type B (Hib), Streptococcus pneumonia (S. pneumoniae) and Neisseria meningitides (N. meningitidis). The study under review took place in Turkey from 2005-2012. Acute bacterial meningitis is one of the most severe infectious diseases, which causes physical and neurological problems and even mortality [1, 2]. This disease occurs most often among infants and young children but also may be observed in older children. The percentage of mortality from bacterial meningitis is 2-30%, which is relatively high [3, 4]. 10-20% of survivors suffer from epilepsy, mental retardation, or sensorineural deafness...
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... * Child Molestation and Homosexuality Ann Landers used to proclaim that the statement “Homosexuals are more inclined to molest children sexually than heterosexuals” is false.1 The American Psychological Association sponsored a work asserting: “Recognized researchers in the field on child abuse,… almost unanimously concur that homosexual people are actually less likely to approach children sexually.”2 Why is it, then, that we read about sex between boys and men in every newspaper? Does it merely reflect sensationalist journalism? We know that heterosexual molestation also occurs. But since there are so many more heterosexuals than homosexuals, which kind of child molestation — homosexual or heterosexual — is proportionately more common? The Scientific Evidence Three kinds of scientific evidence point to the proportion of homosexual molestation: 1) survey reports of molestation in the general population, 2) surveys of those caught and convicted of molestation, and 3) what homosexuals themselves have reported. These three lines of evidence suggest that the 1%-to-3% of adults who practice homosexuality3account for between a fifth and a third of all child molestation. Reports of Molestation by the General Population In 1983, a probability survey of the sexual experiences of 4,340 adults in five U.S. cities found that about 3% of men and 7% of women reported sexual involvement with a man before the age of 13 (i.e., 30% was homosexual).4 In 1983-84, a random survey of 3,132...
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...A Study on Child Labour in Indian Beedi Industry By Dr. Yogesh Dube, Member NCPCR Assisted by Dr. Godsen Mohandoss Senior Technical Expert, NCPCR National Commission for Protection of Child Rights 5th Floor, Chandralok Building, 36- Janpath New Delhi – 110001 August 2013 Child Labour In Indian Beedi Industry Beedi Industry in India Beedies are made up of tendu leaves hand rolled with shredded tobacco. The beedi enterprises in India were established initially as cottage or family business houses, and grew into a massive industry with high turnover and enormous employment potential. In India, beedi industry is a major revenue source in many parts of the country where five lakhs million beedies1 are manufactured every year which worth nearly 65 million. States like Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Odisha are involved in both manufacturing of beedies and tendu leaves growing. Nearly 4.5 million workers are engaged in beedi industry in India with largest number in Madhya Pradesh (18.3 %), followed by Andhra Pradesh (14.4 %) and Tamil Nadu (13.8 %)2. Majority of the beedi workers are engaged in beedi rolling in home based work from the organized factories which has only ten percent of the workers involved in beedi rolling. Mostly the economically and socially backward populations are involved in beedi industry. It is to be noted that the tendu 1 Government of India, Report Circulated in the National Workshop on Beedi Workers Housing, Ministry...
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...Women and Children trafficking in Bangladesh: A Legal Study Md. Saddam Hossen[1] ABSTRACT Sexual abuse, exploitation, trafficking are nightmares for femininity especially for disadvantage groups and trafficking is the most heinous of all. Government as well as Non- Government Organizations is working for Prevention, Protection, Rehabilitation and Reintegration of trafficked victims and population at risk. Though among these, Prevention is the most effective to reduce or eliminate human trafficking it is least utilized. Perhaps lack of mechanisms by which to measure success or outcome of prevention activities is the cause of this. Still some NGOs are working on it. In fact NGOs have been the pioneers in bringing this invisible crime into the public domain by their continuous efforts. Government is now also concerned of it because of international pressure and concern. Government initiatives give emphasis on prosecution but it is a globally chained crime where prosecute real offender is tough. Rather prevention is the possible measure to stop trafficking. It is the only pre-trafficking measure which may help a young girl or child not to be victim of trafficking. NGOs are the only actor at grass root level working for prevention so it is necessary to see- actually what they are doing and has any change took place. . The study explains the definition of trafficking, causes and consequences of trafficking. It also suggest some recommendations for the preventio9n of this problem. ...
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...Epidemiology Question 1 1. Case control studies are designed in such a way so as to explore whether exposure can be associated with a particular outcome, such as a disease or certain condition. In these studies, the definition groups are based on the outcome and exposure assessment for potential risk factors. The first step in case control studies is the identification of the case (for example a group of people known to have the certain condition), as well as the control group ( a group that does not have the outcome). The second step is to explore whether some of the subjects in each group were exposed, and how the frequency of the exposure is measured between the case and the control group. Case control studies are basically observational, because there is no intervention taking place, and is a retrospective determination of the exposure to a certain risk factor. Advantages of case control studies • Case control studies are relatively less time consuming, since the disease has occurred in the past, therefore there is no need to assess the disease or condition. • They are an efficient way to study rare cases and diseases or outbreaks of diseases, since they are fast; during an outbreak, the fast examination of certain conditions is required, and a sufficient number of people suffering can be quickly accessed. • They allow a simultaneous examination of multiple conditions and risk factors • Allow the establishment of associations between suspected risk...
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...Case Study Ericka Wilson 2/29/2012 Abstract In a small town in Michigan, the unbelievable happened. A 6 year old boy brought a gun to school and shot his first grade classmate in the school library. They had a playground scuffle the day before. After the shooting, he threw the gun down and ran out of the room. School authorities found him hiding in a corner and placed him in their office, where he calmly drew pictures as he waited. Police say that he told them the shooting was an accident and he had only been trying to scare her. In the following investigation, it was found that the shooter lived in a home where father and grandfather were in prison on gun-related charges. He lived with his mother, an uncle and a younger sibling. In searching the boy’s home, police found another stolen gun, a 12 gauge shot gun and drugs. You might be asking yourself, at what age are children held responsible for committing a criminal act. A law professor has pointed out that children under age 7 are not considered criminally responsible; those between 7 and 14 are presumed to lack responsibility and the state must prove otherwise; and those older than 14 are held accountable. A 19 year old male in the household who allegedly possessed the stolen gun was charged with involuntary manslaughter. Again, according to our legal system, children under 7 are not held responsible for crimes. It is said that a 6 yr. old cannot form criminal intent. In Michigan, at six year old boy shot killed...
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...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY-Most of us consider child labor exploitative and therefore, socially unacceptable. The study of child labor is, however, important not only for social reasons but also for economic ones. The impact of child labor on the economy works through its debilitating effect on education which is important component of human capital. The participation of children in work in home and outside is often considered to be one of the important reasons for low school enrolment in Bangladesh. An important effect of child labor is on demographic development in a country. It is generally found that poor countries with high rates of population growth have higher incidence of child work. In this study, the actual child laborers in Bangladesh are 3.2 million (ILO, report/ BBS, 2006) which age is 5-17years. About 421000 are domestic workers. The children are bound to do hazardous toils because of poverty. More than 1.3 million children work in hazardous situation. The Bangladeshi children deprived every winding of social and international aspects such as in trafficking, industrial works, household labors, early marriage, biri factory, forcedly prostitution, begging, less wages, helping in the vehicle etc. though the government of Bangladesh has taken many initiatives to prevent child labor and violation of child rights. But the achievement is not satisfactory, in this connection much phenomena are concerned; poverty is one of them. So, government, NGOs and public should take proper step...
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...S0001-4575(13)00346-1 http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.aap.2013.08.021 AAP 3271 Accident Analysis and Prevention 13-12-2012 22-7-2013 20-8-2013 Please cite this article as: Mathieu, R., Peter, S., Yvan, C., Philippe, L., National roadside survey of child restraint system use in Belgium, Accident Analysis and Prevention (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.08.021 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. National roadside survey of child restraint system use in Belgium Roynard Mathieu*1, Silverans Peter1, Casteels Yvan1, Lesire Philippe2 Belgian Road Safety Institute (BRSI), Chaussée de Haecht 1405, 1130 Brussels, Belgium Laboratory of Accidentology and Biomechanics PSA Peugeot-Citroën / Renault (LAB), 132 rue des Suisses, 92000 Nanterre, France 2 1 Abstract Keywords: Child restraint system (CRS), CRS use, CRS misuse, unrestrained, inappropriate CRS use, ISOFIX, roadside survey 1. Introduction In 2010 nearly 1,550 children aged between 0 and 10 years were involved in an injury accident as car passengers in Belgium. 4 of them were killed, 67severely...
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...(with an uncertainty range of 537,000 to 907,000), mostly among African children. Increased malaria prevention and control measures are dramatically reducing the malaria burden in many places but it is still a massive problem. According to the World malaria report 2011, there were about 216 million cases of malaria (with an uncertainty range of 149 million to 274 million) and an estimated 655,000 deaths in 2010 (with an uncertainty range of 537,000 to 907,000). Malaria mortality rates have fallen by more than 25% globally since 2000 and by 33% in the WHO (World Health Organisation) African Region. Most deaths occur among children living in Africa where a child dies every minute from malaria. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites. The parasites are spread to people through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes, called "malaria vectors", which bite mainly between dusk and dawn. There are four parasite species that cause malaria in humans: * Plasmodium falciparum * Plasmodium vivax * Plasmodium malariae * Plasmodium ovale. Approximately half of the world's population is at risk of malaria. Most malaria cases and deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa. However, Asia, Latin America, and to a lesser extent the Middle East and parts of Europe are also affected. In 2010, 99 countries and territories had on-going malaria transmission. Specific population risk groups include: * Young children in stable transmission areas who have not yet developed protective immunity...
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...of Texas at Arlington College of Nursing In partial fulfillment of the requirements of N5327 Analysis of Theories in Nursing Xxxx, xx October 8, 2013 Procedural Pain Management for the Early Childhood Patient Children presenting to the emergency department are often subjected to painful and anxiety-producing procedures, both for diagnostic purposes and for treatment of symptoms. Historically, pediatric patients have not been afforded the same level of care as adults with regard to the management of procedural pain. Pain in the young child age group (1-7 years) has often been under-treated, resulting in increased fear of the healthcare setting and postponement of necessary immunizations and procedures by the patients and parents. Close examination of the concept of pain – specifically, procedural pain in the young child age group in the emergency department (ED) setting, is necessary for understanding how nursing practice may be improved in order to produce a more positive patient experience. A thoughtful review of current literature will provide insight into the concept of pediatric pain, permitting a detailed analysis. This analysis will assist in the formulation of theoretical and operational definitions of the concept for use in further study. Review of Literature A review of literature was conducted to compare and contrast views of the concept of pain across multiple disciplines. The disciplines chosen are nursing, psychology, and pharmacology due to their...
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...and society. Among females, the addiction of mothers seems to be most dangerous to the society. "Mothers who are addicted to crack is a long debated topic that can be argued well on both sides. One side can argue that Mothers who have an addiction problem to drugs should not be allowed to have legal rights to their children and should have their children in child protective services. Most people view these mothers as unfit and harmful to the children's safety. On the other hand mothers who are addicted to crack and other drugs depend on motherhood to rehabilitate and find a cure to their addiction. Mothers who are addicted view hope in their lives because their children give them a purpose to get better. However, once the children are taken away from the mothers many times the addiction becomes worse and more intense. The emotional attachment to their children helps them overcome the attachment to the drugs. This paper briefly analyses the pros and cons of allowing the addicted mothers to keep their children under their custody. Mothering 2 Mothering through Addiction: Pros and Cons Polansky et al (2006) have conducted a comprehensive study to know more about the consequences of mothering through addiction. They used...
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... In 1999, an estimated 3,244,000 children were reported to Child Protective Services (CPS) agencies as alleged victims of child maltreatment. Child abuse reports have maintained a steady growth for the past ten years, with the total number of reports nationwide increasing 45% since 1987 (Nation Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse (NCPCA) 2000 Annual Fifty State Survey). Neglect represents the most common type of reported and substantiated form of maltreatment. In 1996, 25 states provided the following breakdown for reported cases: 62% involved neglect, 25% physical abuse, 7% sexual abuse, 3% emotional maltreatment and 4% other. For substantiated cases, 31 states gave the following breakdowns: 60% neglect, 23% physical, 9% sexual, 4% emotional maltreatment and 5% other (NCPCA's 1996 Annual Fifty State Survey). In 1999, an estimated 1,401 child abuse and neglect related fatalities were confirmed by CPS agencies, nearly 4 every day. Since 1985, the rate of child abuse fatalities has increased by 39%. Based on these numbers, more than three children die each day as a result of child abuse or neglect (NCPCA's 1996 Annual Fifty State Survey). According to information from at least 18 states that were able to report the type of maltreatment which caused the child's death for at least one of the past three years. Approximately 54% of the deaths were due to physical abuse while 43% resulted from neglect. Young children remain at high risk for loss of life. Based...
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...Sports [->7] · [->8] · Opinion [->9] · [->10] · WEEKEND[->11] Magazine YTV Blog · [->12] · Events[->13] Advertise · [->14] · About Us [->15] · [->16] Child abuse on the rise, study shows By Kathryn Crandall[->17] contributing reporter Tuesday, October 9, 2012 · Share[->18] Tweet Discuss According to a recent study, child abuse is on the rise. Yale School of Medicine professor of pediatrics John Leventhal and Julie Gaither GRD ’14 have determined that cases of child abuse may have increased in the past decade. The results of their study, which was published in the November issue of the journal “Pediatrics,” show a 4.9 percent escalation in child abuse cases from 1997 to 2009. These results conflict with the data from an earlier study conducted by University of New Hampshire sociology professor David Finkelhor, which indicated a 55 percent decrease in instances of physical abuse of children in the United States from 1992 to 2009. Alice Forrester, executive director of the Clifford W. Beers Clinic child and family advocacy center, said she was “not surprised” by Leventhal’s results. Given the current state of the economy, Forrester said, many families face economic pressures, which can lead to yelling and domestic violence. The studies completed...
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...International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences July 2012, Vol. 2, No. 7 ISSN: 2222-6990 The Effects of Parental Socio-Economic Status on Academic Performance of Students in Selected Schools in Edu Lga of Kwara State Nigeria Femi Ogunshola, PhD. Department of Industrial and Technological Education, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria Email: femiogunsola@yahoo.com. A.M. Adewale Department of Biology, School of Natural and Applied Science, Alvan Federal College Of Education, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria Email: mosesremimec@yhoo.com Abstract The relationship between home-based environment factors and the academic performance of students in selected secondary schools within a local government area in Kwara State is investigated. Samples were obtained with one hundred and eighty (180) students randomly selected from three secondary schools. The four factors that were examined and statistically analyses were: parental socio-economic background, parental educational background, parental educational qualification and students’ health statuses. Diverse statistical tests were performed on the various data collected to establish statistical significance of the effects on students’ academic performance. Parental socio-economic statuses and parental educational background did not have significance effect on the academic performance of the students. However, the parental educational qualification and health statuses of the students were identified tom...
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